FIFTH SEMESTER BTECH DEGREE EXAMINATION DECEMBER 2018

Course Code: EE311

Course Name: ELECTRIC DRIVES &CONTROL FOR AUTOMATION

PART A
(Answer any three full questions, each carries 10 marks.)
1 a) With a sketch explain the working principle of a generator 4
Principle of operation
An electric generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
An electric generator works on the basis of faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction.
Whenever the flux is cut by a conductor, an e.m.f. is induced which will cause a
current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed (First law of electromagnetic
induction).
The direction of induced e.m.f. (and hence current) is given by Fleming’s right
hand rule (Stretch the first finger, middle finger and thumb perpendicular to each
other. Thumb will give the motion or force, first finger will give the magnetic
field and middle finger will give the direction of e.m.f).
Therefore, the essential components of a generator are:
(a) a magnetic field
(b) conductor or a group of conductors
(c) motion of conductor w.r.t. magnetic field.

{Figure}
b) What is the basic difference between self and separately excited generators 4
The magnetic field in a d.c. generator is normally produced by electromagnets
rather than permanent magnets.
Generators are generally classified according to their methods of field excitation.
On this basis, d.c. generators are divided into the following two classes:
(i)Separately excited d.c. generators:
A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from an independent
external d.c. source (e.g., a battery etc.) is called a separately excited generator.
(ii) Self-excited d.c. generators:
A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied with current from the
output of the generator itself is called a self-excited generator. There are three
types of self-excited generators depending upon the manner in which the field
winding is connected to the armature,
namely; Series generator Shunt generator and Compound generator

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 c) A 6 pole lap wound dc generator has 1200 conductors on its armatures. 2
The flux/pole is 10 milli weber. Calculate the speed at which generator
should be driven to generate 250 volts.
𝜑𝑍𝑁𝑃
EMF = 60𝐴
.01×1200×𝑁×6
250 = {Lap
60×6
N= 1150 rpm

2 a) The magnetization curve of a dc shunt generator at 1500 rpm is 8

If(A) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.0
Eo(v) 6 60 120 172.5 202.5 221 231 237 240
For this generator find
i) No load emf for a total shunt field resistance of 100Ω.
ii) Critical field resistance at 1500 rpm
iii) The magnetization curve at 1200 rpm and therefore from the open
circuit
voltage for a field resistance of 100 ohm
b) Define critical resistance of a dc machine 2

It is the maximum field circuit resistance (for a given speed) with which the shunt
generator would excite. The shunt generator will build up voltage only if field
circuit resistance is less than critical field resistance.
It is a Tangent to the Open Circuit Characteristics of the Generator (at a given
speed).
3 a) List out the application of series, shunt and compound motors 4
DC series motors DC shunt motors Compound motor
Used for high starting used where constant we get high starting
torque required speed is needed torque and nearly
constant speed
used where variation
of speed is possible.
In vacuum cleaners, . This type of motor is used in Presses,
traction-systems, used in Lathe Shears, Conveyors,
sewing-machines, Machines, Centrifugal Elevators, Rolling
cranes,air compressors Pumps, Fans, Blowers, Mills, Heavy Planners,
etc Conveyors, Lifts, etc.
Weaving Machine,
Spinning machines, etc

b) Derive the speed-torque characteristics of a dc shunt and series motor 6

DC shunt motor
The fundamental emf and torque relationships are as below:
𝜑𝑍𝑁𝑃
Induced emf, Ea = = Ka𝜑𝜔
60𝐴

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 𝜑𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑁𝑃 𝑍𝑁𝑃
Electromagnetic torque, T = = Ka𝜑𝐼𝑎 { Ka =
2𝜋𝐴 2𝜋𝐴
n = speed in rad (mech)/s and n = speed in rpm

DC series motor

4 a) A 220V shunt motor has armature and field resistance of 0.2Ω and 220 Ω 6
respectively. The motor is driving a constant load torque and running at
1000 rpm drawing 10A current from supply. Calculate the new speed and
armature current if an external armature resistance of 5Ω is inserted in
armature circuit. Neglect armature reaction and saturation
For Ra = 0.2 N1 =1000 rpm
220
Current through shunt = 220 = 1A
Armature current = 10 – 1 =9A
Eb1 = V – Ia Ra = 220 – (9*.2) = 218.2V
For Ra = 0.2 + 5 = 5.2
Armature current remain same
Eb2 = V – Ia Ra = 220 – (9*.5.2) = 173.2V
𝐸𝑏1 𝐾𝜑𝑁1
=
𝐸𝑏2 𝐾𝜑𝑁2

