YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES I

(CE - 51034)

Prepared by;
Dr. Ni Ni Moe Kyaw
Professor
Yangon Technological University
 Course Contents
Topic 1: Introduction
Topic 2: Steels and Properties
Topic 3: Tension Members
Topic 4: Structural Fasteners
Topic 5: Welding
Topic 6: Compression Members: Column
Topic 7: Beams: Laterally Supported
 5.2. Basic Processes
Welding is the process of joining materials by heating them to suitable
temperatures such that the materials coalesce into one material.
 5.2. Basic Processes
Processes used in arc welding carbon low-alloy steel for buildings and bridges
1) Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
2) Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
3) Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
4) Flux Cred Arc Welding (FCAW)
5) Electrogas Welding (EGW)
6) Electroslag Welding (ESW)
7) Stud Welding
5.2. Basic Processes
 5.2. Basic Processes
EGW ESW

SW
 5.3. Weldability of Structural Steel
• Most of the ASTM-specification construction steels can be welded without special
precautions or special procedures.
• The weldability of a steel is a measure of the ease of producing a crack free and
sound structural joint.
• Welding procedures should be based on a steel’s chemistry instead of the published
maximumally content.
 5.4. Types of Joints
The type of joint depends on factors such as the size and
shape of the members coming into the joint, the type of loading, the
amount of joint area available for welding and the relative costs for
various types of welds.
Five basic types of welded joints
1) Butt Joints
2) Lap Joints
3) Tee Joints
4) Corner Joints
5) Edge Joints
Butt Joints
The butt joint is mainly used to join the ends of flat plates
of the same or nearly the same thickness.
Lap Joints
The lap joint, shown in figure, is the most common type. It has two principal advantages.
1. Ease of fitting
2. Ease of joining
Tee Joints
This type of joint is used to fabricate built-up sections such
as tees, I-shapes plate girders, bearing stiffeners, hangers, brackets,
and pieces framing in at right angles as shown in figure. This type
of joint is especially useful in that it permits sections to be built up
of flat plates that can be joined by either fillet or groove welds.
Corner Joints
Corner joints are used principally to form built-up
rectangular box sections such as used for columns and for beams
required to resist high torsional forces.
Edge Joints
Edge joints are generally not structural but are most
frequently used to keep two or more plates in a given plane or to
maintain initial alignment.
 5.5. Types of Welds
The four types of welds are the groove, fillet, slot and plug welds.

Groove Welds
 There are many variations of groove welds and each is
classified according to its particular shape.
Fillet Welds
Fillet welds owing to
their overall economy, ease of
fabricating, and adaptability
are the most widely used. A
few uses of fillet welds are
shown in Figure 5.5.4.
Slot and Plug Welds
Slot and plug welds may be used exclusively in a
connection. They may be used in combination with fillet welds as
shown in Figure 5.5.5. A principle use for plug or slot welds is to
transmit shear in a lap joint. Slot and plug welds are also useful in
preventing overlapping parts from buckling.
 5.6 Welding Symbols
Before a connection or joint is welded, the designer must in
same way be able to instruct the steel detailer and the fabricator as
to the type and size of weld required.
5.6 Welding Symbols
5.6 Welding Symbols
5.6 Welding Symbols
 5.8. Possible Defects in Welds (Cont;)

• Incomplete fusion
• Inadequate joint penetration
• Porosity
• Undercutting
• Inclusion of slag, and
• Cracks
5.8. Possible Defects in Welds (Cont;)
5.8. Possible Defects in Welds (Cont;)
5.8. Possible Defects in Welds (Cont;)
 5.11. Size and Length Limitation for Fillet Welds
Effect of thickness on welding

• The thicker the plate, the faster heat

is removed from the welding area.
Thus, lowering the temperature in
the region of the weld.
• Unless the proper temperature is
maintained in the area being weld, a
lack of fusion will result.
 5.11. Size and Length Limitation for Fillet Welds
Minimum Weld Size
 5.11. Size and Length Limitation for Fillet Welds
Minimum Weld Size
Maximum Fillet Weld Size Along Edges
To prevent the melting of the base material at the corner of the plate,
• Along edges of material less than ¼ in thick, the maximum size is equal to the thickness of the
material.
• Along edges of material ¼ in or more in thickness, the maximum size shall be 1/16 in less than
the thickness of the material, unless the weld is especially designated on the drawings to be built
out to obtain full throat thickness.
Minimum Effective Length of Fillet Welds
The minimum effective length of a fillet weld is four times the nominal size (LRFD and
ASD-J2.2b).
 5.12. Effective Areas of Welds

Effective area
Effective throat Length of the
of a groove or
dimension weld
fillet weld

The effective throat dimension depends on the nominal size and the shape
of the weld, and may be thought of as the minimum width of the expected
failure plane.
5.12. Effective Areas of Welds
Groove Welds
 5.12. Effective Areas of Welds
Fillet Welds
• For the leg size equal to or less
than 3/8 in, the effective throat
dimension shall be taken as
equal to the leg size a.
• For fillet welds larger than 3/8
in, the effective throat
dimension shall be taken as the
theoretical throat dimension
plus 0.11 in. (i.e., 0.707a + 0.11
for symmetric welds.
 5.12. Effective Areas of Welds
Plug and Slot Welds
The effective shearing area of plug or slot welds is their nominal area
(sometimes called frying surface) in the shearing plane.

