End examination: Model questions and summary

1) Introduction to thermodynamics

2) Basic thermodynamics Introduction & fundamental concepts

3) Kinetic Theory of Gases and the Ideal Gas Law

4) The first law of thermodynamics – Close systems

5) The first law of thermodynamics - Open systems

6) The first law of thermodynamics – Close systems Problem solving

7) Properties of pure substances

8) Zeroth law of thermodynamics

9) The second law of thermodynamics

10) Entropy

11) Gas , vapour Power and refrigeration cycles

The first law of thermodynamics - Open systems

m −mi e = ( m 2 − m1 )system

Ein − E out = (Qin − Qout ) + (Win − Wout ) + (E mass ,in − E mass ,out ) = E system

Q in + W in +  m in e in = Q out + W out +  m out eout

Steady flow system

2
e = h+ + gZ
2


  2 


  2 

Q in + W in +  m in  hin + in + gZ in  = Q out + W out +  m out  hout + out + gZ ot 


2 



2 


 
 ( 2 − in2 ) 
Q + W = m  (hout − hin ) + out + g ( Z out − Z in ) 
 2 
 

( out
2
− in2 )
q + w = (hout − hin ) + + g ( Z out − Z in )
2

Energy balance unsteady flow:

Specific heat capacity

c p = cv + R (kJ/kg.K)

cp
k=
cv

h = u + Pv
 h = u + RT
Pv = RT 
u = u (T )
Therefore h = h(T )

Properties of pure substances

Tables

Saturated temperature tables:

Saturated pressure tables

Saturated region
Superheated region

Highly advised to use the Mollier chart to find properties in superheated

region and isentropic
Second law of thermodynamics

• The Kelvin-Planck Statement

• The Clausius statement

•

• Heat transfer process and finite temperature difference process

• The Carnot Cycle (the best known reversible cycle): a reversible cycle comprised of
alternating adiabatic and isothermal stages, and discovered that the efficiency of such a
heat engine depended only on its input and output temperatures.
• Carnot cycle for heat engine

• Reversed Carnot Cycle

• Heat ngine

For reversible cycles

 QH  TH
 Q  = T
 L  rev L
 • T-s diagram for Carnot cycle

• Refrigerator and heat pump

• T-s diagram for reversed Carnot cyle

Examples (Set-1)

1) Ff A 600-MW steam power plant, which is cooled by a nearby river, has a thermal efficiency
of 40 percent. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the river water. Will the actual heat
transfer rate be higher or lower than this value? why?

2) A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at a rate of 280 GJ/h. Heat losses to the
surrounding air from the steam as it passes through the pipes and other components are
estimated to be about 8 GJ/h. If the waste heat is transferred to the cooling water at a rate of
145 GJ/h, determine (a) net power output and (b) the thermal efficiency of this power plant.

3) What is the difference between a refrigerator and a heat pump? What is the difference
between a refrigerator and an air conditioner?
4) A household refrigerator with a COP of 1.5 removes heat from the refrigerated space at a rate
of 60 kJ/min. Determine (a) the electric power consumed by the refrigerator and (b) the rate
of heat transfer to the kitchen air.

5) A household refrigerator runs one-fourth of the time and removes heat from the food
compartment at an average rate of 800 kJ/h. If the COP of the refrigerator is 2.2, determine
the power the refrigerator draws when running.

6) Consider a steady-flow Carnot cycle with water as the working fluid. The maximum and
minimum temperatures in the cycle are 350 and 60°C. The quality of water is 0.891 at the
beginning of the heat-rejection process and 0.1 at the end. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram
relative to the saturation lines, and determine,

a) the thermal efficiency,

b) the pressure at the turbine inlet, and

c) the net work output.

7) A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The
refrigerant changes from saturated vapor to saturated liquid at 30°C in the condenser as
it rejects heat. The evaporator pressure is 120 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative
to saturation lines, and determine,

a) the coefficient of performance,

b) the amount of heat absorbed from the refrigerated space, and

c) the network input.

