HOSPITAL TRAINING-II REPORT

SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
By

shivam kumar

B. Pharm (7th Sem)

Roll No 2100900500093

Under Supervision of

Dr. AMRITA SINGH

Associate Professor

Department of Pharmacy

IEC COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECHNOLOGY GREATER NOIDA-201310

DR APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW(U.P) INDIA

IEC COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECHNOLOGY GREATER NOIDA U.P

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 DEPTMENT OF PHARMACY
3, Knowledge Park-I, Kasna Road, Greater Noida, Distt. Gautam Budh Nagar, U.P.
Affiliate To AKTU & BTE, Lucknow, Approved by Pharmacy Council of India.

CERTIFICATE

This is to c ertify tha t shiv a m kum a r (2 1 00 9 00 5 00 0 93 )stude nt o f B .P ha rm . 7 th se m este r ha s

c a rrie d out Hospital Training-II (B P 7 07 P ) in pa rtia l fulfillm e nt fo r the a c a d em ic req uirem e nt

in the d eg ree of B a c helo r o f P ha rm a c y.

P la c e- G re a te r N oid a

D a te - 01 /1 2/ 24

Fo rw a rde d B y:

Dr. AMRITA SINGH Prof.(Dr.)Bhanu.P.S.Sagar

(Asso c ia te P ro fe sso r) (D irec tor )

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External Examiner Sign.

DECLARATION

I here b y d ec la re tha t this ‘ Hospital Training Report-II' w ith subjec t c od e : BP-707P

ha s b ee n p rep a re d by m e a nd c om p lete d unde r sup erv isio n o f D r. Amrita singh ,

A sso cia t P ro fe ssor.

It is b e ing sub m itte d fo r p a rtia l fulfillm e nt of B . P ha rm fo urth Y e a r.

shivam kumar

P la c e- G re a te r N oid a

D a te - 01 /1 2/ 24

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I w a nt to ex ten d m y g ra titude to Dr. Naveen Gupta, Chairman o f IEC Group of

Institutions to p rov ide m e fa c ilities d uring m y sta y a tIEC C o lle ge of E ng g & te chno log y,

G re a ter N o id a . I a m hea rty tha nkful to Prof. (Dr.) Bhanu P.S. Sagar, (Director) IE C C olleg e of

E ngg & te c hno lo g y , G re a ter N o id a fo r his sup erv isio n a nd kind su pp o rt.

I w ou ld like to tha nk a ll m y fa c ulty m e m b ers, w ho ha d sup po rte d m e d uring the

H osp ita l Tra ining a nd sp e cia l tha n ks to Mrs. AMRITA SINGH (Associate Professor) w ho
g uide d m e to p rep a re this H o sp ita l Tra ining re po rt.
I w ould like to tha nkful Medical Superintendent a nd D R .J N J H A , w ho g a ve m e a n

o pp o rtunity fo r unde rg oing H o spita l tra ining und e r the ir sup erv isio n. I a m tha nkful to a ll the

p a tie nts w ho p rov ide d m e the ch a nce to o bse rve , a nd p ra c tic e re la te d to ph a rm a cy, a nd I a m

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a lso tha nkful to C o nsulta nts, N ursing a nd P a ra m ed ica l de p a rtm ent pe rso nnel’ s w ho

he lp e d m e o n ea ch sub je ct rela te d to h osp ita l tra ining in their resp e ctive a rea .

Name of Student : shivam kumar

Roll. No : 2100900500093
B.Pharm 4rdYear (VIIth Sem)

HOSPITAL TRAINING CERTIFICATE

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S. No. Content Name

1.

CONTENTS

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3.

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7.

8.

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ABOUT HOSPITAL

T h e ho s p ita l o ffe rs b e s t h e a th c a re s e rvic e a n d h a n d les v a rio u s typ e s o f m ed ic a l c a s es

w ith a tea m o f w e ll- tra in e d a n d ex p e rien c ed m e d ic a l s ta ff , n o n -m ed ic a l s ta ff a n d
c lin ic a l te c h n ic ia n w o rk in g ro u n d th e c lo c k to p ro vid e h ea lth c a re s e rvic e in c lu d in g O P D
s e rvic e fro m 8 a m to 2 p m . E m e rg en c y s ervic es a re a va ila b le 2 4 *7 .

HOSPITAL IMAGE

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IN T E R N S H IP T Y P E : H o s p ita l p h a rm a c y
N O . O F D A Y S C O M P L E T E D : - 4 5 D a ys (w o rk in g d a ys )
W O R K IN G H O U R S : 8 a m -2 p m (2 p m -5 p m in E m erg e n c y w a rd , w h en e ve r req u ired ).

HOSPITAL PHARMACY

H o s p ital p h a rm a c y is one of th e m o st im p o rta n t d ep a rtm en t am ong s e ve ra l

d ep a rtm en t a m o n g s e ve ra l d ep a rtm en ts o f a h o s p ita l. H o s p ita l p h a rm a c y m a y b e

d efin e d a s th a t d e p a rtm e n t o f th e h o s p ita l w h ic h d e a ls w ith p ro c u re m e n t, s to ra g e,

c o m p o u n d in g , d is p en s in g , m a n u fa c tu rin g , tes tin g , p a c k a g in g a n d d is trib u tio n o f d ru g s .

It ex erts a g rea t d ea l o f in flu en c e o n th e p ro fes s io na l s ta tu s o f th e h o s p ita l a s w ell a s

th e e c o n o m ic s o f th e to ta l o p e ra tio n a l c o s t o f th e in s titu tio n .

HOSPITAL PHARMACY IMAGE

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 Objectives

● T o a c t a s a c o u n s ellin g d ep a rtm en t f o r m ed ic a l s ta ff, n u rs e s a n d fo rp a tie n t.

● T o a c t a s a d a ta b a n k o n d ru g u tiliz a tio n .
● T o p a rtic ip a te in res e a rc h p ro je c ts .
● T o p ro f es s io n a lize th e fu n c tio n in g o f p ha rm a c e u tic a l s e rv ic es in a h o s p ita l.

Functions:

● P ro v id in g s p e c ific a tio n s fo r th e p u rc h a s e o f d ru g s , c h e m ic a ls , b io lo g ic a letc .

● D is p en s in g o f d ru g s a s p e r th e p res c rip tio n s o f th e m ed ic a l s ta ff o f th eh o s p ita l.
● F illin g a n d la b e lin g o f a ll d ru g c o n ta in ers f ro m w h ic h m e d ic in e s a re to b e a d m in is tere d .

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 FIRST AID

F irs t a id is th e a s s is ta n c e g ive n to a n y p e rs o n s u ffe rin g a s u d d e n illn es s o r in ju ry, w ith

c a re p ro v id e d to p re s erve life , p re ve n t th e c o n d itio n fro m w o rs en in g , a n d / o r p ro m o te

rec o v ery.

