What is Warehouse?

A warehouse as a place used for the storage or accumulation of goods. The function of storage
can be carried out successful with the help of warehouses used for storing the goods.

Warehousing can also be defined as assumption of responsibility for the storage of goods. By
storing the goods throughout the year and releasing them as and when they are needed,
warehousing creates time utility.

Functions of Warehousing:

1. Storage:

This is the basic function of warehousing. Surplus commodities which are not needed
immediately can be stored in warehouses. They can be supplied as and when needed by the
customers.

2. Price Stabilization:

Warehouses play an important role in the process of price stabilization. It is achieved by the
creation of time utility by warehousing. Fall in the prices of goods when their supply is in
abundance and rise in their prices during the slack season are avoided.

3. Risk bearing:

When the goods are stored in warehouses they are exposed to many risks in the form of theft,
deterioration, exploration, fire etc. Warehouses are constructed in such a way as to minimise
these risks. Contract of bailment operates when the goods are stored in wave-houses. The person
keeping the goods in warehouses acts as boiler and warehouse keeper acts as boiler. A
warehouse keeper has to take the reasonable care of the goods and safeguard them against
various risks. For any loss or damage sustained by goods, warehouse keeper shall be liable to the
owner of the goods

4. Financing:

Loans can be raised from the warehouse keeper against the goods stored by the owner. Goods act
as security for the warehouse keeper. Similarly, banks and other financial institutions also
advance loans against warehouse receipts. In this manner, warehousing acts as a source of
finance for the businessmen for meeting business operations.

5. Grading and Packing:

Warehouses nowadays provide the facilities of packing, processing and grading of goods. Goods
can be packed in convenient sizes as per the instructions of the owner.

Importance of Warehousing In the Development of Trade and Commerce:

Warehousing or storage refers to the holding and preservation of goods until they are dispatched
to the consumers. Generally, there is a time gap between the production and consumption of
products. By bridging this gap, storage creates time utility.

There is need for storing the goods so as to make them available to buyers as and when required.
Some amount of goods is stored at every stage in the marketing process. Proper and adequate
arrangements to retail the goods in perfect condition are essential for success in marketing.
Storage enables a firm to carry on production in anticipation of demand in future.

A warehouse is a place used for the storage or accumulation of goods. It may also be defined as
an establishment that assumes responsibility for the safe custody of goods. Warehouses enable
the businessmen to carry on production throughout the year and to sell their products, whenever
there is adequate demand.

Need for warehouse arises also because some goods are produced only in a particular season but
are demanded throughout the year. Similarly certain products are produced throughout the year
but demanded only during a particular season. Warehousing facilitates production and
distribution on a large scale.

Benefits from Warehouses:

1. Regular production:

Raw materials need to be stored to enable mass production to be carried on continuously.

Sometimes, goods are stored in anticipation of a rise in prices. Warehouses enable manufacturers
to produce goods in anticipation of demand in future.

2. Time utility:

A warehouse creates time utility by bringing the time gap between the production and
consumption of goods. It helps in making available the goods whenever required or demanded
by the customers. Some goods are produced throughout the year but demanded only during
particular seasons, e.g., wool, raincoat, umbrella, heater, etc. on the other hand, some products
are demanded throughout the year but they are produced in certain region, e.g., wheat, rice,
potatoes, etc. Goods like rice, tobacco, liquor and jaggery become more valuable with the
passage of time.

3. Store of surplus goods:

Basically, a warehouse acts as a store of surplus goods which are not needed immediately. Goods
are often produced in anticipation of demand and need to be preserved properly until they are
demanded by the customers. Goods which are not required immediately can be stored in a
warehouse to meet the demand in future.

4. Price stabilization:

Warehouses reduce violent fluctuations in prices by storing goods when their supply exceeds
demand and by releasing them when the demand is more than immediate productions.
Warehouses ensure a regular supply of goods in the market. This matching of supply with
demand helps to stabilise prices.