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 N2 = 793.4 rpm

b) Derive the condition for maximum efficiency in a dc machine 4

The efficiency of a d.c. generator is not constant but varies with load. Consider a
shunt generator delivering a load current IL at a terminal voltage V.
Generator output = VIL
Generator input = output + losses{variable + constant losses}
= VIL+ 𝐼𝑎2 Ra +Wc
= VIL+ (𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ )2Ra +Wc { Ia= 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
The shunt field current Ish is generally small as compared to IL and therefore can
be neglected
Generator input = VIL+ 𝐼𝐿2 Ra +Wc
output VIL
Efficiency = input = VI 2
L + 𝐼𝐿 Ra +Wc
1
= I Ra Wc
1+ L +
𝑉 VIL

The efficiency will be maximum when

I Ra Wc
𝑑( L + )
𝑉 VIL
=0
𝑑IL
Ra Wc
or, − =0
𝑉 V𝐼𝐿2

ie, 𝐼𝑎2 Ra = Wc
Variable loss = constant loss
The load current corresponding to maximum efficiency is given by
W
IL = √ R C
a

Hence, the efficiency of a d.c. generator will be maximum when the load current
is such that variable loss is equal to the constant loss.

PART B
Answer any three full questions, each carries 10 marks.

5 a) Explain the working principle of a transformer under no load. Also draw 4

the vector diagram at no load.
A transformer is said to be under no load condition when no load is connected
across the secondary i.e., no current is carried by the secondary windings.
The primary winding draws a small amount of alternating current of
instantaneous value io, called the exciting current, from the voltage source with
positive direction as indicated on the diagram.

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 The exciting current establishes flux f in the core (positive direction marked on
diagram) all of which is assumed confined to the core i.e., there is no leakage of
flux. Consequently the primary winding has flux linkages
𝜆1 = 𝑁1 𝜙
which induces emf in it is given by
𝑑𝜆1 𝑑𝜙
𝑒1 = = 𝑁1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
As per Lenz’s law, the positive direction of this emf opposes the positive current
direction and is shown by
+ and – polarity marks on the diagram. According to Kirchhoff’s law,
𝑒1 = 𝑉1 (winding has zero resistance)

b) Define all day efficiency of a transformer 2

The all-day efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of the total energy output
(kWh) in a 24-h day to the total energy input in the same time.
Since the core losses are constant independent of the load, the all-day efficiency
of a transformer is dependent upon the load cycle; but no prediction can be made
on the basis of the load factor (average load/peak load).
c) Derive the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer 4
The iron (core) losses depend upon the flux density and so on the induced emf.
As E1 a V1 at all loads, these losses can be regarded as constant (independent of
load) for constant primary voltage.
Copper losses in the two windings are
𝑃𝐶 = 𝐼12 𝑅1 + 𝐼22 𝑅2 = 𝐼22 𝑅𝐸𝑞 (2)
where Req(2) = equivalent resistance referred to the secondary side. Thus it is
found that copper losses vary
as the square of the load current.
Transformer output, P0 = V2 I2 cos 𝜃2
Cos𝜃2= load pf

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 𝑉2 𝐼2 cos 𝜃2
Efficiency =
𝑉2 𝐼2 cos 𝜃2+𝑃𝑖 +𝐼22 𝑅𝐸𝑞 (2)
where V2 is the rated secondary voltage. It varies slightly with the load but the
variation is so small (about 3-5%) that it can be neglected for computing
efficiency. for a given power factor, efficiency varies with load current. It can be
written as
𝑉2 cos 𝜃2
Efficiency = 𝑃
𝑉2 cos 𝜃2+( 𝑖 +𝐼2 𝑅𝐸𝑞 (2))
𝐼2

The condition for maximum is obtained by differentiating the denominator and

equating it to zero,
𝐼22 𝑅𝐸𝑞 (2) = 𝑃𝑖
Copper-loss (variable) = core-loss (constant)
It means that the efficiency is maximum at a load when the copper-loss (variable
loss) equals the core-loss (constant loss).
6 a) Explain how the equivalent circuit parameters are obtained from 6
transformer tests. Also draw the equivalent circuit.
Open circuit test: OC test yields the values of core-loss and parameters of the
shunt branch of the equivalent circuit.