Entropy

• Entropy is non-conserved property: Can create or destroy

• A measure of the microscopic disorder of a system
• Total entropy of the system and its surroundings increases in the course of a spontaneous
change.
𝛿𝑄
• Corollary 6, Clausius inequality: ∮ ( 𝑇 ) ≤ 0
𝛿𝑄 2 2 𝛿𝑄
• Corollary 7: 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑇
an 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = ∫1 𝑑𝑠 = ∫1 ( 𝑇 ) kJ/K
𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣
• Entropy is a property! But Not always the integral of dQ/T is a property! Only for special
case, where it is internally reversible.
 2 𝛿𝑄
• 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 ≥ ∫1 ( 𝑇 ) kJ/K
2 𝛿𝑄
• 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = ∫1 ( 𝑇 ) + 𝑆𝑔 𝑘𝐽/𝐾
• Entropy of the universe : 𝑺𝒈𝒆𝒏 = ∆𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = ∆𝑺𝒔𝒚𝒔 + ∆𝑺𝒔𝒖𝒓 ≥ 𝟎
• Tds relations: 𝑑𝑈 = 𝛿𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣 + 𝛿𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑘𝐽 or 𝑑𝑢 = 𝛿𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣 + 𝛿𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
• 𝛿𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 𝑇𝑑𝑠 and 𝛿𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = −𝑃𝑑𝑣
• 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑃𝑑𝑣 and 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑ℎ − 𝑣𝑑𝑝 where ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣
𝑑𝑢 𝑃𝑑𝑣 𝑑ℎ 𝑣𝑑𝑝
• 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇
+ 𝑇
and 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇
− 𝑇
𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑝𝑑𝑇
• Incompressible fluids (solids and liquids), 𝑑𝑣 ≈ 0 and 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇
= 𝑇
• For solids and liquids 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 is almost constant and taking average value,
𝑇
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑛 (𝑇2 )
1

• Entropy change in ideal gas,

• For constant 𝑐𝑝 and 𝑐𝑣 values ideal gases ,

• For constant 𝑐𝑝 and 𝑐𝑣 values ideal gases and isentropic processes in ideal gas,

• Variable specific heats (Exact analysis)

• Reversible work input for a steady flow process,

wrev ,in =
 vdP + ke + pe
1

Neglecting KE and PE

wrev ,in =
 vdP
1

• Work input in 3 compression processes: you should be able to derive

this equations.
 Hint: start from the equation,

Air compressors are cooled to reduce the work input. Multistage compression is done to
with intercooling to reduce the work input.
• Pump work is much smaller than compressor work

• Isentropic efficiencies of steady flow devices (I)-Turbine

 • Isentropic efficiencies of steady flow devices (II)-Compressors and pumps

• Entropy balance

Example (Set 2)

1) Determine the compressor work input required to compress steam isentropically from 100
kPa to 1 MPa, assuming that the steam exists as (a) saturated liquid and (b) saturated vapor at
the inlet state.
2) Air is compressed steadily by a reversible compressor from an inlet state of 100 kPa and 300
K to an exit pressure of 900 kPa. Determine the compressor work per unit mass for,
(a) isentropic compression with k 1.4,
(b) polytropic compression with n 1.3,
(c) isothermal compression, and
(d) ideal two-stage compression with intercooling with a polytropic exponent of 1.3.
Derive all the equations used to calculate the work.
3) Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 400°C and leaves at 50 kPa and 100°C.
If the power output of the turbine is 2 MW, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine
and (b) the mass flow rate of the steam flowing through the turbine.
Calculate the using both tables and Mollier charts.

Examples (Set-3)

1) A piston-cylinder device contains a liquid–vapor mixture of water at 300 K. During a

constant-pressure process, 750 kJ of heat is transferred to the water. As a result, part of the
liquid in the cylinder vaporizes. Determine the entropy change of the water during this
process.

2) Starting with the second T ds relation. Obtain a for the entropy change of ideal gases under
the constant-specific-heat assumption. Prove that the two relations for entropy change of
ideal gases under the constant-specific-heat assumption are equivalent.
3) An insulated piston-cylinder device initially contains 300 L of air at 120 kPa and 17°C. Air is
now heated for 15 min by a 200-W resistance heater placed inside the cylinder. The pressure
of air is maintained constant during this process. Determine the entropy change of air,
assuming (a) constant specific heats and (b) variable specific heats.
4) A piston-cylinder device contains 1.2 kg of nitrogen gas at 120 kPa and 27°C. The gas is now
compressed slowly in apolytropic process during which PV 1.3 constant. The process ends
when the volume is reduced by one-half. Determine the entropy change of nitrogen during
this process.
Gas , vapour Power and refrigeration cycles

Otto cycle

Diesel cycle
Brayton (Gas turbine cycle)

Steam power (Rankine cycle)

Refrigeration cycle
Examples (Set-4)

You will get a one question from cycles. Look assignment 08- Lecture note 11,

Questions

1) Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C with a mass flow rate of 3 kg/s and
leaves at 30 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 0.90. Neglecting the kinetic
energy change of the steam, determine ,
a) the temperature at the turbine exit and
b) the power output of the turbine.

