|= = om Chapter 6 a __ Tissue CONCEPT MAPPING (Tissue) Plant Tissue ‘Animal Tissue t ‘ (Group of similar cells performing L ‘common specialised function) ———. Martone erste Tissue Permanent Tissue Primary Meristem Secondary Merstem ‘Simple Permanent Complex Permanent Dermal tissue {pi Merit Lekral Meristem (28% 85) (Vascular Tissue) (Epidermal tissue) (Made up of one (Made up of (Tips of root and stem) type of cell) ‘more than one + Intercalary type of cell) (Base of leaves and internodes) Vascular (ons owt) ‘Acrenchyma —) Chlorenchyme —! 2Types Xylem (Conduction of water & minerals) Phloem (Conduction of food) (Components of Xylem) (Components of Phloem)ANIMAL TISSUE ‘Animal Tissues -————_Epithetiat Connective |= Muscular 3 @ Nervous 4 () Arcolar ) — f/) Adipose 9) =f Skeletl §) = Fluid) + + t + Y + + + Tendon Ligament Bone | Cartilage | | Blood Lymph ( Squamous) | Cuboidal | (Columnar) | Ciliated | Glandular Tissue : A group of cell that are similar in structure and work together to achieve a particular function iscalled Tissue. Histology : The microscopic study of tissue iscalled Histology. Cell differentiation : The process by which a cell changed its shape and size to perform a specific function. PLANTTISSUE- Meristematic & Permanent Tissues MERISTEMATIC TISSUE (growth tissue or dividing tissue) These are simple living tissues having thin walled,compactly arranged immature cells which are capable of division and formation of new cells. Main features of Meristematic tissues are : + Thinprimary cell wall (cellulosic). + Intercellular spaces are absent (compact tissue). + Generally vacuoles are absent, dense cytoplasm & prominent nuclei are present. + Actively dividing cells are present in growing regions of plants e.g., root & shoot tips.(A) (B) Classification on the Basis of Location Apical meristem (i) Intercalary meristem (ii) Lateral meristem (iii) Apical Meristem + Itispresentat the growing tips of stems and roots. * Cell division in this tissue leads to the elongation of stem & root, thus it is involved in primary growth of the plant. (increase the length) Intercalary Meristem + Itispresent behind the apex. Ithelps in longitudinal growth. + Itisthe part of apical meristem which is left behind during growth period. + Theseare present at the base of leaf and near the node region. + These lead to the increase in the length of leaf (Primary) eg., in grass stem, bamboo stem, mint stem etc. Lateral Meristem (Cambium) * Itisalso called as secondary meristem. + Ttoccursalong the side of longitudinal axis of the plant. + Itgives rise to the vascular tissues. + Responsible for growth in girth of stem and root. + Theyare responsible for secondary growth by increasing the girth, PERMANENT TISSUE The permanent tissues are formed from those meristematic cells which are left behind and have lose the ability to divide and take up a specific role. + The division and differentiation of the cells of meristematic tissues give rise to permanent tissues. + They have definite shape, size and function . The permanent tissue may be dead orliving. 72+ Asaresult of cell differentiation the meristematic tissues tend to form different type of permanent tissues. + Incell differentiation, developing tissues changes from simple to more complex forms to perform various specialized functions. Depending upon the stucture and composition the permanent tissue are classfied into two types: (A) Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting tissue and protective tissue) (B) Complex Permanent Tissue (A) Simple Permanent Tissue: (a) Protective ty Supportive (a) Protective Tissues: These dermal tissues are primarily protective in function. They Consist of: (i) Epidermis Epidermis forms one cell thick outermost layer which covers the entire surface ofplants suchas leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Epidermis is covered outside by cuticle. Cuticle is a water resistant layer of waxy substance called as cutin which is secreted by the epidermal cells and provide protection against loss of water and also invasion by microbes. Cells of epidermis of leaves are not continuous at some places due to the presence of small pores called as stomata. Each stomata is guarded by a pair of bean-shaped cells called as guard cells. These are the only epidermal cells which possess chloroplasts, the rest being colourless. Epidermal Cell Guard Cell Stomatal Pore Chloroplast STOMATA 73Functions of Epidermis The main function of epidermis is to protect the plant from