Class 12/Chemistry/CH-1/Solution

1. Mole fraction of glycerine C3H5(OH)3 in solution containing 36 g of water and 46 g of glycerine is

(a) 0.46
(b) 0.40
(c) 0.20
(d) 0.36
2. Out of molality (m), molarity (M), formality (F) and mole fraction (x), those which are independent of
temperature are
(a) M, m
(b) F, x
(c) m, x
(d) M, x
3. Which of the following condition is not satisfied by an ideal solution?
(a) ΔHmixing = 0
(b) ΔVmixing = 0
(c) Raoult’s Law is obeyed
(d) Formation of an azeotropic mixture
4. Osmotic pressure of a solution is 0.0821 atm at a temperature of 300 K. The concentration in
moles/litre will be
(a) 0.33
(b) 0.666
(c) 0.3 × 10-2
(d) 3
5. Which has the lowest boiling point at 1 atm pressure?
(a) 0.1 M KCl
(b) 0.1 M Urea
(c) 0.1 M CaCl2
(d) 0.1 M A1Cl3
6. The boiling point of an azeotropic mixture of water and ethanol is less than that of water and
ethanol. The mixture shows
(a) no deviation from Raoult’s Law.
(b) positive deviation from Raoult’s Law.
(c) negative deviation from Raoult’s Law.
(d) that the solution is unsaturated.
7. People add sodium chloride to water while boiling eggs. This is to
(a) decrease the boiling point.
(b) increase the boiling point.
(c) prevent the breaking of eggs.
(d) make eggs tasty.
8. The van’t Hoff factor (i) accounts for
(a) degree of solubilisation of solute.
(b) the extent of dissociation of solute.
(c) the extent of dissolution of solute.
(d) the degree of decomposition of solution.
9. The molal elevation constant depends upon
(a) nature of solute.
(b) nature of the solvent.
(c) vapour pressure of the solution.
(d) enthalpy change.
10. Which of the following condition is not satisfied by an ideal solution?
(a) ΔHmixing = 0
 Class 12/Chemistry/CH-1/Solution
(b) ΔVmixing = 0
(c) Raoult’s Law is obeyed
(d) Formation of an azeotropic mixture
11. Vapour pressure of a pure liquid X is 2 atm at 300 K. It is lowered to 1 atm on dissolving 1 g of Y in
20 g of liquid X. If molar mass of X is 200, what is the molar mass of Y?
(a) 20
(b) 50
(c) 100
(d) 200
12. Most of the processes in our body occur in:
(a) solid solution
(b) liquid solution
(c) gaseous solution
(d) colloidal solution
13. The term homogenous mixtures signifies that:
(a) its composition is uniform throughout the mixture.
(b) its properties are uniform throughout the mixture.
(c) both composition and properties are uniformthroughout the mixture.