Short-circuit (SC) Test This test serves the purpose of determining the series
parameters of a transformer.

b) The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000V, 50 Hz single 4

transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2. If the emf/turn is 8V. Determine i) primary and
secondary turns ii)Area of core

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7 a) List out the difference between slip ring and squirrel cage induction motor 4
Slip Ring IM Squirrel Cage IM
In slip ring induction motors In Squirrel cage induction
the rotor is wound type.. motors the rotor is simplest
and most rugged in
construction.
In the motor the slip rings, brushes Cylindrical laminated core
are provided rotor with heavy bars or copper
or aluminium or alloys are
used for conductors.
Compared to squirrel cage Cylindrical laminated core
rotor the rotor construction is rotor with heavy bars or
not simple. copper or aluminium or alloys
are used for conductors.
High starting torque. It can be Low starting torque. It is 1.5
obtained by adding external time full load torque.
resistance in the rotor circuit.

b) Explain the torque- slip characteristics of three phase induction motor 4

Motoring Mode
In this mode of operation, supply is given to the stator sides and the motor
always rotates below the synchronous speed. The induction motor torque varies
from zero to full load torque as the slip varies. The slip varies from zero to one.
It is zero at no load and one at standstill. From the curve it is seen that the
torque is directly proportional to the slip.
Generating Mode
In this mode of operation induction motor runs above the synchronous speed
and it should be driven by a prime mover. The stator winding is connected to a
three phase supply in which it supplies electrical energy. Actually, in this case,
the torque and slip both are negative so the motor receives mechanical energy
and delivers electrical energy. Induction motor is not much used as generator
because it requires reactive power for its operation.
Braking Mode
In the Braking mode, the two leads or the polarity of the supply voltage is
changed so that the motor starts to rotate in the reverse direction and as a result
the motor stops. This method of braking is known as plugging. This method is

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 used when it is required to stop the motor within a very short period of time.
The kinetic energy stored in the revolving load is dissipated as heat. Also,
motor is still receiving power from the stator which is also dissipated as heat.
So as a result of which motor develops enormous heat energy. For this stator is
disconnected from the supply before motor enters the braking mode.

c) What is meant by slip of an Induction motor 2

The slip is defined as the ratio of difference of synchronous speed and actual rotor
speed to the synchronous speed of the machine.
8 a) A 40kW 6 pole 3 phase induction motor delivers full load output of 950 rpm 8
at 0.85 power factor when connected to a 500 V, 50 Hz supply. Friction and
windage losses equals 1.5 kW and stator losses are 1.8 kW. Determine for
this load
i) Total rotor copper loss
ii) Efficiency
iii) Line current
120 𝑓
syn. Speed = = 1000 rpm
𝑃
𝑁𝑠−𝑁
slip = = .05
𝑁𝑠
Rotor input = output + Rotor cu loss + (friction + windage)
Rotor Cu loss = slip x rotor input
Ie, rotor cu loss = 2.18 KW
Stator input = rotor input + stator losses = 45.484KW
Stator input = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Hence 𝐼𝐿 = 61.78A
b) What is meant by circle diagram of a Induction motor 2
The Circle Diagram is a graphical solution of the motor equivalent circuit which
traces the locus of stator current, 𝐼̅ 1, at all values of slip, 0 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 1, in the
complex plane. The Circle Diagram however is not a phasor diagram, as a
phasor diagram is the solution of an equivalent circuit for a single operating
condition.

PART C
Answer any four full questions, each carries 10 marks.
9 a) Explain the constructional details of single phase induction motor 4
Single phase induction motor is very simple and robust in construction.

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 The stator carries a distributed winding in the slots cut around the inner
periphery. The stator conductors have low resistance and they are winding called
Starting winding is also mounted on the stator. This winding has high resistance
and its embedded deep inside the stator slots, so that they have considerable
inductance. The rotor is invariably of the squirrel cage type.
In practice, in order to convert temporarily the single phase motor into two-phase
motor, auxiliary conductors are placed in the upper layers of stator slots. The
auxiliary winding has a centrifugal switch in series with it. The function of the
switch is to cut off the starting winding, when the rotor has accelerated to about
75% of its rated speed.. The main stator winding and auxiliary (or starting)
winding are joined in parallel, and there is an arrangement by which the polarity
of only the starting winding can be reversed. This is necessary for changing the
direction of rotation of the rotor.