desiccation and infection. Cuticle of epidermis cuts the rate of transpiration and evaporation of water and prevents wilting. Function of Stomata : It allows gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis, respiration and also helps in transpiration. (ii) Cork or Phellem In older roots and stems, tissues at the periphery become cork cells or phellem cells. Cork is made up of dead cells with thick walls and without any intercellular spaces. (Completely arrange). The cell wall in cork deposit waxy substance called as suberin. The cells of cork become impermeable to water and gases due to the deposition of suberin. The cork cells are without any protoplasm but are filled with resins or tannins. Functions of Cork: Cork is protective in function. Cork cells prevent plants from desiccation, infection and mechanical injury. Imperviousness, lightness, toughness, compressibility and elasticity make the cork commercially valuable. (A) Supportive tissues: These are supportive in function and are of three types : 74The Three Basic Types of Plant Tissue (Supporting Tissue) cell walls with lignin Intercellular stone cell spaces cell walls 8 @ fiber b a Prey mess chests Tissue _‘Sclerenchyma Tissue [a. longitudinal section (LS) b, Transverse Section (TS)] (i) Parenchyma : Itis the fundamental packing tissue. + Loosely packed thin walled cells, oval or spherical in structure with large space between them and most common simple permanent tissue. * Cell wall mainly composed of cellulose & pectin. They are living cells. + Large central vacuole for food & water storage. * Primary function is food storage and packing. ‘Arenchyma Parenchyma Chlorenchyma Parenchyma and its type : Idioblast : Some parenchyma involved in storage of excretory substances suchas resin, tannin, gum and oils called as idioblast. + Intypical parenchyma chlorophyll is absent. Chlorenchyma : Chloroplast containing parenchyma tissues are called as chlorenchyma which perform photosynthesis e.g., mesophyll cells of leaves. Aerenchyma : In hydrophytic plants aerenchyma (a type of parenchyma containing air spaces) provides buoyancy. (ii) Collenchyma : It is the living mechanical tissue. NShick Corner No intercellular space Collenchyma Elongated cells with thick corners. Localized cellulose and pectin thickening. Provides flexibility & easy bending of various parts of plant. Few chloroplasts may be present. Give mechanical strength and elasticity to te growing stems. They have no or very little intercellular spaces, (iii) Sclerenchyma : Cells of sclerenchyma are of two types : Fiber Sclereids Sclereids : . These are also called grit cells or stone cells. . These are small cells, where lumen is so small due to higher thickening of cell wall, sclereids are present in fruit wall of nuts, the grit of guava & pear, seed coates of legumes. 76Fibres: . They are very long, narrow, thick, lignified cells. Lumen is large as compared to sclereids. Generally 1-3 mm long. . In the thick walls of both the fibres and sclereids thin areas called as pits, are present. Pit Lumen: Fibres in T. S, Fibres in L.S. Fibres in L.S. + Composed of extremely thick walled cells with little orno protoplasm. + Cells are dead & possess very thick lignified walls. + Lignin is water-proof material. + Intercellular spaces are absent. Uses of Sclerenchyma Fibres . These are used in the manufacture of ropes, mats & certain textile fibres. + Jute and coirare obtained from the thick bundle of fibres. Difference between Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma Features Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma irregularly thickened primary cell wall thin primary cell wall thick secondary primary cell wall 771. Cell shape 2. Cell Wall 3. Cytoplasm 4. Nucleus 5. Vacuoles 6. Intercellular spaces 7. Occurrence 8. Functions Isodiametric cells which are oval, spherical or polygonal in shape. Thin cellulosic cell wall. Abundant Present (Living tissue) Large vacuole Present Basically packing tissue, all soft part of plant-pith, cortex, medullary rays. Food storage, photosynthesis, provide buoyancy to hydrophytes (B) Complex permanent Tissues + Itconsists of more than one type of cells which work together as a unit. + Ithelps in transportation of organic materials, water and minerals. + Itisalso knownas conducting or vascular tissue. + Xylem and phloem together form vascular bundles. * Itis two kinds. (a) Xylem and (b) Phloem. (a) Xylem: Also known as wood and is vascular and mechanical tissue. Xylem