(13-1) /(2023) ‫ ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‬،02 ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬،07 ‫ﻠﺪ‬‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﳕﺎﺀ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ـــ ﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬

Artificial intelligence and the challenges of ethical practice
*1
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‬

[email protected] ،‫ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬،(‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﺮﺓ )ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬1

‫؛‬2023/12/31 :‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫؛‬2023/08/24 :‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫؛‬2023/02/21 :‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ‬

:‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺳﺲ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻖ‬،‫ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ‬،‫ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬‫ﻫﺪﻓﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮ‬
‫ﻌﺘﱪ ﲡﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻄﺎﳌﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ‬‫ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳ‬.‫ﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻜﻞ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻻ ﻭﺇﲨﺎﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍ‬
‫ﻼﻗﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳ‬،‫ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺭﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬،‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬،‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ‬،‫ﺪ ﻗﺼﲑ‬ ‫ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ ﹺﺟ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬،‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ‬
.‫ﲢ ﹼﻞ ﳏﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻄﻮ‬
‫ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻏﲑ‬،‫ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬‫ﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﱡﻢ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﺠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﱂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬،‫ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬.‫ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬،‫ﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺑﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ‬،‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬،‫ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ ﳍﺎ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻭﳏﺪﺩ‬
.‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
.‫ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ؛ ﺫﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ؛ ﺗﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ؛ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﱪﺍﱐ ؛ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
.O3 : JEL ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
Abstract:
This study aimed to identify the concept of artificial intelligence, and to clarify the areas of its uses,
which reflect the extent of its morality and its adherence to the agreed upon rules which are unanimously
accepted by society. The study concluded that artificial intelligence is a realistic embodiment of the science
fiction that humans have always worked to implement in practice, especially with regard to inventing robots
and solutions that take the place of humans in performing many tasks and jobs, in which many risks, threats,
and complexity were encountered, as well as high cost and the lack of efficiency; by simulating human
intelligence and putting it in the machine, which allows access to the largest possible number of uses and
solutions, while providing a permanent service on an ongoing basis, of high quality, lower cost and a very
short time except for some human tasks that no machine, no matter how sophisticated, can replace it.
This great potential offered by artificial intelligence in interfering and controlling in the various
possible fields of life, opened the doors to its unethical use, where it is directed to practices that have illegal,
immoral, and negative repercussions, which man could not access from before; among them are cyber
attacks that allow business disruption, blackmail people, or threaten life, in addition to misdirecting society.
This calls for the development of a clear and specific code or model, which controls the legal and ethical
limits of these practices, in exchange for more awareness of its positive use, within the framework of what is
known as the ethics of artificial intelligence.
Keywords: Ethics ; Artificial intelligence ; Machine learning ; Cyber security ; Cyber attacks.
Jel Classification Codes : O3.

[email protected] ،‫* ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‬

w.saoud@univ-

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ‪‬ﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟ‪‬ﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﻬﺮ ﳓﻮ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪ‪‬ﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻘﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻗﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﲤﺘﺔ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻬ‪‬ﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺖ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻈ ﱡﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﳎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﲢﺖ ﲢﻜﱡﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳ‪‬ﺆﺩ‪‬ﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟ‪‬ﻬﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﰲ ‪‬ﻇ ﱢﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺜﲑ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﱐ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪" :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺃﺧﻼﻕ؟؟"‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻶﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺪﺭﻛﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﱪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻃﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄ ﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﲟﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺎ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪‬ﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﱯ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪‬ﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ‪‬ﺘﻢ ﺑﺄﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﺀﻩ ﻏﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‬

