Cena aesy5 (2) The word Computer is derived from word compute that means to calculate. It is a calculating device that can Perform arithmetic operations at an enormous speed and operates upon data. A computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operations according to a given set of instructions called a program. It then displays or prints the result. (Figure 3.3) Figure 3.3: Computer System Computer is a combination of hardware and software, which instruct to perform operations, Hardware: The physical components of a computer, it may be electronic, electrical, magnetic, mechanical or optical components. Examples of components aré microprocessors, ICs. Ba ~ Software: It is the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated ‘documentation related to the effective operation of a computer system. | KNOWLEDGE BoT All the tangible parts of a computer system, no matter how small or big, are part of hardware. B Components of Computer System ‘The major components of a digital computer are: 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 2. Input and Output Unit 3. Memory Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is the brain of a computer. Its primary job is to run program and perform the logical, arithmetic, input-output operation of system. © scanned with OKEN ScannerA block diagram of the basic computer organization is shown in Figure 3.4. Storage Unit Secondary Storage Information | Primary Storage Control Unit (cu) Arithmatic and Logical Unit (ALU) —> Data Flow | = — Control Flow Central Processing Unit (CPU) 3 n ware Figure 3.4: Block diagram of the basic computer organization . The five units of computer system are: Inputting: Process of entering data into the computer, by the user using an input device. 5 Storing: Holding of data and instructions in the computer’s main memory, for manipulations. Processing: Performing operations (both arithmetic and logical) or manipulation of data. Outputting: Process of showing the information or result to the user either on screen (monitor) or on paper (through printer). Controlling: Directing all the above processes, in coordination, by the Control Unit (CU. [MEMORY BoT The speed of the CPU is measured in Megahertz. © scanned with OKEN Scanner. é v Memory unit is a principle storage of computer that stores both cee ae data, These instructions and data can be stored permanently in memory unit so that it can be retrieve when required. (Figure 3.5) i Types of Computer Memory ternal mei a. Internal Memory: The default memory of computer is known as in a mory, or instructions “main memory or primary memory. In primary memory, programs are stored temporarily. Types of Internal memory are: BRAM: Random Access Memory that accessed memory randomly. The information in RAM will stay until user is working on that particular application and lost when computer is turned off. Due to this, it is also known as volatile memory. Figure: 3.5: RAM and ROM Types of RAM * DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory that stores data temporarily and to retain data it is refreshed periodically. + SRAM stands for Static RAM are more expensive and faster than DRAM. + SDRAM stands for Synchronous DRAM that transmit large amount of data on highspeed through synchronous interface. DDR stands for Double Data Rate Memory used in Intel Pentium 4 systems needless power to process with double speed of SDRAM, and B ROM: Read Only Memory and also known as non-volatile memory information permanently. It is mainly used in booting process turned off an initial program to start computer is saved in ROM, as it stores and when power is © scanned with OKEN ScannerTypes of ROM: ~ * PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory or One-Time Programmable ROM(OTP) because in this only one program can be done at one time by manufacturer while manufacturing it and after that changes can’t be done in it. * EPROM stands for Erasable PROM in which data can be erased multiple times by exposing it to ultraviolet rays and it will erase the entire data present on the chip. + EEPROM stands for Electronically EPROM that erase and reprogrammed the contents in blocks instead of one byte at a time and in this selective data can be erased, + Flash memory is a specific type of EEPROM that keep information even without power source. Masked ROM contents are programmed at the time of manufacturing by burning the software mask on chip during designing phase. KNOWLEDGE BOT The primary use of ROM is during the booting process. * Cache Memory: It is a fast speed memory can be inserted as a part of CPU or motherboard that stores repeatedly required instructions to run program. It is faster because it does not require the motherboard system bus for transferring data. b. External Memory: It is also known as secondary or auxiliary memory and used due to expensive, temporary and less storage capacity of internal memory. When required, the data can be transferred to external memory from internal memory. Types of secondary memory or secondary storage devices + Magnetic Disk: Magnetic disk permits direct access to individual records. This means that the computer system does not have to search the entire file (as in the case of sequential file tape) to find record disk storage. (Figure 3.6) The two types of magnetic disk are: i : Figure: 3.6: Magnetic Dis! a. Hard Disk: Hard Diskis a non-volatile secondary storage |” eee device. It is an electromechanical device and used as the main storage device of the computer. © scanned with OKEN ScannerVA b. Floppy Disk: Floppy disk is another magnetic storage media. It is widely used in Personal computers. It is a flat, 3.5-inch disk of polyester film with a magnetic coating The maximum storage capacity of this disk is 1.44 MB. * Optical Disk: An optical disk is a computer disk that uses optical storage technology to