Comprehensive ICSE Class 10 Computer Applications Notes
1. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts:
- **Principles of OOP**:
- **Class**: A blueprint for objects, containing data and methods. Example: `class Student`.
- **Object**: An instance of a class. Example: `Student s = new Student();`.
- **Encapsulation**: Wrapping data and methods together as a single unit.
- **Inheritance**: Acquiring properties of one class into another.
- **Polymorphism**: Ability to take multiple forms (method overloading and overriding).
- Real-life examples: A car as a class; individual cars as objects.
2. Introduction to Java:
- **Java Basics**: Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language.
- **JVM**: Java Virtual Machine converts bytecode to machine code.
- **Features**: Platform independent, secure, robust, portable, and dynamic.
3. Elementary Concepts of Objects and Classes:
- **Objects**: Real-world entities with properties and behaviors.
- **Classes**: Define the blueprint of objects.
- **Data Types**: Primitive (int, float, char) vs. Non-primitive (String, arrays).
4. Values and Data Types:
- **Literals**: Constant values (e.g., 10, 3.14, 'A').
- **Variables**: Containers for storing data. Example: `int age = 25;`.
- **Type Conversion**: Automatic conversion (widening).
- **Type Casting**: Manual conversion (narrowing).
5. Operators in Java:
- **Arithmetic Operators**: +, -, *, /, %.
- **Relational Operators**: >, <, >=, <=, ==, !=.
- **Logical Operators**: &&, ||, !.
- **Ternary Operator**: `condition ? expr1 : expr2;`.
6. Input in Java:
- Using **Scanner Class**: `import java.util.Scanner;`.
Example: `Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);`.
7. Mathematical Library Methods:
- Methods include:
- `Math.abs(-5)` returns 5.
- `Math.pow(2, 3)` returns 8.
- `Math.sqrt(16)` returns 4.
8. Conditional Statements:
- **If-else**: Example:
```java
if (a > b) {
System.out.println("A is greater");
} else {
System.out.println("B is greater");
```
- **Switch-case**: Example:
```java
switch (choice) {
case 1: System.out.println("Option 1"); break;
case 2: System.out.println("Option 2"); break;
default: System.out.println("Invalid choice");
```
9. Loops:
- **For loop**:
```java
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
```
- **While loop**:
```java
int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
```
10. Arrays:
- Declaration: `int[] arr = new int[5];`.
- Accessing Elements: `arr[0] = 10;`.
- Traversing:
```java
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
System.out.println(arr[i]);
```
11. String Handling:
- Common methods:
- `length()`: Returns the length of the string.
- `charAt(2)`: Returns character at index 2.
- `toUpperCase()`: Converts to uppercase.
12. User-defined Methods:
- Example:
```java
public static int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
```
13. File Handling (Optional):
- Writing to a file:
```java
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("file.txt");
fw.write("Hello, world!");
fw.close();
```
14. Exception Handling:
- Example:
```java
try {
int result = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero");
```
15. Practical Applications:
- Programs for patterns, number manipulations, sorting arrays, and string operations.
