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Chatgpt Unit - 1

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Chatgpt Unit - 1

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Machine Learning Unit 1 Notes (Extended)

1. Introduc on to Machine Learning


What is Machine Learning (ML)?
Machine Learning is a subset of Ar ficial Intelligence (AI) focused on building systems that can learn from data and
improve their performance over me without being explicitly programmed.
 Key Characteris cs of ML:
o Automates analy cal model building.
o Adapts to new data dynamically.
o Can solve problems that are difficult to define explicitly.
Examples:
 Email spam detec on.
 Recommenda on systems (Ne lix, Amazon).
 Predic ve analy cs in finance and healthcare.
Why Machine Learning?
 Tradi onal programming relies on explicitly coded rules for problem-solving. However, some problems are
too complex to address through sta c rule-based approaches. Machine Learning provides the ability to
automa cally detect pa erns and adapt to changes, making it suitable for such challenges.
Key Terminologies:
 Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem.
 Model: A mathema cal representa on of the real-world process being studied.
 Feature: An individual measurable property or characteris c of a phenomenon.
 Training: The process of teaching an ML model using historical data.
 Tes ng: Evalua ng the model’s accuracy using unseen data.
Perspec ves in ML:
1. Algorithm Design: Crea ng efficient and scalable learning algorithms.
2. Sta s cal Models: Using probabilis c methods to make predic ons.
3. Prac cal Applica ons: Implemen ng solu ons to real-world problems.
Issues in ML:
 Data Quality: ML heavily depends on data quality.
 Bias and Ethics: Ensuring fairness in decision-making processes.
 Overfi ng: Ensuring the model generalizes well to unseen data.
 Model Interpretability: Understanding the decisions made by complex models.
2. Applica ons of Machine Learning
Fields and Use Cases:
 Healthcare:
o Personalized medicine.
o Early disease detec on (e.g., cancer, diabetes).
 Retail:
o Recommenda on engines.
o Inventory management.
 Finance:
o Fraud detec on.
o Credit risk analysis.
 Transporta on:
o Autonomous vehicles.
o Predic ve maintenance of infrastructure.
 Natural Language Processing:
o Sen ment analysis.
o Machine transla on.
Emerging Applica ons:
 Smart ci es.
 Personalized educa on pla orms.
 AI-driven legal research.

3. Types of Machine Learning


Supervised Learning
 Defini on: Uses labeled data to predict outputs based on inputs.
 Examples:
o Regression (predic ng prices).
o Classifica on (email spam detec on).
 Applica ons:
o Predic ve analy cs.
o Risk management.
Unsupervised Learning
 Defini on: Finds pa erns in data without predefined labels.
 Examples:
o Clustering (customer segmenta on).
o Dimensionality Reduc on (PCA).
 Applica ons:
o Market basket analysis.
o Social network analysis.
Semi-supervised Learning
 Defini on: Combines a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data.
 Examples:
o Speech recogni on.
o Text classifica on.
 Applica ons:
o Healthcare diagnos cs.
o Fraud detec on.

4. Review of Probability
Fundamental Concepts:
 Random Variables: Represent outcomes of random phenomena.
 Probability Distribu on: A func on that describes the likelihood of outcomes.
 Condi onal Probability: Probability of an event given another event has occurred.
Bayes' Theorem:
P(A∣B)=P(B∣A)⋅P(A)P(B)P(A|B) = \frac{P(B|A) \cdot P(A)}{P(B)}
Applica ons in ML:
 Spam filtering.
 Recommenda on systems.
 Medical diagnosis.

5. Basic Linear Algebra in ML


Core Concepts:
 Vectors and Matrices: Represent data and rela onships.
 Matrix Opera ons:
o Mul plica on.
o Transpose.
 Eigenvalues/Eigenvectors: Cri cal for PCA and data compression.
 Norms: Measure vector lengths, crucial for op miza on.

6. Dataset and Its Types


Components:
1. Features: Inputs to the model.
2. Labels: Outputs to predict (supervised learning).
Types:
 Training Dataset: Used to train models.
 Valida on Dataset: Fine-tunes hyperparameters.
 Tes ng Dataset: Evaluates model performance.

7. Data Preprocessing
Steps:
1. Data Cleaning:
o Handle missing values (mean imputa on, removal).
o Remove duplicates.
2. Normaliza on: Scale features to a consistent range.
3. Encoding Categorical Variables: Convert labels to numbers.
4. Outlier Detec on: Iden fy and handle anomalies.
5. Feature Selec on: Retain only relevant features.

8. Bias and Variance in ML


Defini ons:
 Bias: Error from oversimplified assump ons.
 Variance: Error from sensi vity to training data.
Trade-offs:
 Underfi ng: High bias.
 Overfi ng: High variance.
Mi ga on Strategies:
 Regulariza on techniques (L1, L2).
 Cross-valida on.
 Increasing training data.

9. Func on Approxima on
Process:
1. Select a mathema cal func on.
2. Minimize error between predic ons and actual outputs.
Examples:
 Linear regression.
 Neural networks.

10. Overfi ng
What is Overfi ng?
Occurs when the model memorizes training data rather than learning general pa erns.
Preven on Techniques:
 Use more data.
 Apply regulariza on.
 Employ simpler models.
 Perform cross-valida on.

End of Detailed Notes

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