read and O “hye write data. Laser beams are used to store data : CF, digitally and even to read and write data to and Oe from the disk. (Figure 3.7) € The various types of optical disks are: Figure: 3.7: Optical Disk a. Compact Disc (CD): It is used to store video, imagés, sound recording ete. it is costs Jess then hard disk or RAM. CDsare categorized as CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-W, and CD-RW, b. Digital Versatile Dise (DVD): A DVD is capable of storing data such as movies, games and can also be used for installing small applications. B Flash memories a. Blu- Ray Disc: The name Blu-ray is derived from the blue-violet laser technology and is used to read and write information on these discs. It is the successor to DVD. It is used for HD content and.optical data storage and is fast enough for High Definition (HD) quality video recording. < : b. Memory Stick: A memory stick is also known » Ie as memory card which is used to read and write SA information in it. A large amount of data can be Oye stored in memory stick. (Figure 3.8) 2. Arithmetic Logic Unit Fundamental building block of CPU, where the actual execution of instiuctions takes place. It loads data from input register, performs the operations as directed by control unit, and then stores the result in output register. Figure: 3.8: Flash Memory ALUs are designed to perform: Arithmetic operations: Add, subtract, multiply, and divide. B B Logical operations: AND, OR, NOT, and XOR, bi Comparison operations: Less than, equal to, greater than, less than equal to, and greater than equal to. © scanned with OKEN ScannerB Bit-shifting operators: Shifting the word by specific number of bits either to left de right. 3. Control Unit (CU) It controls the entire working of the computer, by generating timing and control signals. It also controls the transfer of data between memory and input/output devices, operations and entire processing. Input Unit Input is the process of entering and collecting the data into the computer. An input device is a piece of hardware used to provide data to a computer used for interaction and control. Some Input devices are: B Keyboard: Programs and data are entered into a computer through a keyboard. It contains alphabets, digits, special characters, function keys and some control keys. When a key is pressed, an electronic signal is produced which is detected by an electronic circuit called keyboard encoder. KNOWLEDGE BoT | Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet. B Mouse: It performs functions by detecting two- dimensional motion. It is held in one handand moved across a flat surface, generally it consist of two buttons: left and right button. B Scanner: Information in the form of text or image is entered and then transformed into digital file; which allows the computer to read or display the scanned object. B Joystick: A joystick is used to move the cursor continuously in the previously pointing direction on a monitor screen. ey © scanned with OKEN Scanner[MEMORY BoT - cea ‘Joystick is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games, B Graphics tablet/ digitizer/ digitizing tablet: It consists of an electronic writing area and a pressure sensitive pen for setting different strokes of various widths. It is widely used“ J $ by artist to create hand-made image. ms B Touch Screen: It’s an electronic visual display which detects the touch within a display area. The touch screen sends a signal to the computer which gives the location on the screen which has been touched. B Touchpad/Track pad: It translates motion and position of user’s fingertip to relative position on the screen. It is used in Laptops. B Trackball: It has ball on its top, which can be rolled by finger. It is widely used in CAD workstation. B Microphone: This input device is used to store sound in the computer with .wav as extension. It is mainly used in radio broadcasting, video conferencing, sound amplifying systems, speech recognition programs and recording. B. Light Pen: It is mainly used to select or modify the data on sereen by allowing user to point on displayed objects or draw it on the screen, © scanned with OKEN ScannerOutput Unit The processed data is display by using an output unit. Some of commonly used devices are: B Monitor: It is a most common output device that is also known as Electronic Visual Display or Visual Display Unit for computer. The output is display on screen. ~ ~~ b2 — B_ Printers: It produces a hard copy of documents which is stored in an electronic form on physical print media. B Plotters: These are used to produce prec good quality graphies and drawings und the computer, by using an ink pen or inkjet ( B Speaker: It \ “4 sound card and th en converts itinto sound format. jiskette drive, and USB flash drive are considered =a CD-ROM, DVD, floppy d storage devices. Peripheral Devices One can connect some external or internal devices to computer systems that is known as nal peripheral devices. These are attached to the computer system when there is need for to perform special fanctions like video recording, image capturing and connecting to the Internet, and more. ‘The peripheral devices can be easily attached and removed from the computer system. © scanned with OKEN ScannerStarting Computer To start a computer: 1. Switch on the main power supply. 