(d) neither composition nor properties are uniform
14. Which of the following units is useful in relating concentration of solution with its vapour pressure?
(a) Mole fraction
(b) Parts per million
(c) Mass percentage
(d) Molality
15. Which of the following mixture is(are) called solution?
(i) water + ammonia (ii) water + acetone
(iii) acetone + alcohol (iv) hexane + water
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
16. A plant cell shrinks when it is kept in
(a) hypotonic solution
(b) hypertonic solution
(c) isotonic solution
(d) pure water
17. The relative lowering in vapour pressure is proportional to the ratio of number of:
(a) solute molecules to solvent molecules
(b) solvent molecules to solute molecules
(c) solute molecules to the total number of molecules in solution
(d) solvent molecules to the total number of molecules in solution
18. When a solute is present in trace quantities the following expression is used
(a) Gram per million
(b) Milligram percent
(c) Microgram percent
(d) Parts per million
19. The law which indicates the relationship between solubility of a gas in liquid and pressure is
(a) Raoult’s law
(b) Henry’s law
(c) Lowering of vapour pressure
(d) Van’t Hoff law
 Class 12/Chemistry/CH-1/Solution
20. Molarity of liquid HCl will be, if density of solution is 1.17 gm/cc
(a) 36.5
(b) 32.05
(c) 18.25
(d) 42.10
21. 1 M, 2.5 litreNaOH solution is mixed with another 0.5 M, 3 litreNaOH solution. Then find out the molarity
of resultant solution
(a) 0.80 M
(b) 1.0 M
(c) 0.73 M
(d) 0.50 M
22. Sprinkling of salt helps in clearing the snow covered roads in hills. The phenomenon involved in the
process is
(a) lowering in vapour pressure of snow
(b) depression in freezing point of snow
(c) melting of ice due to increase in temperature by putting salt
(d) increase in freezing point of snow
23. Which of the following solutions shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
(a) Acetone + Aniline
(b) Acetone + Ethanol
(c) Water + Nitric acid
(d) Chloroform + Benzene
24. The system that forms maximum boiling azetrope is
(a) Acetone-chloroform
(b) ethanol-acetone
(c) n-hexane-n-heptane
(d) carbon disulphide-acetone
25. A solution containing 10.2 g glycerine per litre is isotonic with a 2% solution of glucose. What is the
molecular mass of glycerine?
(a) 91.8 g
(b) 1198 g
(c) 83.9 g
(d) 890.3 g
26. What weight of glycerol should be added to 600 g of water in order to lower its freezing point by 10°C ?
(a) 496 g
(b) 297 g
(c) 310 g
(d) 426 g
27. The osmotic pressure of a solution can be increased by
(a) increasing the volume
(b) increasing the number of solute molecules
(c) decreasing the temperature
(d) removing semipermeable membrane
28. An X molal solution of a compound in benzene has mole fraction of solute equal to 0.2. The value of X is
(a) 14
(b) 3.2
(c) 1.4
(d) 2
29. H2S is a toxic gas used in qualitative analysis. If solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m. what is the
value of KH?
 Class 12/Chemistry/CH-1/Solution
(a) 0.0263 bar
(b) 69.16 bar
(c) 192 bar
(d) 282 bar
Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion and Reason. While
answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following responses.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(e) If assertion is incorrect but reason is correct
30. Assertion : Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature.
Reason : The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.
31. Assertion : If one component of a solution obeys Raoult’s law over a certain range of composition, the
other component will not obey Henry’s law in that range.
Reason : Raoult’s law is a special case of Henry’s law.
32. Assertion : Azeotropic mixtures are formed only by non-ideal solutions and they may have boiling
points either greater than both the components or less than both the components.
Reason : The composition of the vapour phase is same as that of the liquid phase of an azeotropic mixture.
33. Assertion : When methyl alcohol is added to water, boiling point of water increases.
Reason : When a volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent elevation in boiling point is observed.
34. Assertion : When NaCl is added to water a depression in freezing point is observed.
Reason : The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in the freezing point.
35. Assertion : When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi- permeable membrane, the
solvent molecules pass through it from pure solvent side to the solution side
Reason : Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration solution to a region of low
concentration solution.
36. Assertion : If a liquid solute (more volatile than the solvent) is added to the solvent, the vapour pressure
of the solution may increase i.e., ps >po.
Reason : In the presence of a more volatile liquid solute, only the solute will form the vapours and solvent
will not.
37. Match the laws given in Column I with expresions given in Column II.

38. Match the terms given in Column I with expressions given in Column II.
 Class 12/Chemistry/CH-1/Solution
39. 1. Explain why on addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases,
while addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one litre of water decreases its boiling point.
40. 1. Using Raoult’s law explain how the total vapour pressure over the solution is related to mole
fraction of components in the following solutions.
(i) CHCl3 (l) and CH2Cl2(l)
(ii) NaCl(s) and H2O (l)
41. What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’?
42. What are isotonic solutions? Give example.
43. Some liquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes’. What are ‘azeotropes’?
44. What type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol and acetone?give
reason.
45. Out of BaCl2 and KCl, which one is more effective in causing coagulation of a negatively charged
colloidal Sol? Give reason.