M a in a im o f firs t a id : -
To preserve life – th is is the m a in a im o f firs t a id ; to s a ve liv es . T h is in c lu d es th e life
o f th efirs t a id e r, the c a s u a lty (th e v ic tim , th e inju re d / s ic k p e rs o n ), a n d b ys ta n d e rs .
To prevent further harm – th e p a tien t m u s t b e k ep t s ta b le a n d h is /h e r c o n d itio n m u s t
n o t w o rs e n b efo re m ed ic a l s erv ic es arrive . T h is m a y in c lu d e m o v in g th e p a tie n t o u t o f
h a rm ’ s w a y, a p p lyin g f irs t a id te c h n iq u e s , k ee p in g h im / h er w a rm a n d d ry, a p p lyin g
p re s s u re to w o u nd s to s to p b le ed in g , etc .
Promote recovery – th is m a y in c lu d e a p p lyin g a p la s te r (b a n d a g e ) to a s m a ll w o u n d ;
a n yth in g th a t m a y h elp in the re c o ve ryp ro c e s s .

P rim a ry s tep s f o r f irs t a id : -

ABC T h e m o s t c o m m o n term ref erre d to in firs t a id is , w h ic h s ta n d s fo r

Airway – th e firs t a id er n e ed s to m a k e s u re th e c a s u a lty’ s a irw a y is c le a r.

C h o c k in g , w h ic h re s u lts fro m th e o b s tru c tio n o f a irw a ys , c a n b ef a ta l.

▶ Breathing – w h e n th e firs t a id e r h a s d e te rm in ed th a t th e a irw a ys a re n o t

o b s tru c te d , h e /s h e m u s t d eterm ine th e v ic tim a d e q u a c y o f b rea th in g , a n d if

n ec es s a ry, p ro vid e res c ue b re a th in g .

▶ Circulation – if th e v ic tim is n o t b re a th in g th e f irs t a id e r s h o u ld g o s tra ig h t fo r

c h e s t c o m p res s io n s and re s c u e b re a th in g . The c h es t c o m p res s io n s w ill

p ro vid e c irc u la tio n . T h e re a s o n is tim e – c h e c k in g c irc u la tio n to a n o n -b rea th ing

v ic tim c o n s u m e s tim e th a t c o u ld b e u s e d w ith c h e s t c o m p re s s io n s a n d res c u e

b re a th in g . W ith le s s s erio u s v ic tim (th o s e th a t a re b re a th in g ) , th e f irs t a id e r n eed s

to c h e c k th e im p u ls e .

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 First A id in a cc id e nta l c a se: -

▶Lookforsignsofbreathing:C h e c k ifth ep ers o n is b rea th in g a n d ifh e h a s a p u ls e.

▶Callforhelp:Im m ed ia te lyc a llf o ra n a m b u la n c eo rru s h th ep ers o n to a h o s p ita l.
▶Check for obstructions in the person’ s mouth and throat: If yo u d o n o t h ea r a n yb rea th
sound s, che ck h is /h e r m o u th fo r any o b s tru c tio n s . If th ere is s o m eth in g
o b s tru c tin g th e a irw a y,u s ey o u rin d ex a n d m id d le fin g erto c le a rth e a irw a y.
▶Perform life saving techniques: If th ere is n o p u ls e , s ta rt C P R o r E A R . K ee p th e p ers o n ’ s
n ec k s tra ig h t to s ta rt E A R (E xtern a l A ir R es u s c ita tio n ) o r C P R (C a rd io p u lm o n ary
res u s c ita tio n ). T h ere a re 3 typ e s o f E A R ; M o u th -to -m o u th , M o u th -to -N o s e, M o u th -to -M a s k .

▶Ways to help him/her in grave situations: If th ere is b lee d in g fro m th e m o u th o r th e p a tien t

is vo m itin g , tu rn th e p ers o n to h is / h er s id e . T h is w ill a v o id a n y c h a n c es o f th e p e rs o n

c h o k in g . P la c e th e p e rs o n ’ s a rm th a t is u n d e r h im s tra ig h t o u t a n d th e a rm c lo s e s t to yo u

a c ro s s h is c h e s t.

▶Deal with open wounds: If th e re a re ex ten s ive w o un d s , try to c o n tro l th e b lee d in g u s in g

p re s s ure to th e a re a u s in g a c lo th . Pre s s d o w n w ith y o u r p a lm s ra th er th a n yo u r fin g ertip s .

▶Always suspect spinal injuries: If th e p ers o n ’ s n e c k is in a n a w k w a rd p o s itio n ( n o t

n o rm a lly p la c e d ) o r th e p ers o n is u n c o n s c io u s , d o n o t m o ve th e p a tie n t. G e t h e lp

im m ed ia te ly. T h is c o u ld m ea n tha t th e p ers o n’ s n e c k is b ro k en , a n d m o v in g h im /h e r in

s u c h a s itu a tio n c an c a u s e m o reh a rm .

▶Keep the person warm: U s u a lly a c c id en t v ic tim s fee l ex c e s s ive ly c o ld d u e to s h o c k .

T h eref o re,k eep in g th em w a rm is e s s en tia l to s u rv iva l.

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 WOUND DRESSING

▶A d res s in g is u s e d b y a d o c to r, c a reg iv er a n d /o r p a tien t to h elp a w o u n d h e al a n d p re ve n t

fu rth e r is s u e s lik e in fe c tio n o r c o m p lic a tio n s . D res s in g s a re d e s ig n e d to b e in d irec t
c o n ta c t w ith th e w o u n d , w h ic h is d iffe ren t fro m a b a n d a g e th a t h o ld s th e d re s s in g in p la c e.

▶D re s s in g s s erve a v a rie ty o f p u rp o s e s d e p e nd in g o n th e typ e , s e ve rity a n d p o s itio n o f th e

w o u n d . A s id e f ro m th e m a jo r fu n c tio n o f re d u c in g th e ris k o f in fe c tio n , d re s s in g s a re a ls o
im p o rta nt to h elp :

S to p b le ed in g a n d s ta rt c lo ttin g s o th e w o u n d c a n
h ea lA b s o rb a n y ex c e s s b lo o d , p la s m a o r o th er
flu id s W o u n d d eb rid e m e n t
B eg in th e h ea lin g p ro c es s

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 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

R e s p ira tio n is th e a c t o f a s s is tin g o r s tim ula tin g re s p ira tio n , a m e ta b o lic p ro c es s refe rrin g
to th e o v era ll e xc h a n g e o f g a s es in th e b o d y b y p u lm o n a ry v en tila tio n , e xte rn a l res p ira tio n ,
a n d in tern a l re s p ira tio n . A s s is ta n c e ta k es m a n y f o rm s , b u t g e ne ra lly e n ta ils p ro v id in g a ir
fo r a p ers o n w h o is n o t b rea th ing o r is n o t m a k in g s u f fic ien t re s p ira to ry eff o rt o n h is /h e r
o w n (a lth o u g h it m u s t b e u s ed o n a p a tie n t w ith a b e a tin g h ea rt o r a s p a rt o f
c a rd io p u lm o n a ry res u s c ita tio n to a c h iev e th e in tern a l res p ira tio n ).

