PREPROCESSOR:

In C or C++ language everything is defined by # is called preprocessor.

eg:-
#include : for including header files
#define : it is used to define macro.
#pragma : it is used for create padding.

GCC: GCC stands for "GNU compiler collection" it is a collection of libreary's and
header files which is used to compile a C program.

Internally every .C file convert into Expendable file [.i] first.

1.Source code: In c language file saved with [.c] format is called source code.

2.Expandable file[.i]:
every [.c] file converted into [.i] called Expandable file.

-During creation of [.i] file compiler replace the code of the header file with
there actual code.

-to convert source file to Expandable file We need to use this command gcc -E
file _name.c -o file_name.i

3.Assembly code [.s]:

Assembly code is created by compiler if it needed.

-Expandable file is converted into Assembly code.

-to convert [.i] to [.s] We can use following command.

gcc -s file_name.i -o file_name.s

4.Object file[.o]:
Assembler file is converted into object files.

-one or more than one file can be created by one Assembler file.
-linker is use to integrate all object file and create and executable file.

-to convert [.s] file to [.o] file we can use following command:
gcc -c file_name -o file-name.o

5.Executable file [.exe]:

Finally object file is converted into Executable file by linker.

-[.exe] file is also called an Application.

-to convert [.o] file to [.exe] We can use following command.

gcc -v file_name -o file_name.exe

TCC:

TCC:- stands for "Tiny c compiler".

VARIABLES:

variable is like a container which is used to store any type of data.

-It is a name of memory location.

=Initilization: Assigning some value to variable.

-Re initialization is allowed.

Syntax:
variable_name=value;
eg:-
x=23;
ch='A';

=Definition/Declaration: Declaration statement say's compiler to reserve memory

block for particular variable.

Syntax:
data_type variable_name;

eg:-
int x;
bool y;
float cgpa;

-two types of declaration is possible:

1.During Compile time
2.During Run time

Initilization and Decleration:

when definition and initialization is done in the same time then it is called
Initilization and Decleration.

Syntax:
data_type variable_name=value;

eg:-
int num=12;
int float=34.4;

Scope:
variable is define inside curly brackets{ }. and it is called the scope of
variable.
-variable is destroy outside the scope.

Global Variable:
The variable which have scope entire the program.
Local Variable:
variable which scope is fixed inside program.

To define variable name there have some specific naming rules:

1. Variable name can not start with number.
2. Variable name can contain alphabet and numbers to.
3. Variable name can not contain blank space.
4. We can use underscore '_' as a variable name only in special char.
5. Variable name is case sensitive.
6. We can not use keyword as a variable name.

int x1; valid

 int x_1; valid

int_1; valid

int_1_1; valid

int x y; invalid

int x-y; invalid

int 3x; invalid

int x$; invalid

int if; invalid

int IF; valid

int string; valid

Input/output:

printf():
printf() function is use to print some output into consol window.

-everything inside printf written inside "", double codes.

-It return number of character it will print.

scanf():

scanf() function is ude to take input from user.

-Am-percent sign '&' is use to get the addres of particular memory location.
-scanf() takes formated input from the user.
-you can take more then one input at a time using scanf() function.

Seperaters:
usually next line or blank space is use as seperater otherwiswe we can
use any special character or seperater inside scanf().

STORAGE CLASS:
In C language we can store data inside different hierarchy of
computer memory.

In any computer system there are mainly 4 memory levels:-

Register
Catch
RAM
Secondary memory

1. auto:

auto keyword in c language is refers to automtic variables,it store inside

stack or Primary memory.
-auto is define in c/c++11.

Syantax:
auto variable_name; //definition
auto variable_name=value //definition and initilization

2.extern:
extern keyword says compiler to the variable is define somewere else in the
program or another file.

Syntax:
extern variable_name;

3.Static:
static keyword tells compiler to store variable inside stack.
-static keyword always decleared once in a program.

Syntax:
satatic data_type variable_name;

4.register:
register keyword says compiler to allocate memory in register for
particular variable.
-It was not possible to store data in register everytime.