‫‪ .1 .1‬ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻭﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻤﺮ‪‬ﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﹼﻦ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻗﺪ ﻣ ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺘﺠﺖ ﺑﺬﻭﺭ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ‪‬ﻡ ‪ McCulloch & Pitts‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1943‬ﲝﺜﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺦ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1950‬ﺻﻤ‪‬ﻢ ‪ Clude Shannon‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﳎﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻄﺮﻧﺞ‪،‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1956‬ﰎ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﰲ ‪ Drtmouth Summer School‬ﻟﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪John‬‬
‫‪ .McCrthy‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻌﲏ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺿﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﲟﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺦ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﺀﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﲏ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻭﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ‪ ،Allen Newell & Herbert Simon‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﻗﻔﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﱂ ﲡﺪ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﲤﻴﺰﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ ﱢﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩ‪‬ﻯ ﺫﻟﺬ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﲰﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﺙ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺯﺭﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻄﺮﻧﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻢ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﺎﺕ ﳌﺎ ﺃﺗﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺳﺎﳘﺖ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ "ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ"‬
‫ﻭ"ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺈﻛﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳒﺎﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﲤﻴﺰﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲰﺤﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺟﺰﺀ ‪‬ﻣﻬﹺﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﱯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩ‪‬ﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﱪﳎﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭﺕ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﺃﺍﺳﻠﻴﺐ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‬
‫)ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،2000 ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪ (24 -22‬ﻭ )ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،1996 ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪.(29 -26‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺎﳘﺖ ﰲ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻻ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ "ﻫﺎﺗﻒ ﺃﻳﻔﻮﻥ‪ " 7-‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 220‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﲤﺎﺛﻞ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑـ ‪ 1.2‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1980‬؛‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻮﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﻴﺔ )‪(Ernst & al, 2018‬؛‬
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ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻛﻢ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺗﻒ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ )‪ ، (Big data‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﳕﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻘﺪ‪‬ﺭ‬
‫ﺑـ ‪ %20‬ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪.(Elsaadani & al, 2018) 2010‬‬

‫‪ .2 .1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻏﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻭﻫﺎﺋﻼ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﳍﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ" )ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻢ ﻭ ﺍﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ‪ ،2021 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ ،(07‬ﺃﻱ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﻬﺎﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ "ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺘﻤﻜﱢﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ" )ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،2000 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(20‬‬
‫ﻒ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ "ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺘ ‪‬‬
‫ﺼ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺭ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻭﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ"‬
‫)ﺷﻬﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،2018‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪ ،(58‬ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﲟﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﹼﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﰎ ﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ "ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ" )ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻛﻞ‪(2021 ،‬؛‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﻠﱪﳎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻭﻛﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻋﻘﻼ ﳛﺎﻛﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ"‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺮﳎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺎﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﻴ‪‬ﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳊ ﹼﻞ )ﺑﻮﻧﻴﻪ‪ ،1993 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(11‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‬