T h is m e th o d o f in s u ffla tio n h a s b e en p ro ve d m o re ef fec tiv e th a n m e th o d s w h ic h in vo lv e

m ec ha n ic a l m a n ip u la tio n o f th e p a tien t's c h e s t o r a rm s , s u c h a s th e S ilv es ter m eth o d . It is
a ls o know n as E xp ire d A ir R es u s c ita tio n (E A R ), E x p ired A ir V en tilatio n (E A V ),
m o u th -to -m o u th res u s c ita tio n , res c u e b rea th in g o r c o llo q u ia lly th e k is s o f life . A rtif ic ia l
res p ira tio n is a p a rt o f m o s t p ro to c o ls f o r p erfo rm in g c a rd io p u lm o n a ry res u s c ita tio n (C P R )
m a k in g it a n e s s en tia l s k ill fo r firs t a id .

T h e p e rf o rm a n c e o f a rtific ia l re s p iratio n in its o w n is n o w lim ited in m o s t p ro to c o ls to

h ea lth p ro fe s s io n a ls , w h e rea s la y firs t a id ers a re a d vis ed to u nd erta k e fu ll C P R in a n y c a s e
w h ere th e p a tien t is n o t b re a th in g s u ffic ie n tly.

INSUFFLATIONS

In s u ffla tio n , a ls o k n o w n a s 'res c u e b re a ths ' o r 'v en tila tio n s ', is th e a c t o f m e c h a n ic a lly
fo rc in g a ir into a p a tien t's res p ira to ry s ys tem . T h is c a n b e a c h ie ve d v ia a n u m b er o f
m eth o d s , w h ic h w ill d ep en d o n th e s itu a tio n a n d e q u ip m en t a va ila b le . A ll m eth o d s
req uire g o o d a irw a y m an a g em en t to p e rfo rm , w h ic h en s u res th a t th e m eth o d is e ffe c tive .
T h es e m e th o d s in c lu d e:

M o u th to m o u th - T h is in vo lv es th e re s c u er m a k in g a s e a l b e tw e en h is o r h er m o u th
a n d th e p a tien t's m o u th a n d 'b lo w in g ', to p a s s a ir in to th e p a tien t's b o d y
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 M o u th to n o s e - In s o m e in s ta n c es , th e res c u er m a y n e ed o r w is h to fo rm a s e a l w ith
th e p a tien t's n o s e . T yp ic a l rea s o n s fo r th is inc lu d e m a x illo fa c ia l in ju ries , p erfo rm in g th e
p ro c ed u re in w a te r o r the re m a in s o f vo m it in th e m o u th M o u th to m a s k – M ost
o rg a n is a tio n s rec o m m e n d th e u s e o f s o m e s o rt o f b arrier b e tw e en res c u er a n d p a tien t to
red uc e c ro s s in fec tio n ris k . O n e p o p u la r typ e is th e 'p o c k et m a s k '. T h is m a y b e a b le to
p ro v id e h ig h er tid a l vo lu m e s th a n a B a g Va lv e M a s k .

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DIFFERENT ROUTES OF INJECTION
In je c tio n s :

1 . In tra m u s c u la r 6 . In tra o s s e o u s - in to b o n e m a rro w

2 . In tra v en o u s 7 . In tra p le u ra l

3 . In tra -a rteria l 8 . In tra p e rito n e a l

4 . In tra -c a rd ia c 9 . In tra -a rtic u la r

5. In tra -th e c a l 1 0 . In tra d e rm a l (In tra c u ta n e o u s ) 1 1 . S u b c u ta n e o u s

ro u te(H yp o d e rm ic )

Intramuscular route: In tra m u s c u la r ro u te m ig h t b e a p p lied to th e b utto c k , thig h a n d

d e lto id .T h e v o lu m e u s ed is 3 m l.

Advantages: - A b s o rp tio n is ra p id th a n s u b c u ta ne o u s ro u te. 2 . O ily p rep a ra tio n s c a n b e

u s ed . 3 .Irritative s u b s ta n c e s m ig h t b e g iv en 4 . S lo w re lea s in g d ru g s c a n b e g iv en b y th is
ro u te.

D is a d v a n ta g es : - U s in g th is ro u te m ig h t c a u s e n e rv e o r ve in d a m a g e.

Intravenous injections: In tra v en o u s in jec tio n s m ig h t b e a p p lie d to th e c u b ita l,

b a s ilic a n d c ep h alic v ein s . A d va n ta g e s :

1 . Im m ed ia te a c tio n ta k e s p la c e
2 . T h is ro u te is p re fe rred fo r u nc o n s c io u s p a tie n ts .
3 . T itra tio n o f d o s e is p o s s ib le.
4 . T h is ro u te is p refe rre d in em erg en c y s itu a tio n s
5 . T itra tio n o f d o s e is

p o s s ib le. D is a d v a nta g es :

1 . T h ere is n o re trea t 2 . T h is m e th o d is ris k ier 3 . S e p s is -In fe c tio n m ig h t o c c u r

Intra-arterial route : T h is m eth o d is u s e d fo r c h e m o th e ra p y in c a s es o f m a lig n a n t

tu m o u rs a n d in a n g io g ra p h y. In tra d erm al ro u te: T h is ro u te is m o s tly u s ed fo r d ia g n o s tic
p u rp o s es a n d is in vo lv ed in :

S c h ic k tes t fo r D ip h th eria D ic k te s t fo r S c a rle t f ev er V a c c in es in c lu d e D B T , B C G

a n d p o lio S e ns itivity is to p e n ic illin In tra c a rd ia c ro u te In jec tio n c a n
b e a p p lied to th e le ft v en tric le in c a s e o f c a rd ia c a rre s t.

Intra thecal route : In tra th ec a l ro u te in vo lve s th e s u b a ra c h n o id s p a c e . In jec tio n m a y b e

a p p lie d fo r th e lu m b a r p u n c tu re, fo r s p in a l a n a es th es ia a n d fo r d ia g n o s tic p u rp o s es . T h is

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tec h niq u e req u ires s p ec ia l p re c a u tio n s .

Intra-articular route : In tra -a rtic u la r ro u te in vo lve s in je c tio n in to the jo in t c a v ity.

C o rtic o s te ro id s m ay b e in jec ted b y th is ro u te in a c u te a rth ritis .