2) Air enters an adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa and 17°C at a rate of 2.4 m3/s, and it exits at
257°C. The compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 84 percent. Neglecting the changes in
kinetic and potential energies, determine
a) the exit pressure of air and
b) the power required to drive the compressor.

3) An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression
process, air is at 95 kPa and 27°C, and 750 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the
constant-volume heat-addition process. Assuming constant specific heat values evaluated
at room temperature, determine,
a) the pressure and temperature at the end of the heat-addition process
b) the network output,
c) the thermal efficiency

Assume constant specific heats at room temperature.

Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.4, R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K

4) A simple Brayton cycle using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 8. The
minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310 and 1160 K. Assuming an
isentropic efficiency of 75 percent for the compressor and 82 percent for the turbine,
determine,
a) the air temperature at the turbine exit,
b) the network output, and
c) the thermal efficiency.

Assume constant specific heats at room temperature.

Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.4, R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K
5) Consider a 210-MW steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam
enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and is cooled in the condenser at a pressure of 10
kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine,
a) the quality of the steam at the turbine exit,
b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and
c) the mass flow rate of the steam.

6) Consider a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle and has a net
power output of 45 MW. Steam enters the turbine at 7 MPa and 500°C and is cooled in the
condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa by running cooling water from a lake through the tubes
of the condenser at a rate of 2000 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to
saturation lines, and determine,
a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
b) the mass flow rate of the steam, and
c) the temperature rise of the cooling water.

7) A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle between 0.12 and 0.8 MPa. The mass flow rate of the
refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines.
Determine,
a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space,
b) the power input to the compressor,
c) the rate of heat rejection to the environment, and
d) the coefficient of performance COP).
Solutions (Set- 1)

1) The power output and thermal efficiency of a power plant are given. The rate of heat
rejection is to be determined, and the result is to be compared to the actual case in practice.
Assumptions 1 The plant operates steadily. 2 Heat losses from the working fluid at the
pipes and other components are negligible.
Analysis The rate of heat supply to the power plant is determined from the thermal
efficiency relation,
Furnace
th = 40%
W net ,out 600 MW
HE Q H MW
800 = = = 1500 MW
 th 0.4

sink
The rate of heat transfer to the river water is determined from the first law relation for a
heat engine,

Q L = Q H − W net ,out = 1500 − 600 = 900 MW

In reality the amount of heat rejected to the river will be lower since part of the heat will
be lost to the surrounding air from the working fluid as it passes through the pipes and
other components.

2) The rates of heat supply and heat rejection of a power plant are given. The power output
and the thermal efficiency of this power plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The plant operates steadily. 2 Heat losses from the working fluid at the
pipes and other components are taken into consideration.
Analysis (a) The total heat rejected by this power plant is
Furnace

Q H = 280 GJ/h
Q L = 145 + 8 = 153GJ/h
HE
Q L
Then the net power output of the plant becomes
sink
W net ,out = Q H − Q L = 280 − 153 = 127 GJ/h = 35.3MW

(b) The thermal efficiency of the plant is determined from its definition,

W net ,out 127GJ/h

 th = = = 0.454 = 45.4%
Q H 280GJ/h
3) The difference between the two devices is one of purpose. The purpose of a refrigerator
is to remove heat from a cold medium whereas the purpose of a heat pump is to supply
heat to a warm medium.