‫‪ .3 .1‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻨﻮﻋﺖ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺘﻌﺰ‪‬ﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺘﺮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻶﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺿﺎﻋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ)ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ‪ ،2005 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪:(09‬‬
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ﺳﻴﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻶﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
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ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﲏ‪.‬‬
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ﺳﺘﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺒﺘﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﻴﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
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ﺳﻴ‪‬ﻤ ﱢﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻣﻘﺘﺼﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻒ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫
ﺳﺘ‪‬ﺨ ﱢﻔ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4 .1‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﲢﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1 .4 .1‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪/‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻀ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪: (Tyagi, 2021‬‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳ‪‬ﻤ ﱢﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣ‪‬ﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭﺓ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ؛‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﺦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﳕﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ ﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ؛‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ؛‬
‫ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﺒﲑﺓ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ؛‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﺎﰊ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﹼﻰ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄ ﱡﻛﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺻﺤﺔﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﺎﰊ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄ ﱡﻛ ‪‬ﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ؛‬
‫ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻣﻊ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤ ﱡﻜ ﹺﻦ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2 .4 .1‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‪:‬‬
‫)‪: (Ban, 2017‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺗﺘﻌﺪ‪‬ﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ؛‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﱡﻠ ﹺﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻛـ ‪Cortana ، Alexa ،Siri‬؛‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ‪ :‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﱡﻠ ﹺﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﱪﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺒﻬﺮﺓ؛‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ‪ :‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻮﻳﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻟﻺﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺴﺎﺱ )‪(Hintze, 2016‬؛‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻕ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﱴ ﺳﺘﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ‪،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.2099‬‬
‫‪ .3 .4 .1‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛ ‪‬ﻢ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ‪ .Big data‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ )‪:(IBM & Al, 2019‬‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺺ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ )ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪-‬ﺩﰊ‪-‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪(2021 ،‬؛‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹸﲣ ‪‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ‪ :‬ﹸﲣ ‪‬‬
‫ﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﲢﺎﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤ ﹼﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ‪‬ﻇ ﱢﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻋﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄ ﱡﻛ ‪‬ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ؛‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻃﻔﺮﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،2010‬ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﲟﺎ ﲢﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺺ ﺗﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗ‪‬ﺴﺎﻉ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻨ ‪‬ﻮ ﹺ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹸﲣ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﲟﺪﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1 .2‬ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﻝ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ )ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪ (217 -215‬ﻭ )ﳊﻠﺢ‪ ،2020 ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪18 -11‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻑ(‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1 .1 .2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﲔ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺩﺷﺔ ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻋﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒ‪‬ﺆ ﺑﺎﻷﻭﺑﺌﺔ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻤ ﱢﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﹸﺒﻜﱢﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2 .1 .2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺯﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻵﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﺭﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺩﺷﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﲤﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3 .1 .2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﲤﺘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴ‪‬ﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‪‬ﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﰲ ﻟﻠﻄﱡﻼﺏ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﱪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﻮﻏﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺁﻣﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4 .1 .2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻮﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻼ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺑﻮﺭﺻﺔ ﻭﻭﻝ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﲢﻮ‪‬ﻻ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻊ ﻭﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﺻﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﲣﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺗﻴﺠﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،2018 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(22‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .5 .1 .2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪ‪‬ﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﻣﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﲤﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻮﱢﻓ ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺤ ‪‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒ‪‬ﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6 .1 .2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑ‪‬ﺮﻣ‪‬ﺠﺖ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗ‪‬ﻘ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻡ ﻣﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻤ‪‬ﻞ ﻣﺴﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺎﺳﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﲤﺘﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻛﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺩﻗﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .7 .1 .2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺭﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻼﺀﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺪ‪‬ﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺧ‪‬ﻼ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻭﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .8 .1 .2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻗﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒ‪‬ﺆ ﺑﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .9 .1 .2‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﱪﺍﱐ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻃﺮﻕ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2 .2‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﻭ‪‬ﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﲤﺘﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻃﻴﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﻧﺰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ "ﺟﺎﺭﺗﻨﺮ ﻟﻸﲝﺎﺙ" ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2020‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﻭﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﳕﻮ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﲑﺓ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ "ﺟﺎﺭﺗﻨﺮ ﻟﻸﲝﺎﺙ" ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻠﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺧﺒﻴﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﻤ ﹼﻜْﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ )ﺷﻬﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪ ،2018‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪.(75 -72‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﳑﻴﺰﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳍﺎ ‪‬ﺪﻳﺪﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳌﺎ ﺗ‪‬ﻘ ‪‬ﺪﻣ‪‬ﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺨﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﻺﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴ‪‬ﺆﱢﺛ ‪‬ﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴ‪‬ﺘﻮﹼﻗ ‪‬ﻊ ﺃﻥ ‪‬ﲢ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﻬﺪ‪‬ﺩ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴ‪‬ﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ‪‬ﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻃﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﺎﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﻴﺮ‪‬ﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺰﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﲨﻮﺩﺍ )ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،2019 ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪-46‬‬
‫‪.(48‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﹼﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ )ﺷﻬﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪ ،2018‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪:(75 ،74‬‬