Intra peritoneal route : In tra p erito n ea l ro u te m a y b e u s e d fo r p erito n ea l d ia lys is . In tra

p le u ra l ro u te : P en ic illin m a y b e in je c ted in c a s es o f lu n g e m p yem a b y in tra p le u ra l ro u te .
In je c tio n in to b o n e m a rro w Th is ro u te m a y b e u s ed fo r d ia g n o s tic o r th e ra p eu tic
p u rp o s es

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. Hypo spray/Jet Injection: Th is m eth o d is n ee d lele s s a n d is s u b c u ta n eo u s d o n e b y
a p p lyin g p res s u re o v er th e s k in . Th e d ru g s o lu tio n is reta in ed u n d er p res s u re in a
c o n ta in e r c a lle d ‘ gun’ . Itis h e ld w ith n o z zle a g a in s t th e s k in . P re s s u re o n th e n o zz le
a llo w s a fin e je t o f s o lu tio n to e m erg e w ith g rea t fo rc e . T h e s o lu tio n c a n p e n etra te th e s k in
a n d s u b c u ta ne o u s tis s u e to a v a ria b le d e p th as d eterm in e d b y th e p re s s u re .

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 PATIENT OBSERVATION CHART

E n s u rin g th a t p a tie n ts w h o d e te rio ra te rec eive a p p ro p ria te a n d tim ely c a re is a k ey s a fety

a n d q u a lity c h a lle ng e. A ll p a tie n ts s h o u ld rec eiv e c o m p re h en s iv e c a re re g a rd le s s o f th e ir
lo c a tio n in th e h o s p ita l o r th e tim e o f d a y. E ve n th o u g h a ra ng e o f s ys te m s ha v e b e en
in tro d u c e d to b e tte r m a n a g e c lin ic a l d e terio ra tio n, th is a re a n eed s to re m a in a hig h p rio rity
w h ile p a tien ts c o n tin u e to e xp erien c e p rev en ta b le a d v ers e ev en ts b ec a u s e th e ir
d e terio ra tio n is n o t id e n tifie d o r p ro p erly m a n a g e d . T h e o b jec tiv e o f a n o b s e rva tio n c h a rt
is to p res e n t th e m o s t im p o rta n t v ita l s ig n s fo r d etec tin g d e te rio ra tio n in m o s t p a tie n ts in
a us e r-frie n d ly m a n n e r.

a) S in g le p a ra m e ter to o l (tra c k a n d trig g e r) - V ita l s ig n s a re c o m p a red w ith a s im p le

s et o f c rite ria w ith p red efin ed th res h o ld s , w ith a res p o n s e a lg o rith m b e ing a c tiv a te d w h en
a n y c rite rio n is m et” . T h e m a in vita l s ig n s a re g ra p he d s o th a t tren d s c a n b e e a s ily
‘ tra c k ed ’ . T h e re a re a ls o c o lo u r c o d e d zo n es to ind ic a te w h e n p atien t o b s e rv a tio n s a re
lik e ly to re p res e n t d e terio ra tio n , w h ere a re s p o n s e is ‘ trig g ered ’ . In c o rp o ra tin g c a ll
c riteria in o b s erv a tio n c h a rts is a n effe c tive w a y in w h ic h to h ig h lig h t p o s s ib le
d e terio ra tio n a n d a s s is t c lin ic ia n s w ith m a k in g d ec is io n s a s to w h en to ‘ trig g er’ a
res p o n s e, w h e th er th a t b e fo r a c linic a l rev iew o r ra p id re s p o n s e c a ll.

b) A g g reg a te s c o rin g s ys tem - C o re o b s e rva tio n s a ttra c t a w e ig h te d S c o re. “ W e ig h te d

s c o res a re a s s ig n e d to p h ys io lo g ic a l v alu e s a n d c o m p a red w ith p red efin e d trig g e r
th re s h o ld s . T h e m a in vita ls ig n s a re c o lle c te d a n d p o in ts a re a llo c a ted . T h e p o in ts fo r ea c h
o b s erva tio n a re a d d ed to g iv e a s c o re th a t h elp s id en tif y p a tie n ts w ith s u b tle s ig n s o f
d e terio ra tio n . A s u p p o rtin g A c tio n P la n trig g e rs c erta in a c tio n s w h e n c erta in s c o res a re
rea c he d .

c) C o m b in a tio n s ys tem - Sin g le o r m u ltip le p a ra m e te r s ys tem s u s ed in c o m b in a tio n

w ith a g g re g a te w eig h te d s c o rin g s ys te m s .

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d) N o n tra c k a n d trig g er - O th er o b s e rv a tio n s c h a rts m a y in c lu d e th e c o llec tio n o f v ita l
s ig n s w ith n o s c o rin g o r n o c rite ria fo r a res p o n s e.

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 PRESCRIPTION
A p re s c rip tio n is a h ea lth -c a re p ro g ra m im p lem en te d b y a p h ys ic ia n o r o th er q u a lified
h ea lth c a re p ra c titio n er in th e fo rm o f in s tru c tio n s th a t g o v ern th e p la n o f c a re fo r a n
in d ivid u al p a tien t.T h e term o ften refe rs to a h ea lth c a re p ro v id e r's w ritte n a u th o riz a tio n
fo r a p a tien t to p u rc h a s e a p res c rip tio n d ru g fro m a p h a rm a c is t.

P A R T S O F A P R E S C R IP T IO N :

D a te

D a te m u s t b e w ritten o n th e p re s c rip tio n b y th e p re s c rib e r a t th e s a m e tim e w h e n it is

w ritte n . T h e d a te o n the p re s c rip tio n h e lp s a p h a rm a c is t to fin d o u t the c a s es w h e re

p re s c rip tio n is b ro u g h t f o r d is p e n s in g lo n g tim e a fter its is s u e.

Name, age, sex and address of the patient

N a m e , a g e, s ex a n d a d d res s o f th e p a tie n t m u s t b e w ritten o n th e p re s c rip tio n . If it is n o t

w ritte n th e n , th e p h a rm a c is t h im s e lf s h o u ld a s k th e p a tie n t a b o u t th es e p a rtic u la rs a n d

p u t d o w n a t th e to p o f th e p re s c rip tio n . Pa tien t's f ull n a m e m u s t b e w ritte n in s tea d o f

s u rn am e o r th e fa m ily n a m e.

Superscription

T h e s u p e rs c rip tio n is re p res e n te d b y a s ym b o l, R x, w h ic h is a lw a ys w ritten a t th e

b e g in n in g o f th e p res c rip tio n . In th e d a ys o f m yth o lo g y a n d s u p ers titio n th e s ym b o l w a s

c o n s id ere d a s a p ra ye r to J u p ite r, th e G o d o f he a lin g , fo r q u ic k re c o v ery o f th e p a tien t b u t

n o w th is s ym b o l is u n d e rs to o d a s a n a b b re v ia tio n o f th e L a tin w o rd re c ip e , m e a n in g "ta k e

th o u " o r "yo u ta k e".

Inscription

T h is is th e m a in p a rt o f th e p res c rip tio n . It c o n ta in s th e n a m es a n d q u a n titie s o f th e

p re s c rib ed in g re d ien ts . T h e n a m es o f th e in g re d ie n ts a re w ritten ea c h o n a s e p a ra te lin e,

fo llo w e d b y th e q u an tity o rd ered a n d th e la s t ite m w ritten is g e n era lly th e v eh ic le o r d ilu e nt.