46. Differentiate between molality and molarity of a solution. What is the effect of change in
temperature of a solution on its molality and molarity?
47. Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law. What are these
deviations and why are they caused? Explain with one example for each type.
48. Define the following terms :
(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Isotonic solutions
(iii) van’t Hoff factor
(iv) Ideal solution
49. Explain why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm water.
50. State Raoult’s law. How is it formulated for solutions of non-volatile solutes?
51. State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications.
52. Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
53. How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it?
54. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
55. (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What type of deviation from
Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in temperature would you observe after
mixing liquids X and Y?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give reason.
56. Define osmotic pressure of a solution. How is the osmotic pressure related to the concentration of a solute
in a solution?
57. Explain why on addition of 1 mol of glucose to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases.
58. State the following :
(i) Henry’s law about partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.
(ii) Raoult’s law in its general form in reference to solutions.
59. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give reason.
60. What is van’t Hoff factor? What types of values can it have if in forming the solution, the solute molecules
undergo
(i) Dissociation? (ii) Association?
61. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we place blood cells in a
solution containing
(i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
(ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?
62. Explain why on addition of 1 mol glucose to 1 litre water the boiling point of water increases
63. A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to its boiling point. The
solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid.
(Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1)
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64. 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 (Molar mass = 180 g mol-1) is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a sauce pan. At
what temperature will this solution boil? (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1, boiling point of pure water =
373.15 K)
65. Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol-1) to be dissolved in 75 g of benzene to lower
its freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol-1).
66. 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of solution. If this solution has an
osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is the molar mass of the protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm.)
67. Calculate the freezing point depression expected for 0.0711 m aqueous solution of Na2S04. If this solution
actually freezes at – 0.320°C, what would be the value of Van’t Hoff factor? (Kf for water is 1.86°C mol-1)
68. A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25 g of oil of winter green (methyl salicylate) in 99.0 g of benzene has a
boiling point of 80.31°C. Determine the molar mass of this compound. (B.P. of pure benzene = 80.10°C and
Kb for benzene = 2.53°C kg mol-1)
69. What mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol-1) must be dissolved in 65 g of water to lower the freezing
point by 7.5°C? The freezing point depression constant, Kf, for water is 1.86 K kg mol-1. Assume
van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87.
70. 15 g of an unknown molecular substance was dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting solution freezes at -
0.34° C. What is the molar mass of the substance? (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1).
71. Calculate the amount of KCl which must be added to 1 kg of water so that the freezing point is depressed by
2K. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
72. A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at
298 K. Further 18 g of water is added to this solution. The new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K.
Calculate
(i) the molecular mass of solute and
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298K
73. The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10-2 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the
solution contains 5.0 × 10-2 g of ethane, then what will be the partial pressure of the gas?
74. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point of 1.62 K. Calculate
the Van’t Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute (associated or dissociated).
(Given : Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol-1, Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol-1)
75. (a) A 5 percent solution (by mass) of cane-sugar (M.W. 342) is isotonic with 0.877% solution of substance X.
Find the molecular weight of X.
76. (b) A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the freezing point
of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Given: (Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol-1) (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1)
77. Calculate the freezing point of an acqueous solution containing 10.50 g of MgBr2 in 200 g of water. (Molar
mass of MgBr2 = 184 g) (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
78. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water has an osmotic pressure
of 0.335 torr at 25°C. Assuming the gene fragment is a non-electrolyte, determine its molar mass.
79. Explain the following phenomena with the help of Henry’s law.
(i) Painful condition known as bends.
(ii) Feeling of weakness and discomfort in breathing at high altitude.
(III) Why soda water bottle kept at room temperature fizzes on opening?
80. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the snow covered roads in hilly areas? Explain the phenomenon
involved in the process.
81. Explain the solubility rule “like dissolves like” in terms of intermolecular forces that exist in solutions.
82. How can you remove the hard calcium carbonate layer of the egg without damaging its semiprermiable
membrane? Can this egg be inserted into a bottle with a narrow neck without distorting its shape? Explain
the process involved.
