CATHODE RAY EXPERIMENT= expt by crookes but observation by JJ Thomson

William Crookes in 1879 studied the conduction of electricity through gases at low pressure he took a discharge
tube- long glass tube.
Around 60 cm long, sealed at both ends and fitted with stop cork, which can be connected to vacuum pump to
reduce the pressure of the gas to any desired value. These tubes are called crookes tubes. When a high voltage
of about 10,000 volt is applied between electrodes, Following wind results are observed :
1. When the gas pressure inside is 1 atm No current flows between electrodes this is because gases are poor
conductors of electricity note that here using sulphide coating and perforated anode are not present
2. When the pressure is reduced to about 10-2 atm, The current starts flowing between electrodes and a coloured
glow is observed the colour depending upon the nature of the gas taken. Here also no zinc sulphide coating and no perforated anode.
3. When the pressure is further reduced to 10-4 atm the glow between the electrodes disappears but the current continues to flow and if a perforated anode is used a glow is
observed on the glass wall behind the anode this shows that some invisible rays are emitted from cathode which pass through the holes of the anode and strike the glass wall
which was coated with a phosphorescent material like zinc sulphide(ZnS) these rays are called cathode rays.
Reasons (In my language)
1.In first case current does not pass because bcoz gases are poor conductors of electricity
2.In second experiment current passes because pressure is less so molecules are more closely packed so less collision of charge particles carrying electricity and gas particles
occurs so electric current passes easily.
3.In 3rd experiment pressure is very very low pv=nrt so P is directly proportional to number of molecules if less particles are there how will electricity pass?
Properties of Cathode rays discovered by Thomson
1.they produce a sharp shadow of the solid objects placed in their path they show that cathode rays travel in strt line.
2.If a light paddle wheel mounted on axle is placed in their path their wheel begins to rotate this shows that cathode rays are made up of material particles. (bcoz they cause
obstruction)
3.When an electric field is applied on the cathode rays they are deflected towards the positive plate of the electric
field
This shows that cathode rays carry negative charge similarly when a Magnetic field is applied on the cathode rays
these are deflected in a direction which shows that they carry negative charge.
4. When Cathode rays strike a metal foil the metal foil becomes hot this indicates that cathode rays producing heat
effect .
5. They cause ionisation of the gas through which they pass.
The negatively charged material particles constituting the cathode rays are called Electrons
JJ Thomson used different discharge tubes fitted with electrodes of different metals, he placed different gases in the
tube, he found every time the ratio of the charge by mass of the electrons was same.
Charge/mass = e/m = 1.76 x 108 C/g = 1.76 x 1011 C/kg → This value is constt despite of variations
the charge of an electron was found out by oil drop experiment by Millikan’s oil drop drop experiment
MILLIKAN’S OIL DROP EXPT
https://youtu.be/UFiPWv03f6g?si=4B4CUZSa0mdxzEJH
Oil droplets in form of- mist, produced by atomiser = allowed to enter through tiny hole in upper plate of electrical
condenser. Downward motion of these droplets = viewed through telescope, equipped with a micrometer eye piece.
By measuring rate of fall of these droplets → measure mass of oil droplets. The air inside chamber → ionized by
passing beam of X-raysAn electrical charge on these oil droplets was acquired by collisions with gaseous ions. The fall
of these charged oil droplets can be retarded, accelerated or made stationary depending on charge on droplets and the
polarity and strength of the voltage applied to the plate. bcoz of effects of electrical field strength on the motion of oil
droplets, magnitude of electrical charge, q, on the droplets, q = n e, where n = 1, 2, 3... . integral multiple.
Electron is that fundamental particle that carries 1 unit negative charge and mass nearly = 1/1837 of that of hydrogen
It is universal constituent of matter, so on changing gas, e/m ratio remains constt.
Discovery of Proton
1. Eugen Goldstein performed discharge tube experiment in which he took perforated
cathode and gas at a low pressure was kept inside the tube, on passing high voltage
between the electrodes it was found that some rays were coming from the site of their
anode which passed through the holes in the cathode and produced green fluorescence
on the opposite glass walls coated with zinc sulphide ZnS these rays were called anode
rays or canal rays
Observation
1. unlike cathode rays the charge by mass ratio is found to be different for the particles constituting anode rays when different gases are
taken inside the discharge tube so the value of E /M depends on the nature of the gas taken in glass.
2. The value of the charge on the particle constituting the anode rays is also found to depend on the nature of the gas taken inside the
discharge tube. The charge on these particles is found to be a whole number multiple of the charge present on the electrons.
3. The mass of the particle constituting the anode rays is also found to be different for different gases taken in the discharge tube, when
hydrogen gas is taken inside the discharge tube the particles present in the anode rays have minimum mass that is the lightest positively
charged particles are produced the charge on these particles is found to be the same as that of electron or one unit.
Isotopes- same atomic number but different mass number
Isobar- same mass number but different atomic number
Isotones- same number of neutrons
Isodiaphers- value of (A - 2Z)=n-p is equal
Thomson model of the atom it is also called Plum Pudding, Raisin Pudding or watermelon. According to model atom possesses spherical
shape radius 10 -10 metre. Positive charge= uniform distribution, stable electrostatic arrangement, mass of atom is uniformly distributed over atom,
Could explain neutrality of atom but couldnt explain results of experiment later like Rutherford experiment.
Rutherford nuclear model of the atom
Alpha particle = He 2+
This experiment was performed by Rutherford and his students Hans Geiger and Ernst Marsden
thickness of foil was 100 nanometer., screen around gold foil coated with zinc sulphide, fluorescent material Au foil malleable
result most alpha particles passed undeflected very less deflected by small angles approximately 1 in 20,000 bounce back ,deflected by 180
degree so observations - most space of atom is empty, deflection due to repulsion by positive particles is very small portion in volume.
Nucleus is very small part by volume ,if nucleus is a ball of cricket then atom is five km radius.
Nucl of order = 10-15m and atom = 10-10 m
Electron revolve around nucleus like planets in solar system electron held by electrostatic force of attraction.
MILLIKAN’S OIL DROP EXPT
https://youtu.be/UFiPWv03f6g?si=4B4CUZSa0mdxzEJH
Oil droplets in form of- mist, produced by atomiser = allowed to enter through tiny hole in upper plate of electrical condenser. Downward
motion of these droplets = viewed through telescope, equipped with a micrometer eye piece. By measuring rate of fall of these droplets → measure mass of oil droplets.
The air inside chamber → ionized by passing beam of X-raysAn electrical charge on these oil droplets was acquired by collisions with gaseous ions. The fall of these charged
oil droplets can be retarded, accelerated or made stationary depending on charge on droplets and the polarity and strength of the voltage applied to the plate. bcoz of
effects of electrical field strength on the motion of oil droplets, magnitude of electrical charge, q, on the droplets, q = n e, where n = 1, 2, 3... . integral multiple.