Resistance of plug or slot welds = Nominal cross-section × Stress

 5.13. Nominal Strength of Welds
Strength of groove welds

Strength of fillet welds

5.13. Nominal Strength of Welds
5.14. Load and Resistance Factor Design - Welds
For Structural Safety Requirement,

Rn = resistance factor (Strength Reduction Factor)

L = nominal resistance (strength)

S = overload factors (LRFD – A4.1)

= service load

Notation ;

Rn = resistance factor, (for welds the ϕ factor is the same as for the materials it connects; i.e.; 0.75 for
yielding limit state and 0.9 for fracture limit state)

L = Nominal Strength per unit length of weld, but not to exceed the nominal strength per unit length of
adjacent base material

S = Factored Load per unit length of weld

5.14. Load and Resistance Factor Design - Welds
Groove Welds
- Design Strength per unit length of complete penetration groove weld depends on types of stress that is
applied.

1. Tension and Compression normal to effective area;

Tension and Compression parallel to axis of welds:

Notation;

Rn , = the yield stress of the base and weld metals respectively

(When “matching” welds as indicated in Table are used, is taken as the yield stress of base material)

2. Shear on effective area;

Notation;

- The shear yield stress is approximately as for the base material and 0.6 of the electrode tensile
strength for weld metal; thus, the lower factor 0.8 is used for the weld metals.
5.14. Load and Resistance Factor Design - Welds
Fillet Welds
- The Design Strength per unit length of fillet weld is based on the shear resistance through the throat of
weld. applied.

But not greater than the shear rupture strength of the adjacent base metal.

Notation;

Rn = effective throat dimension

Rn , = tensile strength of electrode material

t = thickness of base material along which weld is placed

Rn = the tensile strength of base metal

- The limit state for fillet welds is fracture through the throat of fillet, thus the factor is 0.75.
5.14. Load and Resistance Factor Design - Welds
5.14. Load and Resistance Factor Design - Welds
5.14. Load and Resistance Factor Design - Welds
Minimum Effective Fillet Weld Size
 Minimum Effective Fillet Weld Size
- As explained in Section 5.11, the limitations on minimum and maximum fillet weld size and length
relating to practical design considerations.

- Regarding strength, however, no welds of whatever size may be designed using a strength greater than
on the adjacent base material.

- The design shear rupture strength of base material is × (net area in base
material subject to shear), LRFD.

- Equating the capacity per unit length of weld metal to the shear capacity per inch in the base material
gives for shielded metal arc welding, (Consideration of the two lines of weld transmitting the shear V
across section a-a of the following figure.)

Notation;
Rn = thickness of base material
n, = tensile strength of base material
= tensile strength of electrode material (70 ksi for E70 electrodes)
 Minimum Effective Fillet Weld Size
- The maximum effective weld size ,(Consideration of section b-b and section c-c of the following figure,
those sections will not be critical since two lines of weld transfer load across two sections.)

- Consideration of section d-d and section e-e of the following figure, those sections are the same as
section a-a.

- Consideration of section f-f and section g-g of the following figure, four fillet weld transfer load across
two sections.

- Even when the fillet members connect members that are in tension, the transfer of load by means of the
weld is a shear transfer to base pieces when the fillet welds are parallel to the direction of load. For such
cases, the maximum effective weld size concept still applies.
 5.15. Allowable Stress Design - Welds
For Structural Safety Requirement,

- Diving the above equations by safety provisions ,

- The above equation may be divided by the “effective” area of the weld per inch,

- The service Load R per inch of weld may not exceed the allowable load per inch of weld,
5.16. Welds Connecting Members Subject to Direct Axial Load
Groove Welds

- In the case of full joint penetration groove welds, the full strength of the cross-section may be developed
by selecting the proper electrode material corresponding to the base material and specifying an AWS
prequalified joint.

Fillet Welds

- The design for fillet welds is based on the nominal shear stress on the effective area of fillet weld.

- The selection of the size of fillet weld is based on the thickness of the pieces being jointed and the
available length over which the fillet weld can be made.

- The type of welding equipment used, whether the welds are to be made in the field or in the shop, and
the size of other welds being made will also influence the size of fillet specified.

- Large fillet welds require larger diameter electrodes, which in term require larger and bulkier welding
equipment, not necessarily convenient for field use.

- The most economical size of fillet weld is usually the one that can be made in one pass; about

5/16 in. for SMAW and ½ in. for SAW.

- The inspection of the welds is further simplified.

5.16. Welds Connecting Members Subject to Direct Axial Load
Balanced Connection
- In a number of cases, members subjected to the direct axial stress are themselves unsymmetrical and
cause eccentricities in weld connections.
- Consider the angle tension members shown in following figure.

- Taking moments about point A located on the bottom edge of the member and considering clockwise
moments are positive,

or

Where;

Horizontal force,

Where;
5.16. Welds Connecting Members Subject to Direct Axial Load
Balanced Connection
- Designing the connection shown in the above figure to eliminate eccentricity caused by the
unsymmetrical weld is called balancing the welds.
- The procedure for balancing the welds may be summarized as follows:
(1) After selecting the proper weld size and electrode, compute the force resisted by
the end weld .
(2) Compute .
(3) Compute .

or

(4) Compute the lengths, or .

- The strength of balanced welds can be calculated by using LRFD and ASD methods.
5.16. Welds Connecting Members Subject to Direct Axial Load
Slot and Plug Welds
- Slot and slug welds have their strength based on the area in the shear plane between the plates being
jointed.
- The strength of such welds may or may not be included in the strength of a joint.
- Plug and Slot welds are designed to work together with other welds, usually fillet welds, in lap joints.
 References

1. Steel Structures, Design and Behavior Emphasizing Load and Resistance Factor Design Fourth
Edition by Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson
2. Internet Source

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