help in Transportation of water and minerals from soil to plant parts. Pit ‘Vessel element Tracheid Xylem parenchyma cell Circular, oval or polyhedral. Uneven thickening on their cell wall. Present Present (Living tissue) Vacuolated Absent Dicot stems, petiole and beneath the epidermis. Absent in monocot and roots, Provide tensile strength, mechanical support, phtosynthesis 78 Variable in shape. Fibres and sclereids. Lignified secondary cell wall present. Absent Absent (Dead tissue) Absent Absent Dicot hypodermis, bundle sheath, pericycle, seed, pulp of fruits. Protection from stress and strain, mechanical strength.Xylem consists of four types of cells called as its components or elements : (i) Tracheids : + They are elongated dead cells (primitive elements) mainly involved in conduction of water and minerals in gymnosperms. (ii) Vessles : They are advance element (generally found in angiosperms). Vessels are cylindrical tube like structures placed one above the other end to end which form a continuous channel for efficient conduction of water. Xylem parenchyma : + They are small and thick walled parenchymatous cells designed for storage of starch (food). (iv) __Xylemsclerenchyma (fibres) + They are non-living fibers with thick walls and narrow cavities which provide mechanical support. + Except xylem parenchymaall other xylem elements are dead. + Theannual rings present in the trunk ofa tree are xylem rings. + Bycounting the number of annual rings, we can determine the age of a tree. (a) Phloem : It transport (translocation) food from leaves to other parts of the plant. All phloem cells are living except phloem fibres. phloom—pif parenchyma [ep Lignified wall companion cell ‘Lumen Cytoplasmic Sieve tube] strands Sieve plate Phloem fibre (bast fibre) Phloem consist of four types of components/elements : (i) Sieve tubes * Sieve tubes are tubular structures made up of elongated, thin walled cells placed end toend. + The end walls of sieve tube cells are perforated by numerous pores, called as sieve plates.* Nucleus of sieve cell degenerates at maturity. However, cytoplasm persists, because of protoplasmic continuation of sieve tube with companion cell through plasmodesmata, (ii) Companion cells ; * Companion cells have dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei. * Sieve tubes & companion cells are also called sister cells because they originate from single mother cell. (iii) Phloem fibre/Phloem Sclerenchyma: * They give mechanical supportto sieve tubes and are dead. (iv) Phloem parenchyma : + They store food and help in radial conduction of food, Difference Between Xylem and Phloem Features Cells : Living/dead Cells : Thickness Material Permeability Cross walls Cytoplasm Function Direction of flow Special features Xylem Dead (Except-xylem parenchyma) Thick Lignin Impermeable None None Carries water and minerals Upwards (Unidirectional) Tracheids Vessels 80 Phloem Living (Except phloem fibre) Thin Cellulose Permeable Sieve plates Yes Carries sugars (Food) Down and up (bidirectional) Companion cellsANIMAL TISSUE ey Epithelial — Connective = Muscular Nervous [) Arcotar ) | Adipose) = [Skeletal “| = Fluid) + ¥ + + + + + Tendon Ligament Bone | Cartilage | Blood Lymph L_ Squamous) | Cuboidal | (Columnar | Ciliated | Glandular’ EPITHELIAL TISSUE It is the covering or protective tissue in animal body. * Cells of epithelium are set very close to each other tightly packed and the tissue rests ona non-cellular basement membrane & consists of single layer of cells. That forms a continuous sheet. + Itcoversall the organs and line the cavities of hollow organs like stomach. + Itis primarily protective in function. Type of Epithelium Simple squamous Simple cuboidal gi ple columnar Stratified cuboidal pseydostratified columnar Stratified squamous Epithelium tissues are classified as : (a) SimpleSquamous epithelium : Also called pavement epithelium, + Cells arranged end to end like tiles ona floor. + Cells are polygonal in surface view. + It forms the delicate lining of cavities (mouth, oesophagus, nose, pericardium, alveoli etc.) blood vessels and covering of the tongue and skin. 81Skin: . Epithelial cells are arranged in many layers (stratum) to prevent wear and tear in skin, This pattern is called stratified squamous epithelium. (b) Cuboidal epithelium : They are cube like cells that fit closely, cells look like squares in section, but free surfarce appears hexagonal. + It is found in kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles and in glands (salivary glands, sweat glands). - It forms germinal epithelium of gonads (testes and ovaries). + It is involved in absorption, excretion and secretion. It also provides mechanical support. (c) Colummar epithelium : ° Columnar means'pillar-like' epithelium. It forms lining of stomach. . Small intestine and colon, forming mucous membranes. . Border of micro villi is present at the free surface end of each cell which increases absorption efficiency in small intestine. (@d Ciara spielen: Cells may be cuboidal or columnar. . Found in respiratory tract, lining of spermduct, oviduct & kidney tubules etc. + Onits free surface are present protoplasmic outgrowths called cilia. + Ithelpsin the movement of ova in the fallopian tube. (e) Glandular epithelium : * Gland cells secretes substances at the epithelial surface. 2 Sometimes position of epithelial tissue folds inward and form multicellular gland so called Glandular epithelial. CONNECTIVE TISSUE The cells of the connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercelluar matrix. + Their basic function is to provide support to different organs and keeping them in place. . Connective tissue have two components ; matrix and cellular components. (A) Fluid or vascular tissue : Blood v llular Component Matrix Spapoasay RBC Platelets. = WBC nds (Erythrocyte) Have haemoglobin) Lymphocyte Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte Neutrophil 82Blood and lymph * Blood is a type of connective tissues, fluid matrix of blood is called plasma, having wandering or floating cells, called corpuscles. Blood helps in the transportation of various materials such as nutritive substances, gases, excretory products, hormones etc. and provide immunity. (a) Plasma * Form 55% part of blood. Constitution : water 90-92%, Protein 7% (Albumin, fibrinogen, globulin), inorganic salt 0.9% etc. (b) Corpuscles + Forms 45% part of blood. (i) RBCs (Red Blood Corpuscles) si They are also called as erthyrocytes, containing red coloured respiratory pigment called haemoglobin that helps in transportation of oxygen and CO2. (ii) WBCs (White Blood Corpucles) (Leucocytes: They are also called as 'Soldiers of the body'.) Provide immunity. s They are irregular, amoeboid, phagocyte cells that protect our body by engulfing bacterial & other foreign particles. They are of five types : Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils. (iii) Blood platelets or thrombocytes . They are spindle shaped cells which are involved in clotting of blood. (B) Skeletal Tissue It is hard connective tissue that forms supportive framework i.e. skeleton of the body. Itis of two types : (i) Bone and (ii) Cartilage. (i) BONE Cartilage Spongy layer Bone Compact Bone Structure of bone 83(i) Bone- It is a nonflexible and stone Hest, . + Matrix of bone is very hard because of salts such as calcium phosphate, CaCO, (60-70%) etc. anda protein ossein. * Bone cells (osteoblasts) are embedded in this hard matrix. + Matrix is deposited in the form of concentric layers of lamellae formed around a central canal, the bone cells occupy small spaces between the concentric layers of matrix. Tendon Cartiage: Ligament Bone (ii) Cartilage T.S. of Bone + This tissuc is clastic, less harder as compared to bones. * Elasticity is due to presence of chondrin (protein). Cells are called as chondrocytes which are widely spaced and matrix is reinforced by fibres. + Itis found atjoint of bones, in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx. + Itprovides flexibility and great tensile strength. 1. Hard and inflexible 1. Flexible 2. Porous. 2. Non-porous 3. Blood vessels present. 3. Blood vessels absent, 4. Matrix made up of protein and 4. Matrix made up of protein, mineral sells (e.g., calcium phosphate)(©) Denseregular connective Tissue (Fibrous Tissue) (i) Ligament (ii) Tendon Itis most abundant type of connective tissue. It is further divided into following types : (i) (i) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (Ligament) They are very elastic due to the presence of a network of yellow fibres in its matrix called as ligament which connect bone to bone. White fibrous connective tissue (Tendon) They have very little matrix containing abundant white fibres forming layers and non-elastic in nature with great strength. Bundles of this tissue are called as tendons, which connects muscles to the bones. 1. Inelastic (Limited flexibility) 2. Join muscles to bone. 3. Made up of white collagen fibres. 1. Elastic 2. Connect bones to bones. 