4) The COP and the refrigeration rate of a refrigerator are given. The power consumption
and the rate of heat rejection are to be determined.
Assumptions The refrigerator operates steadily.
Analysis (a) Using the definition of the coefficient of performance, the power input to the
refrigerator is determined to be
Kitchen air

COP
Q L 60 kJ/min
R W net ,in = = = 40 kJ/min = 0.67 kW
COPR 1.5
Q L
cool space
(b) The heat transfer rate to the kitchen air is determined from the energy balance,

Q H = Q L + W net ,in = 60 + 40 = 100 kJ/min

5) The COP and the refrigeration rate of a refrigerator are given. The power consumption of
the refrigerator is to be determined.
Assumptions The refrigerator operates steadily.
Analysis Since the refrigerator runs one-fourth of the time and removes heat from the
food compartment at an average rate of 800 kJ/h, the refrigerator removes heat at a rate
of Kitchen air
Q L = 4(800 kJ/h) = 3200 kJ/h
R
when running. Thus the power the refrigerator draws when it is running is COP = 2.2
800 kJ/h

Q L 3200kJ/h
W net ,in = = = 1455 kJ/h = 0.40 kW Refrigerator
COPR 2.2

6) A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified
conditions. The thermal efficiency, the pressure at the turbine inlet, and the net work
output are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible. T
Analysis (a) The thermal efficiency is determined from
1 2
TL 60 + 273 K
 th, C = 1 − = 1− = 46.5% 350C
TH 350 + 273 K

(b) Note that s2 = s3 = sf + x3sfg

60C
4 3
s
 = 0.8312 + 0.891  7.0784 = 7.138 kJ/kg·K

Thus ,

T2 = 350 C 
 P2 = 1.40 MPa
s 2 = 7.138 kJ/kg  K 

(c) The net work can be determined by calculating the enclosed area on the T-s diagram,

s 4 = s f + x 4 s fg = 0.8312 + (0.1)(7.0784) = 1.539 kJ/kg  K

Thus, wnet = Area = (TH − TL )(s3 − s 4 ) = (350 − 60)(7.138 − 1.539) = 1624 kJ/kg

7) A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is

considered. The coefficient of performance, the amount of heat absorbed from the
refrigerated space, and the net work input are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.

Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 30C = 303 K and TL = Tsat @ 120 kPa = -22.36C = 250.6 K, the
COP of this Carnot refrigerator is determined from

1 1
COPR,C = = = 4.78 T
TH / TL − 1 (303 K ) / (250.6 K ) − 1

QH
(b) From the refrigerant tables (Table A-11), 4 3
30C
h3 = hg @ 30C = 263.50 kJ / kg
h4 = h f @ 30C = 91.49 kJ / kg
120 kPa
1 Q 2
L
Thus, s

q H = h3 − h4 = 263.50 − 91.49 = 172.01 kJ/kg

q H TH T  250.6 K 
= ⎯→ q L = L q H = 
⎯ (172.01 kJ/kg) = 142.3 kJ/kg
and
q L TL TH  303 K 

(c) The net work input is determined from

wnet = q H − q L = 172.01 − 142.3 = 29.71 kJ/kg

Solutions (set-2)

1)

2)
3)
Solutions (Set-3)

1)

2) For an ideal gas, dh = CpdT and v = RT/P. From the second Tds relation,

dh v dP C p dP RT dP dT dP
ds = − = − = Cp −R
T T T P T T P
Integrating,
T  P 
s 2 − s1 = C p ln 2  − R ln 2 
 T1   P1 
since Cp is assumed to be constant.

For ideal gases, Cp = Cv + R and

P2V2 P1V1 V T P
= ⎯
⎯→ 2 = 2 1
T2 T1 V1 T1 P2
Thus,
T  V 
s 2 − s1 = C v ln 2  + R ln 2 
 T1   V1 
T   T2 P1 
= C v ln 2  + R ln T P 
 T1   1 2
T  T  P 
= C v ln 2  + R ln 2  − R ln 2 
 T1   T1   P1 
 T2   P2 
= C p ln  − R ln 
 T1   P1 

3) An insulated cylinder initially contains air at a specified state. A resistance heater inside
the cylinder is turned on, and air is heated for 15 min at constant pressure. The entropy
change of air during this process is to be determined for the cases of constant and variable
specific heats. 
Assumptions At specified conditions, air can be treated as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis The mass of the air and the electrical work done during this process are

m=
P1V1
=
(120kPa ) 0.3m 3 ( = 0.4325kg
)
RT1 (
0.287kPa  m 3 /kg  K (290K ) )
We,in = W e,in t = (0.2kJ/s )(15  60s ) = 180kJ
 The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as

