11

CLASS

Units &
Dimensions

JEE 2024 Namo Kaul

Namo Kaul
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Bratin Mondal Amaiya Singhal

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The value of acceleration due to gravity is 980 cm/s2 . What will be its
value if the unit of length is kilometer and that of time is minute?
A. 35.3
B. 65.7
C. 85
D. 105
Solution:

The value of acceleration due to gravity is 980 cm/s2 . What will be

its value
if the unit of length is kilometer and that of time is minute?

Any physical quantity can be represented by = magnitude × units

x = 35.3
 How is dimensional analysis used?

To establish relationship between related physical quantities.

vacuum
P is dependent on h, ρ, g

ρ
h
g

P
Establish the relation P = hρg

P → Hydrostatic Pressure
h → Height of liquid volume
ρ → Density
g → acceleration due to gravity
 How is dimensional analysis used?

To establish the relation P = hρg

Let us assume that,

P = k hx ρy gz

Dimensions of P = [M1L–1 T–2]

P → Hydrostatic Pressure
Dimensions of h = [M0 L1 T0] h → Height of liquid volume
ρ → Density
Dimensions of ρ = [M1 L–3 T0]
g → acceleration due to gravity
Dimensions of g = [M0 L1 T–2]
 How is dimensional analysis used?

∴ our equation becomes,

[M1 L–1 T–2] = k[M0 L1T0]x [M1 L–3 T0]y [M0 L1 T–2]z

∴ [M1 L–1 T–2] = k[My Lx – 3y + z T–2Z ] Value of ‘k’ which is a

constant cannot be
Comparing L.H.S and R.H.S,
found
x – 3y + z = –1 ⇒ y = 1 using dimensional
analysis, it can be
–2z = –2 ∴ z=1 ∴ x=1 found
out experimentally
Substituting these values,

P = k h1ρ1g1
Here, k = 1

∴ p=hρg
It has been observed that velocity of ripple waves produced in water depends
upon their Wavelength (λ), Density of water (ρ) & Surface Tension (S).

Prove that Force

Surface tension =
Length
 It has been observed that velocity of ripple waves produced in water
depends upon their Wavelength (λ), Density of water (ρ) and Surface
Tension (S).

Prove that Force

Surface tension =
Length

Solution:
According to the problem,

v ∝ λa ρb Sc

⇒ v = k λa ρb Sc
Where k is a dimensionless constant.

⇒ LT–1 = La (ML–3)b (MT–2)c

⇒ M0L1T–1 = Mb+c La–3b T–2c

⇒ M0L1T–1 = Mb+c La–3b T–2c

Using the principle of Homogeneity, we get

b+c = 0, a – 3b = 1, – 2c = –1

Solving these equations we get,

a = – 1 , b = – 1 , c = 1
2 2 2

So, the relation becomes,

v = k λ–1/2 ρ–1/2 S1/2

⇒ v∝ √ S
λρ ⇒ v2 ∝
S
λρ
If velocity of light (v), force (F) and time (t) are taken as fundamental
dimensions. Then dimensions of mass in this system will be …….

A. F1T3v0
B. F1T1v-1
C. F2T0v1
D. F2T0v-1
 If velocity of light (v), force (F) and time (t) are taken as fundamental
dimensions. Then dimensions of mass in this system will be …….

Solution:
We
Let mass = va Fb tc know,
Dimensions of mass = [M]
∴ [M] = [LT–1]a [MLT–2]b [T]c Dimensions of velocity, v= [LT–1]
⇒ [M] = [Mb La+b T–a–2b+c] Dimensions of force, F = [MLT–2]
Dimensions of time, t = [T]
Equating the powers of
dimensions on both sides

for M 1=b ⇒ c=1

→
for L → 0=a+b ⇒ 0=a+1 ⇒ a = –1

for T → 0 = –a – 2b + c ⇒ 0 = + 1 – 2 + c
Dimensions of mass in this system [mass] = v–1 F1t1
If Pressure (P), Length (L) and Momentum (J) are taken as fundamental
quantities. Find the dimensions of Energy (E)
A. P1L3J0
B. P1L3J-1
C. P2L0J1
D. P2L0J-1
 If Pressure (P), Length (L) and Momentum (J) are taken as
fundamental quantities. Find the dimensions of Energy (E)

Solution: We know,
Let E = k PaLbJc Dimensions of pressure, P = [ML–1T–2 ]
[ML2T–2] = [ML–1T–2]a[L]b [MLT–1]c Dimensions of Length, L = [L]
⇒
Dimensions of momentum, =J [MLT–1]
⇒ [ML2T–2] = [Ma+c L–a+b+c T–2a–c]
Dimensions of energy E = [ML2T–2 ]

for M → 1=a+c … (i)

Equating the powers of
for L → 2 = –a + b + c …(ii) dimensions an both
sides
for T → – 2 = –2a – c …(iii)
 If Pressure (P), Length (L) and Momentum (J) are taken as
fundamental quantities. Find the dimensions of Energy (E)

Solution: If pressure (P), length (L) and momentum (J) are taken as
fundamental quantities find the dimensions of energy (E)
Using, (i) + (iii), we get
1=a+c …(i)
–1 = –a ⇒ a=1
2 = –a + b + c …(ii)
∴ From (i) c=0
– 2 = –2a – c …(iii)
and from (ii)

2 = –1 + b + 0 ⇒ b=3 ∴ Dimensions of energy in new system are

[E] = P1L3J0
What are Significant Figures?
 What are Significant figures?
The significant figures of a number are digits that carry meaningful
contribution to its measurement resolution.