3. Made up of white collagen as well as yellow elastin fibres (D) AREOLAR TISSUE: (@) Collagen fibres— thick, yellow elastic fibres clogated fibroblast This tissue fills spaces inside organs and is found between the skin & muscles, around blood vessels, nerves and in the bone marrow. Itis a supporting and packing tissue. Italso helps in repair of tissues after injury. Adipose tissue: Adipocytes (White adipose cells) Adipose Tissue 85+ These are oval and round cells, filled with fat globules called adipocytes. + It is found in subcutaneous layer below the skin, around the heart, brain and below the eyeballs. Itacts as an insulator and prevents loss of heat from the body. + Itserves asa fat reservoir and keeps visceral organs in position. MUSCULAR TISSUE * Movements are brought about in our body with the help of muscular tissue. * Theyare long fibre-like cells called muscle fibres. + They are capable of contraction or relaxation because they are made up of contractile proteins. (actin and myosin) Types of Muscular Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle ‘Smooth Muscle 86(a) (b) (c) Skeletal muscles These muscles shows alternate light and dark bands hence the name is striped or striated muscles. They are also called as voluntary muscles because these are under the control of one's will. Muscle fibers or cells are long multinucleated and unbranched. Each fibre is enclosed by thin membrance which is called as sarcolemma. Its Cytoplasm is called as sarcoplasm. These muscles get tired and need rest. Cardiac muscle They are involuntary muscles. Only found in the walls of heart. They are uninucleated and branched. Branches are united by intercalated disc. In these muscles rhythmic contraction and relaxation occurs throughout the life and never get tired. Smooth muscle : They do not show any alternate light & lark bands, so also called non-striated muscles They are involuntary muscles also called as smooth muscles. These muscle fibres are uninucleated and spindle shaped. They are not enclosed by membrane but many fibres are joined together in bundles. They constitute internal organs. Such muscles are found in the walls of stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, bronchi, iris of eye etc. Peristaltic movements in alimentary canal are brought about by smooth muscles.Striated Muscle 1. They are present in the limbs, body walls, tongue, pharynx and beginning of oesophagus. 2. Cylindrical 3. Unbranched. 4, Multinuelecate, 5, Bounded by sarocolemma. 6, Light and dark bands present 7. No oblique bridges and inter- coalated dises 8.Nerve supply from central nervous system. 9. Blood supply is abundant. 10. Very rapid contraction, 11, They soon get fatigued. 12. Voluntary NERVOUS TISSUS + Theyare highly specialized tissues due to which the animals are able to perceive Smooth or Non-striated Muscle 1. They are present in the oeso- phagus (posterior part only). uurino-gential tract, urinary bladder, vessels, iris of eye, dermis of skin, and arrector pili muscles of hair. 2. Spindle shaped. 3. Unbranched 4, Uninucleate 5. Bounded by plasmalemma, 6, Light and dark bands absent 7. No oblique bridges and inter- calated discs. 8. Nerve supply from autonomic nervous system. 9. Blood supply is scanty. 10, Slow contraction, 1. They donot get fatigued, 12. Involuntary and respond to the stimuli, + Their functional unit is called as nerve cell or neuron. Parts of Neuron (a) Cell body is cyton covered by plasma membrane. (b) Short hair like extensions rising from cyton are dendrons which are further subdivided into dendrities. Cardiac Muscle 1. They are present in the wall of the heart, pulmo- nary veins and superior vena cava 2. Cylindrical, 3. Branched 4, Uninucleate. 5, Bounded by sarcolemma 6. Faint light and dark bands present. 7. Oblique bridges and in- tercalated discs present. 8. Nerve supply from the brain and autonomic ner- vous system. 9. Blood supply is abund- ant, 10, Rapid contraction. 11. They never get fatigued. 12. Involuntary (c) Axon is long, tail like cylindrical structure with fine branches at the end and is covered by asheath, which is known as myelin sheath. + The signal that passes along the nerve fibre is called nerve impulse. + Nerve ending of one neuron is very closely placed to the dendrons of another neuron to carry impulses from one neuron to another neuron in the form of electrochemical waves. This close proximity is called as synapse.‘Schwann cell (Myelin Sheath) Axon Terminals Structure of Neuron 89