Syntax:
register data_type variable_name=value;

Format Specifier:
It is use to define format of data type:
%d : int
%u : unsigned int
%f : float
%c : char
%s : string
%o : octal value
%p : address in hexadecimal
%lf : double
%lu : unsigned long
%llu : unsigned long long

DATA TYPES:
Data Types refers to types of data in computer science.

There are mainly two type of data is present:

1. Primitive:
It is a data type which doesnot depend on another data type.

eg:-
short (size of short is 2 byte)
int (size of int is 2^32)
unsigned int
long
 long long
float (size of float is 4 byte)
double (size of double is 8 byte)

2. Non-Primitive:
Its depend on primitive data type.
String,Array,Pointer

3. User-defined data type:

It is a data type defined by user.
eg:-
structure,enum,union

OPERATORS:
Operators are the operations performs between one or more then one
operands.

There are mainly three types:

1. Unary Operator:
These are the operators use with only one operand.
eg:
+,-,++,--,!,~,sizeof()

Incrementor operator:
Incrementor operator is use to increase value by one.

They are of two types:-

(i). pre-incrementor:
It increase value first then assign.
eg:
++x,++y,++z;
(ii). post-incrementor:
It assign value first then increase the value of
var.
eg:
x++,y++,z++;

Decrement Operator:
Decrement Operator reduce the value of variable by one.
-decrement operator only valid for variables not for
constant.
-decrement operator are of two types:-

(i). Pre-Decrement operator:

This operator reduces value
first and then assign.
eg:
--x,--y,--z;

(ii). Post -decrement operator:

this operator assign value
first and then reduce by 1.

2. Binary Operator:
This are the operators used with two operands.
 eg:
+,-,*,/,%,&(AND),|(OR),^(XOR),<<(Left shift),>>(Right
shift)

-x % 10 would return 7, which is the remainder after

dividing 27 by 10.
-x /10 would return 2, which is the quotient after
dividing 27 by 10.

-Bitwise AND(&):
It return 1 when both bits are 1.

b1 | b2 | b1&b2
-----------------------------|------------|--------------------
0 | 0 | 0
1 | 0 | 0
0 | 1 | 0
1 | 1 | 1
| |

-Bitwise OR(|):
It return 1 when at least one bit is on.

b1 | b2 | b1&b2
------------------------------|----------|------------------------
0 | 0 | 0
1 | 0 | 1
0 | 1 | 1
1 | 1 | 1
| |

-Left shift operator( << ):

This operator shift all bit left side by one position.
ex:-
10 << 2 = 40;
10 << 3 = 80;

Q.) 10 << 2

1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0

-Right shift operator( >> ):

This operator shift all bit right side by 'n' number of times.
ex:-
10 >> 2 = 2;
32 >> 3 = 4;

-Logical AND( && ):

It return true when both condition's are true.
Syntax:-
condition1 && condition2;

-Logical OR( || ):
It return true when atleast one comndition is true.
Syntax:-
condition1 || condition2;
-Comparision Operator:

> (Greater than),

< (Less than),
>= (Greater than and equal to),
<= (Less than and equal to)
!= (Not equal to),
== (equal to)

-Assignment operator:

= (equal to)
+= (plus equal to)
-= (minus equal to)
/= (divide equal to)
*= (multiply equal to)

3. Ternary Operator:
Ternary operator is operate with three operand.

Priority and Associtivity:

Operators Priority
Associtivity

!,~,++,-- 1 right to
left
*,/,% 2 left to
right
+,- 3 left to
right
<<,>> 4 left to
right

Conditional Statement's:
In C\C++ conditional statements is use to execute code with some
condition.

Syntax:

if( condition-1 ){

//this code is execute if first condition is true.

}
else if( condition-2){

//this code is execute if second condition is true.

}
else{

//this code is execute if not any condition is true.

}
-we can use if without any else condition.
-but we can not use else without if condition.
-we can not use else if without if condition.
-If we not provide any curly bracket then compiler by default run single line of
code.
-we can not use break statement inside conditional statement if-else.