A 1-phase induction motor is similar to a 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor

in physical appearance. The rotor is same as that employed in 3-phase squirrel
cage induction motor. There is uniform air gap between stator and rotor but no
electrical connection between them.
Although single phase induction motor is more simple in construction and is
cheaper than a 3-phase induction motor of the same frame size, it is less efficient
and it operates at lower power factor.
b) Explain any two methods of starting of single phase induction motors 4
A single-phase induction motor with main stator winding has no inherent starting
torque, since main winding introduces only stationary, pulsating air-gap flux wave. For
the development of starting torque, rotating air-gap field at starting must be introduced.
Several methods which have been developed for the starting of single-phase induction
motors, may be classified as follows:
a) Split-phase starting.
1. Resistor-split phase motors

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 2. Capacitor split-phase motors

3. Capacitor start and run motors

4. Capacitor-run motors

b) Shaded-pole starting.

c) Repulsion-motor starting
d) Reluctance starting.
c) What is meant by regulation of an alternator 2
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise in voltage when full-
load is removed (field excitation and speed remaining the same) divided by the
rated terminal voltage.

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 𝐸−𝑉
% 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
𝑉
In the case of leading load p.f., terminal voltage will fall on removing the full-
load. Hence, regulation is negative in that case. The rise in voltage when full-load
is thrown off is not the same as the fall in voltage when full-load is applied.

10 a) A 3 phase, 1500 KVA, star connected 50 Hz, 2300 V alternator has a 6

resistance of 0.12Ω per phase. A field current of 70 A produces a short circuit
current equal to full load current of 376 A in each line. The same field
current produces an emf of 700V on open circuit. Determine the
synchronous reactance of the machine and its full load regulation of 0.8 pf
lag
376A(sc)← 70A→ (oc)700V
700
Syn.impedance Zs = 376 = 1.86Ω
Xs = √(1.862 −. 122 ) = 1.85Ω
2300
Voltage per phase = = 1328V
√3
Ef = √(𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎)2 + (𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠)2
At .8 pf Ef = 1859V
𝐸−𝑉
Regulation = = × 100 = 39.9%
𝑉
b) Explain the working principle of a synchronous motor. 4

The operation of a synchronous motor is due to the interaction of the magnetic

fields of the stator and the rotor. Its stator winding, which consists of a 3 phase
winding, is provided with a 3 phase supply, and the rotor is provided with a DC
supply. The 3 phase stator winding carrying 3 phase currents produces 3 phase
rotating magnetic flux (and therefore a rotating magnetic field). The rotor locks
in with the rotating magnetic field and rotates along with it.
Once the rotor locks in with the rotating magnetic field, the motor is said to be in
synchronization. A single-phase (or two-phase derived from single phase) stator
winding is possible, but in this case the direction of rotation is not defined and
the machine may start in either direction unless prevented from doing so by the
starting arrangements.
Once the motor is in operation, the speed of the motor is dependent only on the
supply frequency.
11 a) What is the purpose of synchronous condenser? 2
synchronous motor at no-load behaves as a variable condenser or inductor by
simply varying its excitation. The machine operated under such a condition
(motor on no-load or light load) is known as a synchronous condenser and finds

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 application in large integrated power systems for improving the power factor
under heavy-load conditions and for deproving the power factor under light-load
conditions, thereby controlling the voltage profile of the power system within
reasonable limits.

b) Explain synchronous impedance of an alternator. How can it be 4

determined

 The open circuit characteristics and the short circuit characteristic are drawn on
the same curve.
 Determine the value of short circuit current Isc and gives the rated alternator
voltage per phase.
 The synchronous impedance ZS will then be equal to the open circuit voltage
divided by the short circuit current at that field current which gives the rated EMF
per phase.

 The synchronous reactance is determined as

c) List any two advantages and two disadvantages of synchronous motors 4

Advantages

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  Ability to control the power factor. An over excited synchronous motor
can have leading power factor and can be operated in parallel to induction
motors and other lagging power factor loads thereby improving the
system power factor.
 Synchronous motors can be constructed with wider air gaps than
induction motors which makes these motors mechanically more stable
 In synchronous motors electro-magnetic power varies linearly with the
voltage
 Synchronous motors usually operate with higher efficiencies ( more than
90%) especially in low speed and unity power factor applications
compared to induction motors

Disadvantages

 Synchronous motors requires dc excitation which must be supplied from

external sources
 Synchronous motors are inherently not self starting motors and needs
some arrangement for its starting and synchronizing
 The cost per kw output is generally higher than that of induction motors
 These motors have tendency to hunt
 When loading on the synchronous motor increases beyond its capability,
the synchronism between rotor and stator rotating magnetic field is lost
and motor comes to halt

12 a) With neat diagram explain the working principle of linear stepper motors 8
Linear motors works on the same basic principle as rotating motors. The
difference, of course is that linear motion is produced, rather than rotation. Linear
step motors are ideal for open loop position control, velocity control and
acceleration control application with light loads. It can be integrated with a linear
encoder for closed loop control.