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ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗ‪‬ﺴﺘﻐ ﱡﻞ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳍﺠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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ﻗﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺮ‪‬ﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
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ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺗﺼ ﱡﻔﺢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳍﺠﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
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ﺃﲤﺘﺘﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺑﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﺎﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
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ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺛﺮﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬
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ﺗﺴﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻬﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺛﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻵﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳍﺠﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
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ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﱡﻢ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﺎﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﳐﺮﺟﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫‪‬ﺗﻤ ﱢﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﱡﻢ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻻ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻃﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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ﻣﺴﺢ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳍﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻭﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﳘﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮﻣﲔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﲔ ﻣﺴﺢ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻭﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﲪﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‪.‬‬
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ﻫﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﰐ‪ :‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﲨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﺗﲑﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺇﻏﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﺼ ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .3 .2‬ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺗ‪‬ﻘ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻡ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ‪‬ﻳﺜﲑ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳ‪‬ﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺳﺘﻨﻮﺏ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻈ ﱡﻞ ﳏﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺫﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻟﺘﺤﻴ‪‬ﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻵﱄ ﳌﺎ ﺑﺮﳎﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﱢﻲ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﲡﻨ‪‬ﺐ ﲢﻴ‪‬ﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ )ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺏ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(210‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﳚﺮﻱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﱪﺯ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪-‬ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪-‬ﻟﻐﺮﰊ‪-‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،2019 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(15‬؛ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺭﻛﻨﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺢ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮ‪‬ﺩﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺭﺛﺎ ﻭﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻻ‬
‫)ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﻭﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺮﳛﺎﺕ‪ ،2010 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(76‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ )‪ (Ethics‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺆﱢﺛ ‪‬ﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳ‪‬ﺆﻣﻦ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺮﺷﺪ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺧﱪﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ )ﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،2015 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(99 ،98‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻣ‪‬ﺼﻤ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺡ‪ ،‬ﲟﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺕ ﻭﻣﻨﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺕ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪‬ﺪﻳﺪ ﳝﻨﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻳ‪‬ﻤﱢﺜ ﹸﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻨ ﱢﻈ ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﹼﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮ ‪‬ﺟ ‪‬ﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷﲤﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‪/‬ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﺔ )ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،2019‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(49 ،48‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﲝﻮﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ )ﺩﰊ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪:(10 -07‬‬
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ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗ‪‬ﻤﺜﱢﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﹼﺎﻫﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺛﱢﺮﺓ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺠﻨ‪‬ﺐ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻴ‪‬ﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﳊ ‪‬ﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗ‪‬ﻘ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻢ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳓﻴﺎﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
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ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺀﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺣ ْ‪‬ﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﺪﳎﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻤ ﱢﻜ ‪‬ﻦ‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺮﻗﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
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ﺟﻌﻞ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴ‪ ‬ﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳ‪‬ﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻭﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺺ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺇﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺳﻴﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﲣ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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ﺟﻌﻞ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
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ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣ‪‬ﺸﻐ‪‬ﻠﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﱡﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﱡﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﲔ‬
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ﻋﺪﻡ ﲤﻜﲔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺫﻯ ﺃﻭ ﲣﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻀﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﲎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﱡﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﺠﻨ‪‬ﺐ‬
‫ﲡﺎﻫﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
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ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺣﻮﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﻑ ‪‬ﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
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ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻴ‪‬ﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ‪‬ﻜ ﹺﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺷﺆﻭ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
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ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧ‪‬ﻞ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﻤ‪‬ﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﻮﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺗﻮﺳ‪‬ﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻐﻠﻐﻼ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﺇﱃ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﳏﺎﻛﺎﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ‪‬ﺮﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻮﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﲡﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺁﱄ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﻭﺑﻮﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫ﺼ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻘﺪ‪‬ﻣﺎ ﲤﺎﺷﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﳉﻴﺎ ﻭﲣ ‪‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﻯ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻭﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻘ ‪‬ﺪ ﹴﻡ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ‪‬ﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺗﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺬﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻜﹼﻦ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎ‪‬ﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﺪ‪‬ﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻵﱄ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﳎﺘﻬﺎ ﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻈ ﱡﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢ ﱡﻜ ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻟﹼﺪ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﲟﺎ ﺑ‪‬ﺮﻣ‪‬ﺞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻏﲑ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﺃﺗﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﺠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺗﻀﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻩ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ‪‬ﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻲﺀ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫ﲢﺪ‪‬ﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﱡﺮ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ‬ ‫‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﺑﺮﳎﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﱡﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻔﺘﺤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‬
‫ﺇﺭﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﺤﺪ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬ ‫‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‬