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Signatura/Signa

It is u su a lly a bb rev ia ted a s "S ig" on th e presc rip tions a nd consists of th e dire ctio ns to b e g iv en to

th e p at ient re ga rding the a dm inistration of th e dru g. It u su a lly indic a tes th e q u antity of

m ed ica m e nt or nu m be r of d osa ge units to be take n, h ow m a ny tim es in a d ay o r a t w h a t tim e it

sh ou ld be ta ken a nd th e m a nne r in w h ic h it is to be ad m iniste red o r a pplied .

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 DISPENSING PROCEDURE
• Ensure that the prescription has the name and signature of the prescriber and the stamp of the health centre.
• C a lc u la te th e to ta l c o s t o f th e d ru g to b e d is p en s e d o n th e b a s is o f th e
p re s c rip tio n w h ere a p p lic a b le.
• In fo rm th e p a tien t a b o u t th e c o s t o f th e d rug .
• Is s u e a rec eip t f o r a ll p a ym en ts .
• H a n d o v er th e d is p e n s ed d ru g a s in

Ensure that the prescription is dated and has the name of the patient.
• If th e p res c rip tio n h a s n o t b e en w ritten in a k n o w n (lo c a l) h e a lth c en ter, th e
p re s c rib er o f th e c e n te r s h o u ld en d o rs e it.
• A v o id d is p en s in g w ith o u t a p re s c rip tio n o r fro m a n u n a u th o rize d p res c rib er.
• C h e c k th e n a m e o f th e p res c rib e d d ru g a g a in s t th a t o f th e c o nta in er.
• C h e c k th e ex p ira tio n d a te o n th e c o n ta in e r

Correct drug dispensing

D is p e n s ed d ru g s s h o u ld b e a p p ro p ria tely la b e lle d s o th a t th e p a tien t c a n b e n efit o p tim a lly

fro m th e u s e o f th e d ru g . E xp ired d ru g s s h o u ld n o t b e d is p e n s ed . C o rrec t d is p en s in g e n s u re s
th a t:

• T h e rig h t p a tien t is s erv ed ,

• A d e s ire d d o s a g e f o rm o f th e c o rre c t d ru g is g iv en ,
• T h e p re s c rib ed d o s a g e a n d q u a n tity a re g iv en ,
• T h e rig h t c o n ta in e r th a t m a in ta in s th e p o ten c y o f th e d ru g s is u s ed ,
• T h e c o n ta in e r is a p p ro p ria tely la b elled ,
• lea rn in s tru c tio n s are d elive re d v erb a lly to th e p a tie n t.

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26
 ICU (INTENSIVE CARE UNIT)

ICU OUTSIDE IMAGE

A n in ten s ive c a re u n it (IC U ), a ls o k n o w n a s a n in ten s ive the ra p y u n it o r in ten s iv e trea tm e n t

u n it (IT U ) o r c ritic a l c a re u n it ( C C U ), is a s p ec ia l d ep a rtm en t o f a h o s p ita l o r h e alth c a re

fa c ility th a t p ro vid es in te n s iv e trea tm e n tm e d ic in e .

In ten s iv e c a re u n it (IC U ) eq u ip m en t in c lu d e s p a tien t m o n ito rin g , re s p irato ry an d c ard ia c

s u p p o rt, p a in m a n a g em en t, em erg e n c y re s u s c ita tio n d e vic e s , a n d o th e r life s u p p o rt

eq u ip m en t d es ig n ed to c a re f o r p a tie n ts w h o a re s erio u s ly in ju re d , h a v e a c ritic a l o r

lif e-th rea ten in g illn e s s , o r h a v e u n d e rg o n e a m a jo r s u rg ic a l p ro c e d u re, th ereb y re q u irin g

2 4 -h o u r c a re a n d m o n ito rin g .

Purpose:

A n IC U m a y b e d e s ig n ed a n d e q u ip p ed to p ro vid e c a re to p a tie n ts w ith a ran g e o f

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c o n d itio n s , o r it m a y b e d e s ig n ed a n d eq u ip p e d to p ro v id e s p e c ia lize d c a re to p a tie n ts w ith

s p e c ific c o n d itio n s . Fo r e xa m p le, a n eu ro m ed ic a l IC U c a res fo r p a tie n ts w ith a c u te

c o n d itio n s in v o lvin g th e ne rvo u s s ys tem o r p a tie n ts w ho ha v e ju s t ha d n e u ro s u rg ic a l

p ro c ed u res a n d req u ire e q u ip m e n t fo r m o n ito rin g a n d a s s es s in g th e b ra in a n d s p in a l c o rd .

A n eo n a tal IC U is d es ig n e d a n d e q u ip p ed to c a re fo r in fa n ts w h o a re ill, b o rn p rem a tu rely, o r

h a ve a c o n d itio n re q u irin g c o n s ta n t m o n ito rin g .

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 OPERATION THEATRE

A n o p era tin g th e a tre (a ls o k n o w n a s a n o p era tin g ro o m , o p era tin g s u ite, o p e ra tio n th ea tre ,

o p era tio n ro o m o r o p e ra tio n s u ite ) is a fa c ility w ithin a h o s p ita l w h e re s u rg ic a l o p e ra tio n s

a re c a rrie d o u t in a s te rile e n viro n m en t. H is to ric a lly, th e te rm "o p e ra tin g th ea tre " ref erre d to

a n o n - s te rile, tiered th ea te r o r a m p hith ea ter in w h ic h s tu d e n ts a n d o th e r s p e c ta to rs c o u ld

w a tc h s urg eo ns p erfo rm s u rg ery.

Types of operation theatres:

Minor OT:M in o r O T is a p la c e w h ere m in o r s u rg e rie s a re c a rried o u t. M in o r s u rg ery is a n y

in va s ive o p e ra tive p ro c ed u re in w h ic h o n ly s k in o r m u c u s m em b ra n e s a n d c o n n ec tiv e

tis s u e is re s ec ted e. g ., v a s c u la r c u td o w n fo r c a th e te r p la c em en t, im p la n tin g p u m p s in

s u b c u ta n e o u s tis s u e , E T C .

M in o r s u rg ic a l p ro c ed u re s m a y b e d o n e in a la b o ra to ry s ettin g u s in g a p p ro p ria te a s ep tic

tec h niq u e, in c lu d in g a c le a n w o rk a re a , p rep a ra tio n a n d d is in fec tio n o f th e s u rg ic a l s ite

in c lu d in g c lip p in g o f th e h a ir a n d s u rg ic a l s c ru b o f th e s k in , d ra p in g o f th e s u rg ic a l s ite w ith

s terile d ra p e s , m a s k b y th e s u rg e o n a n d a n y a s s is ta n ts w o rk in g in th e s u rg ic a l f ie ld .

