Unit-6

Introduction to Internet:- A network is a group of two or

more computer system which are related through a couple of channels for
the motive of sending and receiving data (records/media) in a shared
environment.
Internet is a group of computer systems connected from all around the
world. The Internet protocol suite is a framework defined through the
Internet standards. Methods are divided right into a layered set of
protocols on this architecture. The Internet gives a huge variety
of statistics and communique offerings, which includes forums, databases,
email, and hypertext. It is made of the neighborhood to global personal,
public networks connected through plenty of digital, wireless, and
networking technologies.
Working of the internet: The internet is a global computer
network that connects various devices and sends a lot of information and
media. It uses an Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol
(TCP)-based packet routing network. TCP and IP work together to ensure
that data transmission across the internet is consistent and reliable,
regardless of the device or location. Data is delivered across the internet in
the form of messages and packets. A message is a piece of data delivered
over the internet, but before it is sent, it is broken down into smaller pieces
known as packets.
IP is a set of rules that control how data is transmitted from one computer
to another via the internet. The IP system receives further instructions on
how the data should be transferred using a numerical address (IP Address).
The TCP is used with IP to ensure that data is transferred in a secure and
reliable manner. This ensures that no packets are lost, that packets are
reassembled in the correct order, and that there is no delay that degrades
data quality.
History of Internet
Talking about the history of internet, the ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network, later renamed the internet) established a
successful link between the University of California Los Angeles and the
Stanford Research Institute on October 29, 1969. Libraries automate and
network catalogs outside of ARPANET in the late 1960s.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is
established in the 1970s, allowing internet technology to mature. The
development of these protocols aided in the standardization of how data
was sent and received via the internet. NSFNET (National Science
Foundation Network), the 56 Kbps backbone of the internet, was financed
by the National Science Foundation in 1986. Because government monies
were being used to administer and maintain it, there were commercial
restrictions in place at the time.
In the year 1991, a user-friendly internet interface was developed. Delphi
was the first national commercial online service to offer internet connectivity
in July 1992. Later in May 1995, All restrictions on commercial usage of the
internet are lifted. As a result, the internet has been able to diversify and
grow swiftly. Wi-Fi was first introduced in 1997. The year is 1998, and
Windows 98 is released. Smartphone use is widespread in 2007. The 4G
network is launched in 2009. The internet is used by 3 billion people
nowadays. By 2030, there are expected to be 7.5 billion internet users and
500 billion devices linked to the internet.
uses of the Internet:
 E-mail: E-mail is an electronic message sent across a network from
one computer user to one or more recipients. It refers to the internet
services in which messages are sent from and received by servers.
 Web Chat: Web chat is an application that allows you to send and
receive messages in real-time with others. By using Internet chat
software, the user can log on to specific websites and talk with a
variety of other users online. Chat software is interactive software that
allows users to enter comments in one window and receive responses
from others who are using the same software in another window.
 World Wide Web: The World Wide Web is the Internet’s most popular
information exchange service. It provides users with access to a large
number of documents that are linked together using hypertext or
hyperlinks.
 E-commerce: E-commerce refers to electronic business transactions
made over the Internet. It encompasses a wide range of product and
service-related online business activities.
 Internet telephony: The technique that converts analog speech
impulses into digital signals and routes them through packet-switched
networks of the internet is known as internet telephony.
 Video conferencing: The term “video conferencing” refers to the use
of voice and images to communicate amongst users.
 File Transfer: The exchange of data files across computer systems is
referred to as file transfer. Using the network or internet connection to
transfer or shift a file from one computer to another is known as file
transfer. To share, transfer, or send a file or logical data item across
several users and/or machines, both locally and remotely, we use file
transfer. Data files include – documents, multimedia, pictures, text, and
PDFs and they can be shared by uploading or downloading them. To
retrieve information from the internet, there are various services
available such as:
 1. Gopher: A file retrieval application based on hierarchical,
distributed menus that is simple to use.
2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): To share, transfer, or send a file
or logical data item across several users and/or machines, both
locally and remotely.
3. Archie: A file and directory information retrieval system that may
be linked to FTP

World Wide Web (WWW)

WWW is also known as W3. It offers a way to access documents spread
over the several servers over the internet. These documents may contain
texts, graphics, audio, video, hyperlinks. The hyperlinks allow the users to
navigate between the documents.