5. Minimisation of risk:

Warehouses provide for the safe custody of goods. Perishable products can be preserved in cold
storage. By keeping their goods in warehouses, businessmen can minimise the loss from damage,
fire, theft etc. The goods kept in the warehouse are generally insured. In case of loss or damage
to the goods, the owner of goods can get full compensation from the insurance company.

6. Packing and grading:

Certain products have to be conditioned or processed to make them fit for human use, e.g.,
coffee, tobacco, etc. A modern warehouse provides facilities for processing, packing, blending,
grading etc., of the goods for the purpose of sale. The prospective buyers can inspect the goods
kept in a warehouse.

7. Financing:

Warehouses provide a receipt to the owner of goods for the goods kept in the warehouse. The
owner can borrow money against the security of goods by making an endorsement on the
warehouse receipt. In some countries, warehouse authorities advance money against the goods
deposited in the warehouse. By keeping the imported goods in a bonded warehouse, a
businessman can pay customs duty in instalments.

Type of Warehouses:

There are three types of warehouses as described below:

Private Warehouses:

The private warehouses are owned and operated by big manufacturers and merchants to fulfill
their own storage needs. The goods manufactured or purchased by the owner of the warehouses
have a limited value or utility as businessmen in general cannot make use of them because of the
heavy investment required in the construction of a warehouse, some big business firms which
need large storage capacity on a regular basis and who can afford money, construct and maintain
their private warehouses. A big manufacturer or wholesaler may have a network of his own
warehouses in different parts of the country.

Public Warehouses:

A public warehouse is a specialised business establishment that provides storage facilities to the
general public for a certain charge. It may be owned and operated by an individual or a
cooperative society. It has to work under a license from the government in accordance with the
prescribed rules and regulations.

Public warehouses are very important in the marketing of agricultural products and therefore the
government is encouraging the establishment of public warehouses in the cooperative sector. A
public warehouse is also known as duty-paid warehouse.

Public warehouses are very useful to the business community. Most of the business enterprises
cannot afford to maintain their own warehouses due to huge capital Investment. In many cases
the storage facilities required by a business enterprise do not warrant the maintenance of a
private warehouse. Such enterprises can meet their storage needs easily and economically by
making use of the public warehouses, without heavy investment.

Public warehouses provide storage facilities to small manufacturers and traders at low cost.
These warehouses are well constructed and guarded round the clock to ensure safe custody of
goods. Public warehouses are generally located near the junctions of railways, highways and
waterways.

They provide, therefore, excellent facilities for the easy receipt, despatch, loading and unloading
of goods. They also use mechanical devices for the handling of heavy and bulky goods. A public
warehouse enables a businessman to serve his customers quickly and economically by carrying
regional stocks near the important trading centres or markets of two countries.

Public warehouses provide facilities for the inspection of goods by prospective buyers. They also
permit packaging, grading and grading of goods. The public warehouses receipts are good
collateral securities for borrowings.

Bonded Warehouses:

Bonded warehouses are licensed by the government to accept imported goods for storage until
the payment of custom duty. They are located near the ports. These warehouses are either
operated by the government or work under the control of custom authorities.

The warehouse is required to give an undertaking or ‘Bond’ that it will not allow the goods to be
removed without the consent of the custom authorities. The goods are held in bond and cannot be
withdrawn without paying the custom duty. The goods stored in bonded warehouses cannot be
interfered by the owner without the permission of customs authorities. Hence the name bonded
warehouse.

Bonded warehouses are very helpful to importers and exporters. If an importer is unable or
unwilling to pay customs duty immediately after the arrival of goods he can store the goods in a
bonded warehouse. He can withdraw the goods in installments by paying the customs duty
proportionately.

In case he wishes to export the goods, he need not pay customs duty. Moreover, a bonded
warehouse provides all services which are provided by public warehouses. Goods lying in a
bonded warehouse can be packaged, graded and branded for the purpose of sale.