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30
Major OT:M a jo r s u rg e rie s a re d o n e in M a jo r O T. M a jo r s u rg ery is a n y in v as iv e o p era tiv e

p ro c ed u re in w h ic h a m o re e xte n s iv e re s ec tio n is p e rfo rm e d , e.g ., a b o d y c a v ity is e n te red ,

o rg a n s a re re m o ve d , o r n o rm a l a n a to m y is altere d . In g e n era l, if a m e s en c h ym a l b a rrier is

o p en e d ( p leu ra l c a vity, p e rito n e u m , m e n in g es ), th e s u rg ery is c o n s id e re d . A sepa ra te a rea ,

a pa rt from th e su rge ry ro om ,m u st be pro vid ed fo r pre pa ring th e a nim a l fo r su rge ry a lth ou g h th e fina l

su rgic a l p repa ra tion, not to inc lu de clipp ing o f h air, m a y b e c ondu c ted in th e su rge ry. A n a rea

eq u ippe d w ith su rg ica l scru b sinks sh ou ld bea p a rt fro m the op era ting ro om . A su rgica l- su pp ort

a rea sh o uld be pro vid ed for sto ring instru m ents a nd ste rile su pplies and fo r w a sh ing a nd

steriliz inginst rum e nts.

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 NICU
A n eo n a ta l in ten s ive c a re u n it (N IC U ), a ls o k n o w n a s a n in ten s iv e c a re nu rs e ry (IC N ), is a n

in te n s ive c a re u n it s p ec ia liz in g in th e c a re o f ill o r p re m a tu re n ew b o rn in fa n ts .

A N IC U is typ ic a lly d irec te d b y o n e o r m o re n e o n a to lo g is ts a n d s ta ffe d b y n u rs es , n u rs e

p ra c titio n ers ,p h a rm a c is ts , p h ys ic ia n a s s is tan ts , res id e n t p h ys ic ia n s , re s p ira to ry th e ra p is ts ,

a n d d ie titia n s . M a n y o th er a nc illa ry d is c ip lin e s a n d s p ec ia lis ts a re a v a ila b le a t la rg e ru n its .

T h e term c o m es fro m , "n e w ", a n d , "p e rta in in g to b irth o r o rig in ".

A N eo n a ta l n u rs e p ra c titio n e r a re a d va n c ed p ra c tic e n u rs e s th a t c a re fo r p re m a tu re b a b ie s

a n d s ic k ne w b o rn s in in te n s iv e c a re u n its , e m erg e n c y ro o m s , d elive ry ro o m s a n d s p e c ia l

c lin ic s .

P re m a tu rity is a ris k fa c to r th a t fo llo w s e a rly la b o r, a p la n n e d c a e s a re a n s e c tio n o r p re -

ec la m p s ia (P re-ec la m p s ia is a c o n d itio n in p re g n a n c y reg a rd in g h ig h b lo o d p re s s u re ).

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 OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT (OPD)

A n o u tp a tie n t d e p a rtm e n t o r o u tp atien t c lin ic is th e p a rt o f a ho s p ita l d e s ig n ed fo r th e

tre a tm e nt o f o u tp a tie n ts , p eo p le w ith h ea lth p ro b le m s w h o v is it th e h o s p ita l fo r d ia g n o s is

o r trea tm en t, b u t d o n o t a t th is tim e re q u ire a b ed o r to b e a d m itted fo r o v ern ig h t c a re .

M o d e rn o u tp a tie n t d ep a rtm e n ts o ffer a w id e ra n g e o f tre a tm e nt s ervic e s , d ia g n o s tic tes ts

a n d m in o r s u rg ic a l p ro c ed u re s .

T h e o u tp a tie n t d ep a rtm e n t is a n im p o rta n t p a rt o f th e o ve ra ll ru n n in g o f th e h o s p ita l. It is

n o rm a lly in te g ra ted w ith th e in -p a tien t s e rvic e s a n d m a n n ed b y c o n s u lta n t p h ys ic ia n s a n d

s u rg eo n s w h o a ls o a tten d in p a tie n ts in th e w a rd s . M a n y p a tie n ts a re e xa m in ed a n d g ive n

tre a tm e nt a s o u tp a tien ts b ef o re b ein g a d m itte d to th e h o s p ita l a t a la te r d a te a s in p a tien ts .

W h en d is c h a rg ed , th ey m a y a tten d th e o u tp a tie n t c lin ic fo r fo llo w -u p trea tm en t.

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 PHYSIOTHERAPY

Physical therapy o r physiotherapy (o ften a b b re via ted to PT) is a p h ys ic a l m e d ic in e

a n d reh a b ilita tio n s p e c ia lty th a t rem ed ia te s im p a irm en ts a n d p ro m o te s m o b ility, fu n c tio n ,

a n d q u a lity o f life thro u g h e xa m in atio n , d ia g no s is , p ro g n o s is , a n d p h ys ic a l in terve n tio n

(th era p y u s in g m ec ha n ic a l fo rc e a n d m o ve m en ts ). It is c a rrie d o u t b y physical therapists

(k n o w n a s physiotherapists in m o s t c o u n trie s ).

In a d d itio n to c lin ic a l p ra c tic e , o th er a c tivitie s en c o m p a s s e d in th e p h ys ic a l th e ra p y

p ro f es s io n in c lu d e res e a rc h , e d u c a tio n, c o n s u lta tio n , a n d a d m in is tra tio n . In m a n y s e ttin g s ,

p h ys ic a l th e ra p y s e rv ic es m a y b e p ro v id ed a lo n g s id e, o r in c o n ju n c tio n w ith , o th er m ed ic a l

s erv ic es .

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 DENTAL
Dentistry is a b ra n c h o f m e d ic in e th a t is in v o lv ed in th e s tu d y, d ia g n o s is , p re ve n tio n , a nd

tre a tm e nt o f d is e a s es , d is o rd ers a n d c o n d itio n s o f th e o ra l c a vity, c o m m o n ly in th e

d e n titio n b u t a ls o th e o ra l m u c o s a, a n d o f a d jac en t a n d rela ted s tru c ture s a n d tis s u e s ,

p a rtic u la rly in th e m a x illo fa c ia l (ja w a n d fa c ia l) a re a .A lth o u g h p rim a rily a s s o c ia te d w ith

tee th a m o n g th e g e n era l p u b lic , th e field o f d en tis try o r d e n ta l m e d ic in e is n o t lim ite d to

tee th b u t in c lu d e s o th e r a s p ec ts o f th e c ra n io f a c ia l c o m p lex in c lu d in g th e tem p e ro

m a nd ib u la r a n d o th er s u p p o rtin g s tru c tu re s . Th e term d en tis try c o m es fro m odontology–

th e s tu d y o f th e s tru c tu re , d ev elo p m e n t, a n d a b n o rm a lities o f th e tee th . B ec a u s e o f th eir

s u b s ta n tia l o ve rla p in c o n c ep t, d e n tis try is o fte n a ls o u n d e rs to o d to s u b s u m e th e n o w

la rg ely d e fu n c t m ed ic a l s p ec ia lty o f s to m a to lo g y (th e s tu d y o f th e m o u th a n d its d is o rd ers

a n d d is e a s es ) fo r w h ic h rea s o n th e tw o term s a re u s ed in terc h a n g ea b ly in c e rta in reg io n s .

