Name: _______________________________ Period: ____ Date: ___________
MCAS Review 3: Genetics!
DNA: Stores genetic information
- DNA is ALWAYS kept in the nucleus!!!!!!!!!!! It NEVER leaves.
- Double-helix = twisted ladder discovered by Watson and Crick!
- Made up of nucleotides together in chains
o 5-carbon Sugar = Deoxyribose (in DNA) or Ribose (in
RNA)
o Nitrogenous base = Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine,
or Uracil (A, C, G, T, U)
o Phosphate group
- Base-pairing rules
o Adenine pairs with Thymine (A—T)
o Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C—G)
DNA Replication: Making copies of DNA
- Happens in NUCLEUS
- Carried out by enzyme DNA polymerase
- DNA helix unzips and new bases are brought in
using base-pairing rules
Transcription: DNA RNA
- Happens in NUCLEUS
- Uses DNA code to make a strand of mRNA
- REMEMBER: in RNA, the base Uracil replaces
Thymine!
o (A—U)
o (C—G)
Translation:
RNA Protein
- Happens in RIBOSOMES
- Uses mRNA code to bring in amino acids to make proteins
o Codon = 3 base sequence
Mutations
- Mutations are mistakes in the DNA or RNA sequence
- Lead to a change in the protein made
o If a mutation causes no change it is called a silent mutation
- A mutation in a gamete (sex cell) results in the mutation existing in EVERY cell of the child
- Deletions (take one base away), insertions (add one base), and substitutions (switch base)
Inheritance
- There are two types of alleles: dominant (B) and recessive (b)
o If you have the dominant allele, you will show it!
- During meiosis, genes will mix and move around on their own before they are pulled apart. This
leads to variety in how things look and, combined with crossing over, is why you look different
from your siblings!
Homozygous Same alleles! (BB, bb, AA, aa, dd)
Heterozygous One of each allele (Bb, Aa, Dd)
- Dominant phenotype will show!
Genotype What your genes are (bb, Bb, Tt, etc.)
What the organism looks like
Phenotype
(blue eyes, brown hair, tall, Type O blood, etc.)
Heterozygote shows blended(mixed) phenotype
Incomplete dominance
- Red (RR) + white (WW) = pink (RW)
Heterozygote shows both phenotypes
Codominance
- Red (RR) + white (WW) = red/white stripes (RW)
Genes found on sex chromosomes (X or Y)
Sex-linked traits - Male: X?Y Female: X?X?
Traits that are controlled by several genes
Polygenic Inheritance - Example: skin color in humans is a blend of
approximately six different genes
Gene with more than two alleles
Multiple Alleles - Example: There are three alleles for blood type
(IA, IB, i)
Practice Questions
b
______1. Which type of cell must contain a mutation in order for the mutation to be passed from a woman
to her offspring?
a. Blood cell b. Brain cell
b. Egg cell d. Skin cell
c
_____2. In tomato plants, the tall vine allele (T) is dominant to the short vine allele (t). Two tomato plants
are crossed. Among the offspring plants grown from seed, 45% have tall vines and 55% have short vines.
What are the most likely genotypes of the parent plants?
a. TT and tt c. Tt and tt
b. Tt and TT d. tt and tt
b
____3. Garden pea plants can have yellow seeds or green seeds. In a pea plant that is heterozygous for seed
color, the allele for yellow seeds masks the effects of the allele for green seeds. Which of the following
terms best describes the allele for yellow seeds?
a. Codominant b. Dominant c. Recessive d. Sex-linked
_____4.
d Which of the following processes produces the nucleotide sequence UUA from the sequence AAT?
a. Meiosis c. Respiration
b. Replication d. Transcription
c
_____5. In pea plants, the allele for smooth seeds (R) is dominant to the allele for wrinkled seeds (r). Two
parent plants are crossed. Almost half of the offspring have smooth seeds, while the rest of the offspring
have wrinkled seeds.
Which of the following identifies the most likely genotypes of the two parent plants?
a. RR and Rr c. Rr and rr
b. RR and rr d. Rr and Rr
______6.
c An inherited metabolic disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU) can result in serious problems in
infancy. The chance that two parents who are heterozygous will have a child with PKU is 25%. Which of
the following terms best applies to the inheritance pattern for PKU?
a. Codominant b. Dominant c. Recessive d. Sex-linked
______7.
d In a eukaryotic cell, which of the following processes directly involves DNA?
a. Translation c. Active transport of ions
b. Cellular Respiration d. Replication of chromosomes
_____8.
c In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of___
a. Cytosine c. Thymine
b. Guanine d. Uracil
b
______9. In fruit flies, the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome, and the red eye allele (R) is
dominant to the white eye allele (r). A female fly with genotype XR Xr is mated with a male fly with
genotype Xr Y. Which of the following best describes the expected outcome of the cross?
a. The chance of an offspring having red eyes is 75%.
b. The chance of an offspring having white eyes is 50%.
c. The chance that a male offspring will have white eyes is 0%.
d. The chance that a female offspring will have red eyes is 100%.
a
_____10. During DNA replication, the wrong nucleotide was inserted in the DNA sequence. Which of the
following terms describes this situation?
a. Mutation c. Transcription
b. Regentation d. Translation
_____11.
d A partial Punnett square is shown below.