It is equal to the number of digits that are known with some degree of
confidence.
Actual Weight
76 Kg 75.17 Kg
76.3 kg
Rules to find number of significant figures ?
 Rules to find number of significant figures

A) Non decimal number

e.g 2607
1. Zeros between two non-zero digits are considered
SF → 4
significant
e.g 00123
1. Leading zeros are insignificant SF → 3
1. Trailing zeros are generally insignificant, because we don’t
e.g 12300
know if it has been rounded off to nearest hundred, or it’s
SF → 3
just a coincidence that it’s an exact multiple of 100
If its written as
2.7 × 103 SF 2
2.70 × 103 SF 3
A) Non Decimal number

001200300000
 Rules to find number of significant figures
B) Decimal number
(i) No’s greater than 1 (ii) No’s less than 1 Leading zeros are
insignificant & trailing zeros
All the digits are (1) 0.002 are significant
significant

(1) 32.0010 insignificant

(2) 32.000 (2) 0.102

(3) 0.00300
insignificant
significant
B) Decimal number

0012.0300000
Significant Figures can be done using a set of around 5 rules, With a lot of
complications for how to deal with zeroes.

Not significant: Not significant: Significant:

Zero for Zeroes used only All zeroes

“cosmetic” to locate the between non
purpose decimal point zero numbers

0 . 0 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 0

Significant: Significant:
All nonzero Zeroes at the end of a
integers number to the right of
decimal point
Find significant figures in 100
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Find significant figures in 00100. are
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Find significant figures in 100.0
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Find significant figures in 00.00
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
 How to use significant figures in calculations?

6 x 2 = 12 6 x 2 = 10
 Calculations considering Significant figures
(A) Addition/Subtraction Rules (considering SF)
Rule: The result cannot have more number of digits in decimal than the
least number of digits in decimal of the numbers involved in the
operation.
 A) Addition/Subtraction Rules (SF)

1 + 1.1 + 2.900 - 3.0 + 0.37

SIGNIFICANT TIP -
1. First compute normally
2. NOW Round Off based on minimum decimal places present in the numbers
Calculations considering Significant figures.

(A) Addition/Subtraction Rules (considering SF).

1. 4 + 16
2. 4.2 + 6.18
3. 4.00 + 3.162
4. 0.92 + 4
Solution: sigfigscalculator.com
Calculations considering Significant figures
(A) Addition/Subtraction Rules (considering SF) This has to be
rounded off

(1) 4 + 16 = 20 (2) 4.2 + 6.18 = 10.38 → 10.4

4.2 has only 1 digit in decimal

(3) 4.00 + 3.162 = 7.162 (4) 0.92 + 4 = 4.92 Round
= 7.16 off
=5
2 No decimal
decimal No decimal
 Calculations considering Significant figures
(B) Multiplication/Division Rules (considering SF)

Rule: Result will have same significant figure as the least SF in the
number involved in the operation.
 D) Multiplication/Division Rules (SF)

2 x 3.21

SIGNIFICANT TIP -
1. First compute normally
2. NOW Round Off based on minimum S.F. present in the numbers
Calculations considering Significant figures.
(B) Multiplication/Division Rules (considering SF).
 Solution:

Calculations considering Significant figures

(A) Multiplication/Division Rules (considering SF)

(1) 4.2 × 0.2 = 0.84 (2) 2 × 6 = 12
Round ( SF 2 )
off = 1.2 × 101 ( SF 2 )
0.8
SF 2 SF 1 SF 1 ( SF 1 )
= 1 × 101 or 10
(least) (SF → 1)

4.2
(3) =2 ( SF 1 ) (4) 1.6 × 1.6 = 2.56 ( SF 3 )
2.1 = 2.6 ( SF 2 )
= 2.0 ( SF 2 )
Rounding Off
Rounding Off
GOLDEN TIP

If the removed part is

5 or
50 or
500 or
5000 or
50000 or
500000….and so on
ENSURE we are EVEN (Units Place)
Rounding Off

GOLDEN TIP If the removed part is 5 or 5000000…. ENSURE we are EVEN (Units Place)
Rounding Off

Last figure
Number of Last figure to First figure kept and/or
NUMBER
places desired be kept to be kept number
becomes

6.422 1 6.4 6.42 6.4

6.4872 2 6.48 6.487 6.49

6.997 2 6.99 6.997 7.00

6.6500 1 6.6 6.65 6.6

7.485 2 7.48 7.485 7.48

GOLDEN TIP If the removed part is 5 or 5000000…. ENSURE we are EVEN (Units Place)
Rounding Off

Last figure
Number of
Last figure First figure kept and/or
NUMBER places
to be kept to be kept number
desired
becomes

6.755000 2 6.75 6.755 6.76

8.995 2 8.99 8.995 9.00

6.6501 1 6.6 6.65 6.7

7.4852007 2 7.48 7.485 7.49

GOLDEN TIP If the removed part is 5 or 5000000…. ENSURE we are EVEN (Units Place)
Order of Magnitude
Order of Magnitude

Squeeze the lemon to MAX

 Finding Order of Magnitude

(1) 32678 (2) 921

Solution:

Finding Order of magnitude

(1) 32678 = 3.2678 × 104

Order of
less than 5 magnitude 4

(2) 921 = 9.21 × 102 ≈ 103

Order of
Greater than 5 magnitude 3
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