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16 views

Lesson8_analysis of Frames Subjected to Lateral Load..

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erlano lorenzo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
SUBJECTED TO LATERALS
LOADS
EMMANUEL E. RODEL
JULLIENNE R. SALES
MARIE CLAIRE SERVANDO

GROUP 8

SUBMITTED TO:
KATHERINE V. CASTRO
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page

Table of Contents Page Number

Introduc�on ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

Lateral Load ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

Sample Lateral Loads …………………………………………………………………………… 3

Unit 1

EARTHQUAKE LOAD …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4

Portal Frame ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4

Portal Method …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4

Unit 2

Assump�ons in PORTAL METHOD ……………………………………………………………………… 5

Portal Method …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

PROCEDURE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

Unit 3

FIRST STEP ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7

SECOND STEP ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7

THIRD STEP …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7-8

FOURTH STEP …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8


LATERAL LOAD
Lateral loads are live loads whose main component is a horizontal force acting on the structure.
Typical lateral loads would be a wind load against a facade, an earthquake, the earth pressure. Most lateral
loads are live loads whose main component is a horizontal force acting on the structure. Typical lateral
loads would be a wind load against a facade, an earthquake, the earth pressure against a beach front retaining
wall or the earth pressure against a basement wall. Most lateral loads vary in intensity depending on the
building's geographic location, structural materials, height and shape. The dynamic effects of wind and
earthquake loads are usually analyzed as an equivalent static load in most small and moderate-sized
buildings.

SAMPLE LATERAL LOAD

EARTHQUAKE LOAD

01. . The earthquake creates ground movement that can be categorized as a "shake," "rattle," and a
"roll."
02. The lateral load resisting systems for earthquake loads are similar to those for wind loads. Both
are designed as if they are horizontally applied to the structural system. The wind load is
considered to be more of a constant force while the earthquake load is almost instantaneous
Portal Frame
Portal frames, used in several Civil Engineering structures like buildings, factories, bridges have
the primary purpose of transferring horizontal loads applied at their tops to their foundations. The lateral
load resisting systems for earthquake loads are similar to those for wind loads. Both are designed as if they
are horizontally applied to the structural system. The wind load is considered to be more of a constant force
while the earthquake load is almost instantaneous. The wind load is an external force, the magnitude of
which depends upon the height of the building, the velocity of the wind and the amount of surface area that
the wind "attacks." The magnitude earthquake load depends up the mass of the structure, the stiffness of
the structural system and the acceleration of the surface of the Earth.

Portal Method

• The portal method is an approximate analysis used for analysing building frames subjected
to lateral loads such as Wind loads/ seismic forces.
• Since shear deformations are dominant in low rise structures, the method makes
simplifying assumptions regarding horizontal shear in columns.
• Each bay of a structure is treated as a portal frame, and horizontal force is distributed
equally among them.

Assumptions in PORTAL METHOD


1. The inflection points are found at the mid-height of each column above the first level. If
the base of the column is fixed, the inflection point shall also be assumed at the mid-height
of the columns of the ground floor; otherwise, it shall be assumed at the base of the hinged
column.
2. Points of inflection occur in the mid span of the beams.
3. Total horizontal shear at any floor shall be distributed among the columns of that floor such
that the outer columns bear half the force borne by the inner columns.
Portal Method
The portal method is based on the assumption that, for each storey of the frame, the interior columns will
take twice as much shear force as the exterior columns.

PROCEDURE:
An example indeterminate frame that may be solved using the portal method is shown in Figure. The
column areas are given for use with the cantilever method which will be discussed in the next section. For
now, we will only analyze this structure using the portal method.

FIRST STEP
The first step in the portal method analysis is to add hinges at the centre span or height of all the beams
and columns (except for the lower storey if the column bases are pinned). Then determine the column
shears at each storey using the portal method assumptions. This process is illustrated in Figure.The new
hinges are shown in the figure at points a through.

SECOND STEP
To determine the column shears for each storey, two different section cuts are made.

THIRD STEP
Now that we know the column shears, the rest of the analysis uses only equilibrium to find the rest of the
forces in the frame. To do so, the entire frame is cut into separate pieces at every hinge location.
FOURTH STEP
Once all of the forces at the hinge locations are known, the shear and moment diagrams may be drawn for
the frame. The resulting diagrams are shown in Figure. The shear in all of the beams and columns are always
constant for these types of analyses, and are simply equal to the horizontal force in the middle hinge for the
columns or equal to the vertical force in the middle hinge for the beams.
The maximum moment in the beams and columns is then found using the shear multiplied by half of
the column height for columns or multiplied by half of the beam length for beams.

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