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About Albert Einstein

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About Albert Einstein

about einstein

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About Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/, EYEN-styne;[4] German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] ⓘ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April
1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of
relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics.[1][5] His mass–energy
equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most
famous equation".[6] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to theoretical
physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.[7]

Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship
(as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg)[note 1] the following year. In 1897, at the age of
seventeen he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss
Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship. In
1903, he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he submitted a
successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin to join the
Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin, becoming director of the
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in 1917; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a
subject of the Kingdom of Prussia.[note 1] In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States,
Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi persecution of his fellow Jews,[8] he
decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.[9] On the eve of World
War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German
nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research.

In 1905, he published four groundbreaking papers, sometimes described as his annus mirabilis
(miracle year).[10] These papers outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian
motion, introduced his special theory of relativity, and demonstrated that if the special theory is
correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory of
relativity that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmological paper
that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of
the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole.[11][12] In 1917, Einstein wrote a paper
which laid the foundations for the concepts of both laser and maser, and contained a trove of
information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on, such as quantum
electrodynamics and quantum optics.[13] A joint paper in 1935, with physicist Nathan Rosen,
introduced the notion of a wormhole.[14]

In the middle part of his career, Einstein made important contributions to statistical mechanics and
quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light
consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the
groundwork for Bose-Einstein statistics. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein
worked on two endeavors that ultimately proved unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum
theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that
God does not play dice.[15] Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his
geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism. As a result, he became increasingly
isolated from mainstream modern physics. In 1999, he was named Time's Person of the Century.[16]

Bibliography

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein

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