2. Switch on the UPS. 3. Switch on the monitor. Process which happens between when you switch on the UPS to when the Desktop screen appears, re installed in the a. Booting proce begins which check all the hardware computer and are working properly or not and then load all the needed files. b. Checks the functionality of all the connected hardware devices. »miconductor (CMOS) chip which ¢ Input-Output System (BIOS). c. Checking of Complementary Met stores -Oxide- the settings like password, date, and time of B: d. Then, the operating s BIOS. em is loaded on the RAM after completion of all the steps of e. With your username and password, you can log in to the computer system, and the ed the cor a have enter operating system desktop will appear ify credentials. Shut Down a Computer ‘To shut down the computer: 1. Click on Start button present on 7 2. Various options appears. Click on Shut down option 4. This will fade away the desktop, and the computer will gradually shut down, Software Software is a set of instructions or programs instructing a computer to do Specific tasks. ‘The two types of software are: stem software 2. Application software © scanned with OKEN Scanner22> Zep “opie 2 1,System Software ( os )— 23-24 - It is collections of single or multiple programs which manage or control the overall performance and operation of a computer system. — Types of system software: | —_—— \ a, Operating system: It is an interface between hardware and software of a computer that manages the overall functionality of the computer and its resources. Examples: Windows, Macintosh (Mac), DOS, and Unix. Components of OS B. Shell: It is an interface and outermost layer of OS that handle the interaction with users. B Kernel: It is an interface and core component of OS that handles the interaction between data processing and applications done at the hardware level. Functioning of OS B Management of processor, memory, file, devices, security and detection of error. Types of OS B Single User Operating System: It allows only one user to work on a computer at a time, Example: Windows XP. B Multiuser Operating System: It allows a number of users to work together on a single computer by providing a terminal connected to a single computer. Example: Unix. B Single-Tasking Operating System: It executes a single job / program at a time. Example: MS-DOS. B Multitasking Operating System: It supports the execution of more than one task at a time. Example: Windows 2012. B Multiprogramming Operating System: In this, several programs can be run at the same time via time sharing mechanism. Example: Linux. B Real Time Operating System: It responds to an event within a pre-determined time. Example: Windows CE. B Batch Processing Operating System: Similar types of tasks are grouped under batch and then these tasks are executed without any user interruption. Example: MS-DOS, © scanned with OKEN ScannerB Multiprocessing Operating System: It uses more than two CPUs within a sing le computer system, Example: LINUX and UNIX. Disk Operating System Disk Operating System (DOS) is a type of system software that runs from a hard disk drive. This also refers to the specific family of DOS, which is known as a Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS). DOS support: B Multiple networking B Text editing functions B Multiple directories B Enhanced management of memory B Disk compression and fragmentation DOS was most commonly found OS in IBM PCs that were developed by Microsoft in 1981. Linux ‘nux OS is an open and free source that was developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 at AT & T's Bell Laboratories. The main function of Linux OS is to manage the system resources or hardware and can act as an interface between user and computer system just like other OS. It was designed by considering UNIX compatibility; that’s why its functioning is similar to UNIX. From the last 2 decades, it has become very popular due to its various features, as given in the below section. Edubuntu It has a Graphical User Interface (GUD) that is known as Unity that allows users to interact with the computer system using graphical icons. It allows accessing your data on the web or your computer in a faster way. Earlier its name was Ubuntu Education Edition as it is built on the Ubuntu base. It is one of the best available free software that is designed for homes and computers. b. Language Processor: Language processor is known as translator that converts the. program written in high level language "into low level language (machine language). © scanned with OKEN Scanner¢. Device Drivers: In order to run Input/output devices, there is a need of driver which translates the commands from the operating system into commands that the specific hardware can understand. Application Software Application software are also known as applications which are meant for end users. For example, software for preparing school result, library management system, accounting bills and so on. Application software can be categorized as: a. General Purpose Application Software: The software that help in managing files in database, creating text documents and formatting it, preparing presentations and designing graphics are called general purpose application software. b. Customized (Bespoke) Software: Customized software is also known as tailor- made software or bespoke software as it is developed according to the need or requirement of a client/user. For example, if the owner of a restaurant requires an automatic bill generator, then the software company will develop and customize the software as per owner's requirement. ¢. Specific Purpose Software: The software which is used for some specific purpose such as calculator, computer game, imusic, reservation software etc., is known as specific purpose software. Internet Miiernet is an interconnection of multiple esr Es word internet (lowercase i) is different from Internet (upperease 1). While internet means network of networks, Internet is the term used to refer to a specific worldwide network, WWW (World Wide Web). ‘The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably the interlinked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail. Uses of internet With the help of Internet, you can: 4B" exchange messages using e-mail (Electronic mail). ishGie maiecn imag 49) (nifsrennetilont © scanned with OKEN Scanner