E −E = E system
inout
  
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work,and mass potential, etc. energies

W pw,in − Wb,out = U
AIR
W pw,in = m(h2 − h1 )  C p (T2 − T1 )
0.3 m3
since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process.
We 120 kPa

(a) Using a constant Cp value at the anticipated average temperature of 450 K, the final
temperature becomes

We,in 180kJ
T2 = T1 + = 290K + = 698K
Thus,
mC p (0.4325kg )(1.02kJ/kg  K )

Then the entropy change becomes

 T P 0 
S sys = m(s 2 − s1 ) = m C p , ave ln 2 − R ln 2  = mC p , ave ln T2
 T1 P1  T1
 
 698K 
= (0.4325kg )(1.020kJ/kg  K )ln 
 290K 
= 0.387kJ/K
(b) Assuming variable specific heats,
We,in
We,in = m(h2 − h1 ) ⎯
180kJ
⎯→ h2 = h1 + = 290.16kJ/kg + = 706.34kJ/kg
m 0.4325kg

From the air table (Table A-17, we read s2 = 2.5628 kJ/kg·K corresponding to this h2 value.
Then,
 P 0 
S sys = m s 2 − s1 + R ln 2  = m s 2 − s1
 P1 
( )
 
= (0.4325kg )(2.5628 − 1.66802)kJ/kg  K
= 0.387kJ/K

4) A cylinder contains N2 gas at a specified pressure and temperature. A gas is compressed

polytropically until the volume is reduced by half. The entropy change of nitrogen during this
process is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, N2 can be treated as an ideal gas. 2 Nitrogen has constant
specific heats at room temperature.
Properties The gas constant of nitrogen is R = 0.297 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1). The constant volume
specific heat of nitrogen at room temperature is Cv = 0.743 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2).
Analysis From the polytropic relation,

N2
 n −1 n −1
T2  v1  v 
=  ⎯→ T2 = T1  1
⎯  = (300K )(2)1.3−1 = 369.3K
T1  v 2   v2 
Then the entropy change of nitrogen becomes

 T V 
S N 2 = m C v,ave ln 2 + R ln 2 
 T1 V1 
 
= (1.2 kg ) (0.743 kJ/kg  K )ln + (0.297 kJ/kg  K )ln(0.5)
369.3 K
 300 K 
= −0.0617 kJ/K

Solutions (Set-4)

1) Steam enters an adiabatic turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 0.90 at a specified state
with a specified mass flow rate, and leaves at a specified pressure. The turbine exit
temperature and power output of the turbine are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 The device is adiabatic and thus heat transfer
is negligible.

Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4 and A-6),
P1 = 8 MPa

P1 = 8MPa  h1 = 3398.3kJ/kg T1 = 500C


T1 = 500  C  s1 = 6.7240kJ/kg  K
STEAM
s 2s − s f 6.7240 − 0.9439 TURBINE
P2 s = 30kPa  x2s = = = 0.847
 s fg 6.8247
s 2 s = s1 T = 90%
 h2 s = h f + x 2 s h fg = 289.23 + (0.847)(2336.1) = 2267.9kJ/kg

From the isentropic efficiency relation,

P2 = 30 kPa
h1 − h2 a
T = ⎯→ h2 a = h1 −  T (h1 − h2 s ) = 3398.3 − (0.9)(3398.3 − 2267.9) = 2380.9kJ/kg
⎯
h1 − h2 s

P2 a = 30kPa  
 T2 a = Tsat @30kPa = 69.10 C
h2 a = 2380.9kJ/kg 
Thus,

(b) There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m1 = m2 = m . We take the actual turbine as
  

the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy
balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
 E − E out = E system0 (steady) =0
in    
Rate of net energy transfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work,and mass potential, etc. energies

E in = E out

m h1 = W a ,out + m h2 (since Q  ke  pe  0)

W a ,out = m (h1 − h2 )

Substituting,

W a,out = (3kg/s )(3398.3 − 2380.9)kJ/kg = 3052kW

2) Air enters an adiabatic compressor with an isentropic efficiency of 84% at a specified state,
and leaves at a specified temperature. The exit pressure of air and the power input to the
compressor are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 The device is adiabatic and thus heat transfer
is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.

Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1)

Analysis (a) From the air table (Table A-17),

T1 = 290 K ⎯
⎯→ h1 = 290.16 kJ / kg, Pr1 = 1.2311
2
T2 = 530 K ⎯
⎯→ h2 a = 533.98 kJ / kg

h2 s − h1
C = AIR
From the isentropic efficiency relation h2 a − h1 ,
C = 84%
h2 s = h1 +  C (h2a − h1 )
2.4 m3/s
= 290.16 + (0.84)(533.98 − 290.16) = 495.0kJ/kg ⎯
⎯→ Pr2 = 7.951
1

Then from the isentropic relation ,

P2 Pr2  Pr   7.951 
= ⎯→ P2 =  2  P1 = 
⎯ (100kPa ) = 646kPa
P1 Pr1    1.2311 
 Pr1 

(b) There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m1 = m2 = m . We take the actual
  

compressor as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary.
The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed as
 E − E out = E system0 (steady) =0
in    
Rate of net energy transfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work,and mass potential, etc. energies

E in = E out

W a,in + m h1 = m h2 (since Q  ke  pe  0)

W a ,in = m (h2 − h1 )

P1V1 (100 kPa )(2.4 m 3 /s)

m = = = 2.884 kg/s
where RT1 (0.287 kPa  m 3 /kg  K )(290 K )

Then the power input to the compressor is determined to be

W a,out = (2.884 kg/s)(533.98 − 290.16)kJ/kg = 703 kW

3) The temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output, the thermal
efficiency, and the mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

Properties The properties of air at room temperature are Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, Cv = 0.718
kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
P
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression. 3

k −1
v  4
= (300K )(8)0.4 = 689K
750 kJ/kg
T2 = T1  1  2
 v2  1
 689K 
⎯→ P2 = 1 2 P1 = (8) (95kPa ) = 1745kPa
P2 v 2 P1v1 v T
= ⎯ v
T2 T1 v 2 T1  300K 

Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.

q 23,in = u 3 − u 2 = C v (T3 − T2 )
750kJ/kg = (0.718kJ/kg  K )(T3 − 689)K
T3 = 1734K

 1734K 
(1745kPa ) = 4392kPa
P3 v3 P2 v 2 T
= ⎯→ P3 = 3 P2 = 
⎯
T3 T2 T2  689K 

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

 k −1
v 
0.4
1
T4 = T3  3  = (1734K )  = 755K
 v4  8

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

qout = u 4 − u1 = Cv (T4 − T1 ) = (0.718kJ/kg  K)(755 − 300)K = 327kJ/kg

wnet,out = qin − qout = 750 − 327 = 423kJ/kg

wnet,out 423 kJ / kg
 th = = = 56.4%
qin 750 kJ / kg
(c)

4) A simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 8. The air
temperature at the turbine exit, the net work output, and the thermal efficiency are to be
determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are

applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with
constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.4
(Table A-2).
Analysis (a) Using the compressor and turbine efficiency relations,
T
(k −1) / k
P 
T2 s = T1  2  = (310K )(8)0.4/1.4 = 561.5K 3
1160 K
 P1  qin
(k −1) / k 2
 P4 
0.4/1.4
1
= (1160K ) 
2s
T4 s = T3   = 640.4K
 P3  8
h − h1 C p (T2 s − T1 )
4
T − T1 310 K 4s
C = 2s = ⎯⎯→ T2 = T1 + 2 s 1 qout
h2 − h1 C p (T2 − T1 ) C s
561.5 − 310
= 310 + = 645.3K
0.75
h3 − h4 s C p (T3 − T4 s )
T = = ⎯→ T4 = T3 − T (T3 − T4 s )
⎯
h3 − h4 C p (T3 − T4 )
= 1160 − (0.82)(1160 − 640.4 )
= 733.9K

q in = h3 − h2 = C p (T3 − T2 ) = (1.005kJ/kg  K )(1160 − 645.3)K = 517.3kJ/kg

q out = h4 − h1 = C p (T4 − T1 ) = (1.005kJ/kg  K )(733.9 − 310)K = 426.0kJ/kg
wnet ,out = win − wout = 517.3 − 426.0 = 91.3kJ/kg
(b)

wnet ,out 91.3 kJ / kg

 th = = = 17.6%
qin 517.3 kJ / kg
(c)
5) A steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle is considered. The
quality of the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow
rate of the steam are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.

Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),

h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.83 kJ/kg

v1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg
T

w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 )
3
10 MPa
( )  1 kJ 
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (10,000 − 10 kPa ) 
1 kPa  m 3  2
qin
= 10.09kJ/kg 
10 kPa
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.83 + 10.09 = 201.92 kJ/kg
1 4
qout

P3 = 10 MPa  h3 = 3373.7 kJ/kg s


T3 = 500 C  s3 = 6.5966 kJ/kg  K
P4 = 10 kPa  s4 − s f 6.5966 − 0.6493
 x4 = = = 0.793
s 4 = s3  s fg 7.5009
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.83 + (0.793)(2392.8) = 2089.3 kJ/kg

qin = h3 − h2 = 3373.7 − 201.92 = 3171.78 kJ / kg

qout = h4 − h1 = 2089.3 − 191.83 = 1897.47 kJ / kg
wnet = qin − qout = 3171.78 − 1897.47 = 1274.31 kJ / kg
(b)

and

wnet 1274.31kJ/kg
 th = = = 40.2%
q in 3171.78kJ/kg

W net 210,000kJ/s
m = = = 165 kg/s
wnet 1274.31kJ/kg
c)

6) A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified
pressure limits. The thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the
temperature rise of the cooling water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
 h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.83 kJ/kg
v1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg
T
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 ) 3

( )  1 kJ  7 MPa
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (7,000 − 10 kPa ) 
3  qin
 1 kPa  m  2
= 7.06 kJ/kg 10 kPa
1 4
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.83 + 7.06 = 198.89 kJ/kg qout

s
P3 = 7 MPa  h3 = 3410.5 kJ/kg

T3 = 500C  s3 = 6.7975 kJ/kg  K
P4 = 10 kPa  s4 − s f 6.7975 − 0.6493
 x4 = = = 0.820
s 4 = s3  s fg 7.5009
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.83 + (0.820)(2392.8) = 2153.93 kJ/kg

qin = h3 − h2 = 3410.5 − 198.89 = 3211.61 kJ / kg

qout = h4 − h1 = 2153.93 − 191.83 = 196210
. kJ / kg

Thus, wnet = qin − qout = 3211.61 − 196210

. = 1249.51 kJ / kg

wnet 1249.51kJ/kg
 th = = = 38.9%
q in 3211.61kJ/kg
and

W net 45,000kJ/s
m = = = 36.0kg/s
wnet 1249.51kJ/kg
(b)

(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are

Q out = m qout = (36.0 kg/s )(1962.1 kJ/kg ) = 70,636 kJ/s

Q out 70,636 kJ/s
Tcooling water = = = 8.45C
(
(m C )coolingwater (2000 kg/s ) 4.18 kJ/kg C)
7) An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid
is considered. The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, the power input to the
compressor, the rate of heat rejection to the environment, and the COP are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.

Analysis (a) In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is

isentropic, the refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator
pressure, and leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the
refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),

P1 = 120 kPa  h1 = h g @ 120 kPa = 233.86 kJ/kg

s = s T
sat.vapor  1 g @ 120 kPa = 0.9354 kJ/kg  K
·
P2 = 0.8 MPa  QH
 h2 = 273.04 kJ/kg (T2 = 39.4C )
2
s 2 = s1  3 0.8 MPa ·
Win
P3 = 0.8 MPa 
 h3 = h f @ 0.7 MPa = 93.42 kJ/kg
sat.liquid 
0.12 MPa
h4  h3 = 93.42 kJ/kg (throttling ) 1
4s 4 ·
QL
Then the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power s

input to the compressor are determined from

Q L = m (h1 − h4 ) = (0.05 kg/s )(233.86 − 93.42) kJ/kg = 7.02 kW

and W in = m (h2 − h1 ) = (0.05 kg/s )(273.04 − 233.86) kJ/kg = 1.96 kW

(b) The rate of heat rejection to the environment is determined from

Q H = Q L + W in = 7.02 + 1.96 = 8.98kW

(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,

Q L 7.02kW
COPR = = = 3.58
W in 1.96kW