Practical skills

graphical
representation
Sketching
(Lesson 1)
Mr. Wasabha samarathunga

4MA029 - INDUSTRIAL PROJECT DESIGN

1
Sketching and Shape Description

• Straight Lines
• Circles and Arcs
• Proportions
• Generating Technical Designs
Purpose
The main purpose of sketching is to convey ideas.
Engineers must use sketches to brainstorm ideas, as
well as, to show others what they are working on or
what should be designed. Sketches are also used to
document measurements from the field before they
are produced as solid models on the computer.
Freehand Sketching
• Most original designs are first expressed on medium
as a freehand sketch.
• Used for:
➢Amplifying and clarifying
➢Recording
➢Verbal explanations
Technical Sketching
Engineers’ view: ability to render serviceable sketches
greater value than skill to create instrument drawings

Freehand sketch should not mean crude and sloppy

Freehand sketch should be made with care and

attention to proportion, clarity, and line widths.
Types of Sketches
Scale
• Typically, not made to any scale.
• Correct proportions are needed.
• Size of sketch:
✓Optional
✓Determined by:
➢Complexity of object
➢Size of paper
• Small objects may be enlarged to show details clearly.
Do you want to be a good sketcher?
Purpose
Proper documentation in a notebook is essential.
When proper documentation is made, ideas are not
lost, and projects can be duplicated.
Proposed Notebook Sample

Shows design details Size requirements.

Title

Initialed and dated.

Sketching Techniques
Line Types:
Inclined Line
Vertical Line

Horizontal Line
Sketching Techniques
Sketching a Line
Sketching Techniques
Sketching an Arc
Sketching Techniques
Sketching an Arc
Sketching Techniques
Sketching a Circle

1) Setup the 2) Square in the 3) Sketch

diameter diameter diagonals
Sketching Techniques
Sketching a Circle
4) Identify triangle 5) Sketch arcs
centers
Size and Proportion

• Size: Length, width, height, distance. How big is the

object you are sketching?

• Proportion: If two objects are five feet apart in real

life, then those two objects must appear to be five
feet apart in your sketch
Size and Proportion
How to create proper size and proportion.
Technique I

Hold your pencil at arms

Length. Use the top of the
pencil and your thumb as a
distance for the height of the
window. This distance will be
used as a reference for
sketching the rest of the house
as we did in the house on the
next slide.
Size and Proportion
How to create proper size and proportion.
Technique I

As you see in the completed house, the units

of the numbered dimensions are in windows.
You should also notice that the use of graph
paper also helps in creating proper size and
proportion.
Size and Proportion
How to create proper size and proportion.
Technique II

Sketching a chair. We sketch the boxes to

the largest outside dimensions of our final
object. Notice that light construction lines
are also used to help guide us to the proper
size and proportion.
Size and Proportion
How to create proper size and proportion.
Technique II

Finally, we use our sketching techniques for

drawing arcs, lines and circles to complete
our chair.

Notice the box we started with is still

existent as light construction lines. These
are our guides for proportion and size.
Alphabet of Lines
 Alphabet of Lines
Object Line: Thick lines
about .6mm(.032in) that show
Center Line: Lines that define the visible edges of an object.
the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts.
They are half as thick as an object line.

Construction Line: Very lightly

drawn lines used as guides to help draw
all other lines and shapes properly.
Usually erased after being used.

Section Lines: Lines are used to

define where there is material
after a part of the object Short Break Line: A freehand
is cut away. drawn line that shows where a part is
broken to reveal detail behind the part or
Hidden Line: Lines used to to shorten a long continuous part. (See
show interior detail that is not visible example of Long Break Line
from the outside of the part. on the next slide.)
 Long Break Lines: Break lines are used
to either show detail or as in this case they can
be used to shorten very long objects that
Alphabet of Lines do not change in detail. Notice that this part
is 12” long however we have shortened
the drawing with break lines to use
Cutting Plane Line:
our space more efficiently.
A line used to designate Extension Lines:
where a part has been cut away Lines used to show
to see detail. The arrows should where a dimension starts and
point in the direction that stops on an object. Used with
you are looking at Dimension lines to properly
the cutout. dimension an object. The line
is 1/16” away from the
part as to not get confused
with the object lines
Leader Lines: Leader lines are used to
show dimensions of arcs, circles and to help
show detail. An arrowhead is used to point Extension Lines: Lines used to show where
to the part you are dimension and the line comes a dimension starts and stops on an object.
off the arrow point usually at a 45-degree angle. Used with dimension lines to properly dimension
At the end of this line a horizontal line is drawn an object. The line is 1/16” away from the
with a note at the end telling information part as to not get confused with the object lines
about what is being pointed at.
Alphabet of lines Phantom Lines: Phantom lines are used
to identify alternate positions that a part my
take up. In this example we are using Phantom
lines to show that the door handle may only move
45 degrees from it’s horizontal
position.
Projections
• Pictorial
• Isometric
• Oblique
➢Caviler
➢Cabinet
• Perspective
• Orthographic
Pictorial
Pictorial sketches are sketches that show height, width,
and depth all in one view. There are three common
types:
• Isometric
• Oblique
• Perspective
Isometric

Width and depth lines

are drawn at 30 degrees from
the horizon line.
 Oblique

In Cavalier Oblique depth

is full size. This cube
Front view is true has the same height, width
size and shape. and depth dimensions

Width lines are

parallel with the Depth in an oblique
horizon. pictorial is
distorted.