The linear stepper motor consists of a stationary track, and a moving assembly.
The moving assembly of a linear stepper motor has a number of teeth that are
similar to those found on the rotor in a conventional stepper motor, and it has two
sets of field windings and a permanent magnets. The stationary track can be
considered as the stator of a conventional stepper motor.

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 When the field windings of the moving assembly are energised, one set of teeth
is aligned with the teeth of the stationary track as shown in Figure. It should be
noted that the stationary track and moving assembly have similar teeth structure.
A small offset is provided in order to facilitate the moving assembly to be
attracted to the next available magnetic field in the track.
The magnetic flux from the electromagnets aids the flux lines of one of the
permanent magnets and cancels the flux lines of the other permanent magnet.
When current flow to the coil is stopped, the moving assembly will align itself to
the appropriate tooth set, and a holding force ensures that there is no movement.
The linear stepper motor is provided with a controller which selects the way in
which the field windings are energised, so that the motor can move in the desired
direction either forward or backward.
Advantages
1. Precision open-loop control
2. Simple in construction
3. Low cost position, velocity and acceleration control
4. Reliability
5. Suited for applications where space is limited
6- No servo tuning required
Applications
1- Pick and place equipment 4- Conveyors
2- Hexapod robot 5. Laboratory equipment
3- Pumps 6. Valve actuators
b) What is meant by stepping angle of variable reluctance motor 2
Step Angle : It is defined as the angular displacement of the rotor response to
each input pulse.

13 a) With the help of block diagram explain the different control of stepper 6
motors
Open loop control:
simple and more widely used control scheme for stepper motor.
A block diagram of a typical open-loop-stepper drive system is shown in
Figure.
When the command is given to the pulse generator, it generates a train of pulse
which corresponds to the number of steps for rotation and direction of rotation.
The position and direction pulse train is given to the translator.
The Translator is a simple logical controller which generates the correct
sequence of winding excitations to the different phases. The amplifier is
provided in order to amplify this signal and drives current in the
corresponding winding. The direction of rotation can also be reversed by
sending corresponding direction pulse train to the translator.
Power controller consists of power electronic switching devices which receives
signals from the amplifier.

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 After receiving a directional pulse, the step motor will be able to change the
direction of rotation.

Closed loop control:

Closed loop systems facilitates automatic correction, if there is any missed step.
A pulse is send to the driving circuit only after ensuring that the motor has rotated
in the proper direction by the previous pulse. The feedback mechanism will detect
the rotation in every step and the information is fed back to the digital comparator
or a computer via incremental encoder.
The incremental encoder is a digital transducer which is used for measuring the
angular displacement of the motor shaft.

b) Explain Servo control and Digital control used for automation 4

Servo control:
The term servo control is used synonymously with servomechanism, which is
concerned with using automatic control system to regulate the output(s) of a
dynamic system. The closed loop system is described by the configuration shown
in Figure 1. The plant G (s ) is assumed to be linear, time-invariant. The servo
controller K (s ) acts on the error signal E = YREF-Y-N to generate a control
signal to the plant so that the output Y tracks the reference command signal YREF
. Two exogenous variables D and N are usually included to account for the effects
of disturbance and measurement (sensor) noise. The block KF represents a feed
forward control that serves to speed up the tracking response.

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14 a) What is machine tool controller 4

b) Explain the features and applications of PLC 6

The Programmable Logic Controller is designed as a replacement for the
hardwired relay and timer logic to be found in traditional control panels, where
PLC provides ease and flexibility of control based on programming and
executing logic instructions. The internal functions such as timers, counters and
shift registers making sophisticated control possible using even the smallest PLC.
The structure of a PLC can be divided into four parts. They are input/output
modules, central processing unit (CPU), memory and programming terminal.

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PLCs require shorter installation and commissioning times than do hard-wired
systems. Although PLCs are similar to 'conventional' computers in term of
hardware technology, they have specific features suited for industrial control:
(a) Rugged, noise immune equipment;
(b) Modular plug-in construction, allowing easy replacement or addition of units
(e.g. input/output);
(c) Standard input/output connections and signal levels;
(d) Easily understood programming language;
(e) Ease of programming and reprogramming in-plant;
(f) Capable of communicating with other PLCs, computers and intelligent
devices;
(g) Competitive in both cost and space occupied with relay and solid-state logic
systems;
These features make programmable controllers highly desirable in a wide variety
of industrial-plant and process-control situations.

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