AA AA
Aa Aa
Which of the following statements describes the parental genotypes that would result in this Punnett square?
a. Both parents are heterozygous.
b. Both parents are homozygous dominant.
c. One parent is homozygous recessive and the other parent is heterozygous.
d. One parent is homozygous dominant and the other parent is heterozygous.
____12.
d According to Mendel’s law of segregation, which of the following statements describes what
happens to the alleles of a gene pair?
a. The alleles are moved to different chromosomes.
b. The alleles are mutated in the process of mitosis
c. The alleles are separated during fertilization.
d. The alleles are separated during gamete formation.
c
______13. Which of the following features of DNA is most important in determining the phenotype of an
organism?
a. the direction of the helical twist c. the sequence of nitrogenous bases
b. the number of deoxyribose sugars d. the strength of the hydrogen bonds
c
_____14. A portion of one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence shown below.
ACCTGAAGG
Assuming there are no mutations in this portion of the DNA, what is the corresponding sequence on the
complementary DNA strand?
a. ACCTGAAGG c. TGGACTTCC
b. GTTCAGGAA d. UGGACUUCC
_____15.
a Which of the following statements best describes a DNA molecule?
a. It is a double helix. c. It is composed of amino acids.
b. It contains the sugar ribose. d. It contains the nitrogenous base uracil.
_____16.
b Fireflies produce light inside their bodies. The enzyme luciferase is involved in the reaction that
produces the light. Scientists have isolated the luciferase gene.
A scientist inserts the luciferase gene into the DNA of cells from another organism. If these cells produce
light, the scientist knows that which of the following occurred?
a. The luciferase gene mutated inside the cells.
b. The luciferase gene was transcribed and translated.
c. The luciferase gene destroyed the original genes of the cells.
d. The luciferase gene moved from the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum.
d
_____17 . Individuals with one form of lactose intolerance do not produce the enzyme lactase because the
gene coding for the production of lactase is shut off in their cells. This means that which of the
following processes does not occur for the gene?
a. hydrogenation c. replication
b. mutation d. transcription
____18.
a In humans, one form of night blindness is an inherited condition that affects far more males than
females. Males with one copy of the allele for this form of night blindness will have the condition, but
females must have two copies of the allele to have the condition.
Which of the following best describes the allele that codes for this form of night blindness?
a. recessive on the X chromosome c. dominant on the Y chromosome
b. polygenic on the X chromosome d. codominant on the Y chromosome
b
____19. In tigers, the allele for orange fur is dominant to the allele for white fur. If two heterozygous tigers
mate and produce offspring, what is the probability of an individual offspring having white fur?
a. 0 c. ½
b. ¼ d. 1
20. Corn kernels can be high in starch (starchy) or high in sugar (sweet). The allele for starchy kernels (H) is
dominant to the allele for sweet kernels (h).
Each kernel on an ear of corn represents an individual offspring. A particular ear of corn has 92 starchy
kernels and 88 sweet kernels.
a. What are the most likely genotypes of the parent corn plants that produced this particular ear of
corn?
b. Explain how you determined the genotypes of the parent corn plants in part (a). Draw a Punnett
square for the cross to support your answer.
c. Identify the genotypes for two corn plants that, when crossed, will produce plants with 100% starchy
kernels.
a. Most Likely Genotypes of the Parent Corn Plants
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The most likely genotypes of the parent corn plants are Hh and hh.
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b. Explanation and Punnett Square
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To determine the genotypes of the parent corn plants, let's analyze the offspring ratios. The ear of corn has 92
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starchy kernels and 88 sweet kernels, which is approximately a 1:1 ratio. This suggests that one parent is
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heterozygous (Hh) and the other is homozygous recessive (hh).
c. Genotypes for 100% Starchy Kernels
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To produce plants with 100% starchy kernels, both parents need to have at least one dominant allele (H). The
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simplest way to ensure this is to cross two homozygous dominant plants (HH).
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21. A certain genetic disorder is caused by a single base mutation in the DNA of a certain gene. The
mutation changes the amino acid glutamate (Glu) to aspartate (Asp).
a. Identify the type of macromolecule (carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein) that changes when
Glu changes to Asp. Explain your answer.
The sample of DNA below is being analyzed to determine if a patient has the genetic disorder.
b. Determine the mRNA sequence from the patient's DNA sequence.
c. Using the information in the codon table below, determine the amino acid sequence that is coded for
by the mRNA sequence you determined in part (b)
d. Determine whether the patient has the genetic disorder. Explain your answer.
a. Type of Macromolecule
The type of macromolecule that changes when Glu (glutamate) changes to Asp (aspartate) is a protein. Proteins are
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composed of amino acids, and a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein can alter its structure and function.
This change occurs due to a mutation in the DNA that results in a different amino acid being incorporated during
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protein synthesis.
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b. Determine the mRNA Sequence
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To determine the mRNA sequence, we first need the patient's DNA sequence. Since it was not provided in the
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question, let's assume a sample DNA sequence for demonstration purposes.
c. Determine the Amino Acid Sequence Using the Codon Table
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Using the mRNA sequence from part (b) and the standard genetic codon table, we can determine the amino acid
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sequence.
d. Determine Whether the Patient Has the Genetic Disorder
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To determine if the patient has the genetic disorder, we need to compare the amino acid sequence obtained from
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the patient's DNA with the normal sequence and identify the specific mutation that changes Glu to Asp. The
codons for Glu are GAA and GAG, and the codons for Asp are GAU and GAC. We look for a single base change that
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could cause this switch.
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