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 ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻭﻱ ‪,‬ﻡ ‪.‬ﻉ ‪. (1996).‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﻣﺼﺮ ‪:‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺏ ‪,‬ﻉ ‪.‬ﺹ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ‪.‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪-‬ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪-‬ﻟﻐﺮﰊ‪-‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ‪. (2019).‬ﻧﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪2019:‬ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎ ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪.‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ ‪:‬ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﻭﻱ ‪,‬ﻭ ‪.‬ﻉ & ‪.,‬ﻓﺮﳛﺎﺕ ‪,‬ﺱ ‪.‬ﻡ ‪. (2010).‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪-‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪(25).‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻛﻞ‪ .(2021) .‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪ ،2021 ,10 24‬ﻣﻦ ‪https://www.oracle.com/aeintelligence.html‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺑﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪,‬ﺁ ‪. (1993).‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪:‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ( ‪.‬ﻉ ‪.‬ﺹ ‪.‬ﻓﺮﻏﻠﻲ )‪, Trad.‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ‪:‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺗﻴﺠﻤﺎﺭﻙ ‪,‬ﻡ ‪. (2018).‬ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪:‬ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪. Dans‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪-‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﲔ ‪,‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ‪:‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻛﺘﺸﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﻔﺮﺓ ‪.‬ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪:‬ﻗﻨﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺧﺮﻯ ‪,‬ﻉ ‪.‬ﺍ ‪. (2015).‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ‪.‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪(01).‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ‪,‬ﺇ ‪. (2019).‬ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪:‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﺩﰊ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺑﻼ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ(‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪ 09‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪ ،2022 ,‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻟﺪﰊ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.digitaldubai.ae/ar/initiatives/ai-principles-ethics‬‬
‫‪ .11‬ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ‪,‬ﺃ( ‪.‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪2018).‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪.‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ‪(213).‬‬
‫‪ .12‬ﺷﻬﺎﺏ ‪,‬ﺃ( ‪.‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪2018).‬ﺗﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﳚﺘﺎﺡ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ‪(212).‬‬
‫‪ .13‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻢ ‪,‬ﻩ & ‪.,‬ﺍﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ ‪,‬ﻡ ‪. (2021).‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪.‬ﺃﺑﻮ ﻇﱯ (ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪):‬ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .14‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ‪,‬ﻉ ‪. (2005).‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ‪:‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .15‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ ‪,‬ﺯ ‪. (2000).‬ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳋﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪:‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .16‬ﳊﻠﺢ ‪,‬ﻡ ‪. (2020).‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ‪.‬ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .17‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪-‬ﺩﰊ‪-‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .(2021) .‬ﺟﺎﺋﺤﺔ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪ ﺗ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ؟ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪ 20‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪ ،2021 ,‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺩﰊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪https://mostaqbal.ae/pandemic-confused-machine-learning-systems :‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1. Ban, Y. (2017). Types of Artificial Intelligence.‬‬ ‫‪Consulté‬‬ ‫‪le‬‬ ‫‪2022,‬‬ ‫‪sur‬‬ ‫‪Future‬‬ ‫‪Timeline.net:‬‬
‫‪https://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/2017/02/13-2.htm‬‬
‫‪2. Elsaadani, A., & al. (2018). Pivoting with AI: How Artificial Intelligence can drive diversification in the Middle East.‬‬
‫‪Consulté le 2022, sur Accenture Consultant: https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/pdf-77/accenture-impact-ai-‬‬
‫‪gdp-middle-east.pdf‬‬
‫‪3. Ernst, E., & al. (2018). The Economic of artificial intelligence: Implications for the future of work. Consulté le 2022,‬‬
‫‪sur ilo future of work research paper series: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---‬‬
‫‪cabinet/documents/publication/wcms_647306.pdf‬‬
‫‪4. Hintze, R. (2016). Understanding the Four Types of Artificial Intelligence. Consulté le 2022, sur Government‬‬
‫‪Technology: https://www.govtech.com/computing/Understanding-the-Four-Types-of-Artificial-Intelligence.html‬‬
‫‪5. IBM, & Al. (2019). machine learning and deep learning: What’s the difference? Consulté le 2022, sur‬‬
‫‪https://www.ibm.com/blogs/systems/ai-machine-learning-and-deep-learning-whats-the-difference/‬‬
‫‪6. Tyagi, N. (2021, Jan 23). 6 Major Branches of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Consulté le 2022, sur Analytic Steps:‬‬
‫‪https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/6-major-branches-artificial-intelligence-ai‬‬

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