D e n ta l trea tm e n t is c a rrie d o u t b y th e d en ta l tea m , w h ic h o ften c o n s is ts o f a d en tis t a nd

d e n ta l a u x ilia rie s (d en ta l a s s is ta n ts ,d e n tal h yg ien is ts , d e n ta ltec h n ic ia n s , a n d d e n ta l

th era p is ts ). M o s t d en tis ts w o rk in p riv a te p ra c tic e s (p rim a ry c a re), a lth o u g h s o m e w o rk in

d e n ta l h o s p ita ls a n d h o s p ita ls (s ec o n d a ry c a re ) an d in s titu tio n s (p ris o ns , a rm ed fo rc e s

b a s e s ,e tc .).

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 LABORATORY
A m ed ic a l la b o ra to ry o r c lin ic a l la b o ra to ry is a la b o ra to ry w h ere tes ts a re u s u a lly d o n e o n

c lin ic a l s p ec im en s in o rd e r to o b ta in in fo rm a tio n a b o u t the h e a lth o f a p a tie n t a s p e rta in ing

to th e d ia g n o s is , tre a tm en t, a n d p rev en tio n o f d is e a s e. C lin ic a l la b o ra to ries a re th u s

fo c u s ed o n a p p lied s c ien c e m a in ly o n a p ro d u c tio n -lik e b a s is , a s o p p o s e d to res e a rc h

la b o ra to ries th a t fo c u s o n b a s ic s c ien c e o n a n a c a d em ic b a s is .

H o s p ita l la b o ra to rie s a re a tta c h ed to a h o s p ita l, an d p erfo rm tes ts o n p atien ts .

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 EQUIPMENTS

1. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH

A n ele c tro c a rd io g ra p h is a m a c h in e th a t is u s ed to p e rf o rm ele c tro c a rd io g ra p h y, a n d

p ro d u c e s th e elec tro c a rd io g ra m .

T h e fu n d a m en ta l c o m p o n en t to elec tro c a rd io g ra p h is th e In s tru m e n ta tio n a m p lif ie r, w h ic h

is res p o n s ib le fo r ta k in g th e vo lta g e d if feren c e b e tw e en le a d s a n d a m p lifyin g th e s ig n a l.

E C G vo lta g es m ea s u red a c ro s s th e b o d y a re o n the o rd e r o f h u n d re d s o f m ic ro vo lts u p to 1

m illivo lt ( th e s m a ll s q u a re o n a s ta n d a rd E C G is 1 0 0 m ic ro vo lts ). In a c o n ve n tio n a l 1 2 -le a d

E C G , 1 0 elec tro d e s a re p la c ed o n th e p a tie nt's lim b s a n d o n th e s u rfa c e o f th e c h es t. T h e

o v era ll m a g n itu d e o f th e h e art's e lec tric a l p o te n tia l is th e n m e a s u re d fro m 1 2 d iffere n t

a n g le s ("lea d s ") a n d is rec o rd e d o v er a p erio d o f tim e (u s u a lly 1 0 s ec o n d s ). In th is w a y, th e

o v era ll m a g n itu d e a n d d irec tio n o f th e h e a rt's e le c tric a l d e p o la riza tio n is c a p tu red a t e a c h

m o m en t th ro u g h o u t th e c a rd ia c c yc le. T h e g ra p h o f vo lta g e v ers u s tim e p ro d u c e d b y

th is n o n in v a s ive m e d ic a l p ro c ed u re is refe rre d to a s a n electrocardiogram.

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2. BLOOD PRESSURE MACHINE (SPHYGMOMANOMETER) :

Blood pressure ( BP) is th e p re s s u re e xe rte d b y c irc u la tin g b lo o d u p o n th e w alls o f

b lo o d v es s e ls . W h en us e d w ith o ut fu rth e r s p e c ific a tio n , "b lo o d p res s u re " u s u a lly re fe rs

to th e a rteria l p res s u re in th e s ys te m ic c irc u la tio n. B lo o d p res s u re is u s u a lly ex p re s s ed in

term s o f th e s ys to lic ( m a x im u m ) p res s u re o v er d ias to lic (m in im u m ) p re s s u re a nd is

m ea s u red in m illim e te rs o f m e rc u ry (m m H g ). It is o n e o f th e v ita l s ig n s a lo n g w ith

res p ira to ry ra te, h ea rtra te,o x yg e n s a tu ra tio n , a n d b o d y tem p e ra tu re. N o rm a l re s tin g s ys to lic

(d ia s to lic ) b lo o d p re s s u re in a n a d u lt is a p p ro xim a te ly 1 2 0 m m H g (8 0 m m H g ),

a b b re via ted "1 2 0 /8 0 m m H g ".

A rteria l p re s s u re is m o s t c o m m o n ly m e a s u re d v ia a s p h yg m o m a n o m e ter, w h ic h his to ric a lly

u s ed th e h e ig h t o f a c o lu m n o f m erc u ry to reflec t the c irc u la tin g p re s s u re. [4 4] B lo o d p re s s u re

va lu e s a re g e n era lly re p o rted in m illim ete rs o f m erc u ry (m m H g ), th o u g h a n ero id a n d

ele c tro n ic d e vic es d o no t c o n ta in m erc u ry.

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3. SYRINGE PUMP:

A syringe driver o r syringe pump is a s m a ll in fu s io n p u m p ( s o m e in c lu d e in f us e a n d

w ith d ra w c a p a b ility), u s e d to g ra d u a lly a d m in is ter s m a ll a m o u n ts o f flu id (w ith o r w ith o u t

m ed ic a tio n ) to a p a tien t o r fo r u s e in c h e m ic a l a n d b io m ed ic a lre s ea rc h .

T h e m o s t p o p u la r u s e o f s yrin g e d riv ers is in p a llia tive c a re , to c o n tin u o u s ly a d m in is te r

a n a lg es ic s (p a in k ille rs ) , a n ti-em etic s (m e d ic a tio n to s u p p res s n a u s e a a n d v o m itin g ) a n d

o th er d ru g s .T h is p re ve n ts p e rio d s d u rin g w h ic h m ed ic a tio n lev els in th e b lo o d a re to o

h ig h o r to o lo w , a n d a v o id s th e u s e o f m ultip le ta b lets (e s p e c ia lly in p e o p le w h o h a v e

d iffic u lty s w a llo w in g ). A s th e m e d ic atio n is a d m in is tered s u b c u ta n e o u s ly, th e a rea fo r

a d m in is tra tio n is p ra c tic a lly lim itle s s , a lth o u g h ed em a m a y in terfere w ith th e a c tio n o f

s o m e d ru g s .