Video Conferencing

Video conferencing or Video teleconferencing is a method of

communicating by two-way video and audio transmission with help of
telecommunication technologies.

Modes of Video Conferencing

Point-to-Point

This mode of conferencing connects two locations only.

Multi-point

This mode of conferencing connects more than two locations

through Multi-point Control Unit (MCU).
Intranet

Intranet is defined as private network of computers within an organization

with its own server and firewall. Moreover we can define Intranet as:

 Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are networked to be

connected to each other. PCs in intranet are not available to the world
outside of the intranet.
 Usually each company or organization has their own Intranet network
and members/employees of that company can access the computers
in their intranet.
 Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
 Each computer in Intranet is also identified by a IP Address, which is
unique among the computers in that Intranet.
Benefits:-
Intranet Internet

Localized Network. Worldwide Network

Doesn't have access to Intranet Have access to Internet.

More Expensive Less Expensive

More Safe Less Safe

More Reliability Less Reliability

Telnet:-
TELNET stands for Teletype Network. It is a client/server application
protocol that provides access to virtual terminals of remote systems on
local area networks or the Internet. The local computer uses a telnet client
program and the remote computers use a telnet server program. In this
article, we will discuss every point about TELNET.
What is Telnet?
TELNET is a type of protocol that enables one computer to connect to the
local computer. It is used as a standard TCP/IP protocol for virtual terminal
service which is provided by ISO. The computer which starts the connection
is known as the local computer. The computer which is being connected
to i.e. which accepts the connection known as the remote computer.
During telnet operation, whatever is being performed on the remote
computer will be displayed by the local computer. Telnet operates on a
client/server principle.

History of TELNET
The Telnet protocol originated in the late 1960s, it was created to
provide remote terminal access and control over mainframes and
minicomputers. Initially, it was designed to be a simple and secure
method of connecting to a remote system. This protocol allowed users to
access remote computers using a terminal or command-line interface.
Over time, Telnet’s use has diminished due to security concerns, and
alternatives like SSH are now preferred for secure remote management
Logging in TELNET
The logging process can be further categorized into two parts:
 Local Login
 Remote Login
9 Uses of Computers in Hospitals
:-
 1. Maintain Patient Information Patient information is
kept organised, safe, and readily available on a computer.
In an emergency, medical staff needs quick access to
patient records. There are fewer risks of data loss or
mismatching while using a computer.
2. Monitor Patients Hospitals now utilise computers to
keep track of vital signs like heart rate and blood pressure.
Additionally, the computer monitoring system gathers
helpful patient data. It is possible to retrieve this data for
future use in research or other purposes.
3. Medical Research To understand more about a certain
ailment, clinicians may now search medical databases. The
ability of medical staff to obtain and apply knowledge is
being improved through the use of computers in
healthcare.
4. Inventory Knowing what medications are on hand is
crucial for a patient's therapy. The rehabilitation process
might be slowed down if a doctor prescribes a medication
that is out of stock, thus it is essential to keep an inventory
list up to date. In the meanwhile, inventory control is
crucial for hospitals and medical facilities. Therefore,
inventory managers can track stock levels thanks to
computers.
5. Use in Surgical Procedures Computers are capable of
performing multiple tasks with precision, so the use of
computers in operating rooms can save lives. For
completing complicated treatments, surgeons rely on
computers.
6. Medical Equipment and Imaging Computers are widely
used to operate medical machinery that conducts crucial
medical tests including ultrasonography, CT scans, MRIs,
blood tests, etc. Doctors also utilise computers to display
their findings and describe the illness and course of
therapy. Computers may be used for 3D modelling and
drawing.
7. Communication The use of computers for
communication amongst healthcare professionals helps
the staff and makes their job easier because they are
sometimes quite busy. Healthcare staff can communicate
in real-time chat on a computer to share important
information. It is preferable than receiving texts or post-it
notes.
8. Customer Services Hospitals now use automated
systems like Artificial Intelligence (AI) to provide regular
customer services to the patients (like payments, making
demands, and complaints).
9. Online Payment Hospitals now make use of online
payment portals to enable patients to pay their hospital
bills online. This reduces the chances of errors and the task
is performed in minimum time.