Depth lines are drawn

at an angle with the
horizon.
Oblique

In Cabinet Oblique depth

is half size. This allows the view
to look more realistic.
Width lines are
parallel with the
horizon.

Front view is true

size and shape.
Perspective
Perspective is a way to draw that shows a view of the
object in the most realistic way. Vanishing points are
used to guide the lines in the object to the horizon line
or the horizontal line you see at your line of sight. We
will discuss one- and two-point perspective.
 One Point Perspective

All lines in the depth project

to one point (vanishing
point). The location of the
vanishing point is based
on your line of sight.
Two Point Perspective

In two point perspective

the depth lines converge on one
vanishing point (VP2) and the
width lines converge on the
other vanishing point (VP1).
Shading
Shading allows us to create a more realistic image by
showing how light reflects on the object. We use shading
in engineering graphics to show features not easily seen
otherwise. There are two main types of shading:
• Straight Line
• Stippling
Shading
(Straight Line)
Shading
(Stipple Shading)
Orthographic
(Multiview Drawings)
Pictorial sketches are great for engineers to explain
ideas and communicate what the final part will look like
to the customer. Unfortunately, pictorial drawings have
some disadvantages. Foreshortened views and
distorted features do not allow for accurate
prototyping. Many times, for parts to be accurately
depicted, you need straight on views of each surface.
Orthographic
(Multiview Drawings)
In order to obtain these straight-line views, we
have a type of drawing called Orthographic
Projection also known as Multiview drawings.
Orthographic projection is a way to project a view
based on a line of sight that is perpendicular to
that view. There are six of these views to any
object as shown in the next slide.
Orthographic
(Multiview Drawings)
The arrows represent the
line of sight associated
with each view.

Use the button

below to jump
between this
view and the ortho
view on the next
page.

ORTHO
Orthographic
Principal Views
Note how the views
are oriented. Each view is
adjacent to the other as
if they were unfolded
from a 3D shape.

Front, Click to go back

Top and Right views to ISO view.
are used most often. You can
see how other views resemble
these three except they are not
as clear due to hidden lines. ISO
Orthographic
Angle of Projection
The example you have just seen is shown in the
third angle of projection. This is the standard in
the United States and Canada. The rest of the
world draws in the first angle of projection. The
following slides will show how the views are
derived and what they look like.
Orthographic
Spatial Quadrants and Planes
In 3rd angle projection,
This sketch shows the the projection planes used
quadrants where the angles to create views are
of projection are made from as shown in red.

Top

Front

Right Side
 Orthographic
3rd Angle Projection
Views are projected onto planes
that exist on the face of that view.
Arrows show the direction of the
projection ISO Symbol
Orthographic
Spatial Quadrants and Planes
Top Side

In 1st angle projection

the projection planes used to
create the views are
as shown in red.

Front
 Orthographic
3rd Angle Projection
Views are projected onto planes
that exist on the face of that view.
Arrows show the direction of the
projection ISO Symbol
 Orthographic
1st Angle Projection
Views are projected onto planes
that exist on the opposite face of the
view you want to display. The
arrows show the direction
of the projection.
ISO Symbol
Orthographic
View Selection
Finding the best view of a part can be difficult.
Two or more sides may look like the best solution
for a front view. On the next slide is a list of
characteristics that you should use in choosing
your views.
Orthographic
View Selection
Steps in selecting the front.
• Most natural position or use.
• Shows best shape and characteristic contours.
• Longest dimensions.
• Fewest hidden lines.
• Most stable and natural position.
• Relationship of other views
• Most contours.
• Longest side.
• Least hidden lines.
• Best natural position.
 Orthographic
View Selection
Best shape description.
Most natural position.

Longest Dimension

No hidden lines.
Orthographic
View Selection Numbers
Another decision on view selection you need to
make is how many views. You usually do not need
more than three, but you may only need one or
two. The following slides will show when to decide
between one, and two view drawings.
One View Selection
Two views
will be identical

Uniform shape.

All dimensions easily

shown on one view.
One View Selection

It is also possible to
have one view drawings
of objects that are flat
and have even thickness.
Gauges and gaskets are
two such objects. We
have a gauge here on the
left.
Two View Selection
Symmetrical parts. A third view
would be identical to the other
views

Second view is necessary for

depth.
Precedence of Lines
In multiple view drawings, many times different line types will
take up the same space, therefore, we have line precedence.
The following is an explanation of which lines exist over
others.
• Object lines over hidden and center.
• Hidden over center.
• Cutting plane lines over center lines.
 Precedence of Lines
An object line here takes precedence
over the center line. However, we
draw short thin lines beyond the
object to show there is a center line
underneath the object line.

Object lines took precedence over

the hidden lines you would see
from the hole. The center line in
the top view would show the depth
of the hole as well as the right
side view.