S yrin g e d riv ers a re a ls o u s ef u l fo r d elive rin g IV m ed ic a tio n s o v er s e ve ra l m in u te s . In th e

c a s e o f a m ed ic a tio n w h ic h s h o u ld b e s lo w ly p u s h e d in o v er th e c o u rs e o f s ev era l m in u tes ,

th is d ev ic e s a ve s s ta f f tim e a n d re d u c es e rro rs .

S yrin g e p u m p s a re a ls o u s efu l in m ic ro flu id ic a p p lic a tio n s , s uc h a s m ic ro rea c to r d es ig n

a n d tes tin g , a n d a ls o in c he m is try f o r s lo w inc o rp o ra tio n o f a fixe d vo lu m e o f flu id in to a

s o lu tio n . In en z ym e k in e tic s s yrin g e d riv ers c a n b e u s ed to o b s e rv e ra p id k in etic s as p a rt o f

a s to p p ed flo w ap p a ra tu s . Th e y a re a ls o s o m etim e s u s e d a s la b o ra to ry m e d ia d is p en s e rs .

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40
INFUSION PUMP:

A n infusion pump in fu s e s flu id s , m e d ic a tio n o r n u trien ts in to a p a tie n t's c irc u la to ry s ys tem .

It is g e n era lly u s ed in tra v en o u s ly, a lth o u g h s u b c u ta n eo u s , a rteria l a n d ep id u ra l in fu s io n s

a reo c c a s io n a lly u s ed .

In fu s io n p u m p s c a n a d m in is ter f lu id s in w a ys th a t w o u ld b e im p ra c tic a lly e xp en s ive o r

u n reliab le if p erfo rm e d m a n u a lly b y n u rs in g s ta ff. Fo r e xa m p le, the y c a n a d m in is te r a s

littlea s

0 . 1 m L p er h o u r in jec tio n s (to o s m a ll fo r a d rip ), in jec tio n s e ve ry m in u te, in je c tio n s w ith

rep ea ted b o lu s es req u es ted b y th e p a tien t, u p to m a x im u m n u m b er p e r h o u r (e. g . in p a tie n t-

c o n tro lle d a n a lg es ia ), o r flu id s w h o s e v o lu m es v ary b y th e tim e o fd a y.

TYPES OF PUM P:

T h ere a re tw o b a s ic c la s s es o f p u m p s . La rg e vo lu m e p u m p s c a n p u m p n u trie n t s o lu tio n s

la rg e e n o u g h to fee d a p a tie n t. S m a ll-v o lu m e p u m p s in fu s e h o rm o n e s , s u c h a s in s u lin , o r

o th er m ed ic in es , s u c h a s o p ia te s .

W ith in th e s e c la s s es , s o m e p u m p s a re d e s ig n ed to b e p o rta b le, o th ers a re d es ig n e d to b e

u s ed in a h o s p ita l, a n d th ere a re s p e c ia l s ys tem s fo r c h a rity a n d b a ttle field u s e .

La rg e -v o lu m e p u m p s u s u a lly u s e s o m e fo rm o f p eris ta ltic p u m p . C la s s ic a lly, th ey u s e

c o m p u ter- c o n tro lled ro lle rs c o m p res s in g a s ilic o n e-ru b b er tu b e th ro u g h w h ic h th e

m ed ic in e f lo w s . A n o th er c o m m o n f o rm is a s et o f f in g ers th a t p re s s o n th e tub e in

s eq u en c e.

S m a ll-v o lu m e p u m p s u s u a lly u s e a c o m p u ter-c o n tro lle d m o to r tu rn ing a s c re w th a t p u s h es

th e p lu n g e r o n a s yrin g e .

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 TREATMENT CHART

A m a jo r in itia tiv e to im p ro v e th e s a fe u s e o f m ed ic in es is th e n a tio n a l s ta n d a rd is a tio n o f

m ed ic in e s m a n ag em e nt d o c u m en ta tio n th ro u g h m e d ic a tio n c h a rts .

T h e N a tio n a l In p a tien t M e d ic a tio n C ha rt (N IM C ) is a s u ite o f n a tio n a lly s ta n d a rd

m ed ic a tio n c h a rts , b o th p a p er a n d elec tro n ic , th a t p res e n t a n d c o m m u n ic a te in fo rm a tio n

c o n s is te n tly b e tw ee n h e a lth c a re p ro fe s s io n a ls p ro vid in g c a re to p a tien ts o n th e in ten d e d

u s e o f m e d ic in e s fo r a n in d iv id u a l p a tie n t.

Its p u rp o s e is to red u c e th e ris k o f p res c rib in g , d is p e n s in g a n d a d m in is tra tio n e rro r b y

h ea lth p ro fe s s io n a ls th ro u g h s ta n d a rd is e d p res e n ta tio n o f in fo rm a tio n o n the in te n d ed u s e

o f m ed ic in es fo r a n in d iv id u a l p a tien t, a n d th ro u g h s ta n d a rd is ed p re s en ta tio n o f m e d ic in es

in fo rm a tio n in a ll h ig h -ris k h e a lth c a re s ettin g .

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 CONCLUSION

D u rin g tra in in g p ro c ed u re s , I h a ve g o t lo t o f k n o w led g e a b o u t f o llo w in g :

S tate d p ro je c t a tra in in g reg a rd in g e a c h a n d e ve ry firs t a id p ro c ed u re . It in c lu d e s c h e c k in g th e s ym p to m s

a n d trea tin g a t s m a ll s c a le in th e firs t a id s a n d le tter tra n s ferrin g fo r s u rg ic a l p ro c e d u re . I g o t k n o w
reg ard in g artific ia l res p ira tio n p ro c es s a n d w o u n d d res s in g .

In p res c rip tio n reg a rd in g , its p a rts a n d th e a b b re via tio n u s e d a re s tu d ie d b y m e in th is p ro jec t its tru ly a
s c a n d a l m a tte r fo r p h a rm a c is t s tu d y. La ter th e d is p en s in g p ro c e d u re is s ta rte d th e re fo re w h ic h w a s
p ra c tic e d b y m e a ll aro u n d the tra in in g a t reg u la r in te rv a l.

In s im p le d ia g n o s tic re p o ts th o s e a re e a s y to s tu d y in c a s e o f p a th o lo g ic a l rep o ts b u t a b it o f d iff ic u lty

a ris e in rea d in g ra d io lo g ic a l rep o rt.

S ite s o f in je c tio n w h ic h in c lu d e k n o w led g e o f s yrin g e s , ro u te o f

in jec tio n .R o u te s o f in jec tio n s u c h a s i. v, i.m , i. d , s .c e tc .

T h eref o re, I h a ve g o t a m a rve lo u s ex p e rien c e b y th is tra in in g .

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