83. Why is the mass determined by measuring a colligative property in case of some solutes abnormal ? Discuss
it with the help of Van’t Hoff factor.
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84. Concentration terms such as mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of
temperature, however molarity is a function of temperature. Explain.
READ THE PASSAGE GIVEN BELOW AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
85. The concentration of solution plays a very important role in studying chemical reactions and in
determination of rate of reaction. Concentration is defined as the amounnnt of solute dissloved in fixed
amount of solution.there are various concentration terms uused to finnd the amount of solute such as
molarity, molality, mole fraction, ppm ,ppb etc.
a) find the molality and mole fraction if 20% (w/w)KI aqueous solution, if the density of KI is 1.202 gm/ml.
b) find the molarity of same solution.
c) name two temperature dependantquuantitiy.
READ THE PASSAGE GIVEN BELOW AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
86. An ideal solution is one in which the connections between molecules are the same for all molecules or ions.
A non-ideal solution is one in which the actions with different molecule constituents in the solution differ.
it may be solution with positive deviation or wiith negative deviation,
a) which of the following is an ideal solution:
i) hexane and water ii) hexane and heptane iii) water and acetone iv) water and nitric cid
2) Draw the vapor pressure and boiling point graph for water and nitric acid separetely.
3) which type of azeotrope is shown by water- HClmiixture.
READ THE PASSAGE GIVEN BELOW AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
87. Colligative properties are the physical changes that result from adding solute to a solvent. Colligative
Properties depend on how many solute particles are present as well as the solvent amount, but
they do not depend on the type of solute particles, although do depend on the type of solvent.
different colligative properties are:
Boiling point elevation
Freezing point depression
Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Osmotic pressure
(i) If a solution of glucose is prepared by 0.052 gm glucose in 80.2 gm water (Kf = 1.86 and Kb = 5.2 K
Kg/mol)find:
a) molality
b) boiling point of solution
c) depression in freezing point.
88. Osmotic pressure results from a reduction in the chemical potential of a solvent in the presence of a
solute. The tendency of a system to have equal chemical potentials over its entire volume and to
reach a state of lowest free energy gives rise to the osmotic diffusion of matter. In ideal and dilute
solutions, the osmotic pressure is independent of the nature of the solvent and solutes. At constant
temperature it is determined only by the number of kinetically active particles—ions, molecules,
associated species, and colloidal particles in a unit volume of the solution.
For very dilute solutions of non-dissociating compounds, osmotic pressure is described with
sufficient accuracy by the equation πV = nRT, where n is the number of moles of solute, V is the
volume of the solution, R(0.083 Lbarmol-1K-1) is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute
temperature.
Answer the following questions:
(a) Define Osmotic pressure.
(b) Which phenomenon is used to purify saline water?
(c) Which colligative property is most suitable to measure molecular mass of proteins and why?
Or
200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic pressure
of such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2.57 × 10-3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the
protein.
89. Calculate van’t Hoff factor i of the compound acetic acid in benzene if degree of association is 50%.
 Class 12/Chemistry/CH-1/Solution
90. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K. Explain the lowering in freezing
points of water with the help of a suitable diagram.

91. Why is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation? What general name is given
to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law and whose components cannot be
separated by fractional distillation?How many types of such mixtures are there?
92. When kept in water, raisins swell in size. Name and explain the phenomenon involved. Give three
applications of the phenomenon.
93. Why is the mass determined by measuring a colligative property in case of some solutes are
abnormal? Discuss it with the help of the Van’t Hoff factor.
94. Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass)
aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL-1.
95. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of
polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37°C.
96. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 and
NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
97. Two element A and B form purely covalent compounds having molecular formula AB and AB2.
When dissolved in 20 gram of benzene 1 gram of AB lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K and of AB2
by 1.3 K. Calculate atomic mass of A and B. The molal depression constant for Benzene is 5.1 KKg
mol-1.
98.