ALPHONSA SR. SEC.

SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2024-25
NAME :- PARUL O. KUBDE
CLASS :- XII
TOIPC :- Electromagnetic
Induction
SUBMITTED TO:- ANJALI MADAM
AND
ARCHANA MADAM
 ACKNOWLEDG
MENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher
ANJALI MADAM and ARCHANA MADAM
who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderfull
project. Who also helped me in
compleating my project. I came to
now about so many new things.
Secondly,I would also like to show
gratitude towards my parent’s and
friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing and decorating my project
with in time. Lastly, I like to thank
all my supporters who motivated me
to fulfill the project.

Parul o.
Kubde
 XII

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify
that PARUL O. KUBDE of
class Xll has completed
her physics project on
the topic ‘
Electromagnetic
Induction’ under the
guidance of ARCHANA
MADAM and ANJALI
MADAM during the
academic year 2024–
2025.
 TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE

-------------------------
--------------------------

Index
 Aim
 Introduction
 Theory
 Principle
 Construction and Working
 Application
 Observation
 Conclusion
 Precautions
 Bibliography

AIM
TO STUDY THE
PHENOMENON OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.
 Introduction
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which
magnetic field is produced by an electric current.
Electromagnet usually consist of wire wound into a
coil. A current through a wire creates a magnetic field
which is concentrated in the hole in the center of coil.
The main advantage of electro magnet over permanent
magnet is that the magnetic field can be quickly
changed by controlling the amount of electric current
in the winding. Electromagnet are widely used as
components of other electrical devices , such as
motors, generators, electromechanical solenoids,
loudspeakers hard disks, scientific instruments and
magnetic seperation equipment.
Electromagnetic induction is the
production of an electromotive force across an
electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field. There
are two main types of Electromagnetic induction :
1. Motional induction and 2. transformer induction.
Induction can produce electricity, heat or waves.

Theory
Michale Faraday is generally creadeted with the discovery of
induction in 1831. later, have been anticipated by work of
Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph
henry made similar discovery , but did not publish his findings.

INDUCED e. m. f :

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be

generated in the coil. This effect was frist observed and
explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 to 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f could be generated by:
(a) Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other

(or)

(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.

PRINCIPLE
According to faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, an
electromotive force (emf) is induced in a closed circuit due to
changes in the magnetic field around the circuit.

Electromagnetic induction is a process where a

conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor
moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes the
production of a voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current
- it is said to induce the current.
 Construction and Working
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved
through a magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force
are applying a forceon the free electrones in the conductor
and causing them to move. This process of generating current
in a conductor by placing a conductor in a changing magnetic
field is called induction. This is called induction because there
is no physical connection between conductor and magnet. The
current is said to be induced in conductor by the magnetic
field. One requirement for this electro -magnetic induction to
take place Is that the conductor, which is often a piece of
wire, mustbe perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in
order to produce the maximum force on the free electrons.
The direction that the induction current flows is determined
by the direction of lines of force and by the direction the wire
is moving in the field.

If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the

electromagntic field that is produced is constantly growing
and shrinking due to the constantly changing current in wire.
This growing and shrinking magnetic field can induce
electrical current in another wire that is held close to the first
wire. The current in the second wire will also be AC and in fact
will look very similarto the current flowing in the first wire.

It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to

concentrate the strength of the magnetic field at the ends of
the coil. Wrapping the coil around an iron bar will furthre
concentrated the magnetic field in the iron bar . The magnetic
field will be strongest inside the bar and at its ends (poles).

Lenz’s law:
 When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to faraday’s law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
in loop constant.in the examples below, if the b field is
increase , the induced field acts in opposite to it. If it is
decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of applied
field to try to keep itconstant.

APPLICATIONS OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1. ELECTRICAL GENERATOR :
The EMF generated by faraday’s law of induction due to
relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the
phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a
permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice
versa , an electomotive force is created. If wire is connected
through an electrical load, current will flow and thus electrical
energy is generated, converting the mechanical energy of
motion to electrical energy.
2. ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER :
The emf predicted by faraday’s law is also responsible
for electrical transformers. When the electric current in loop of
wire changes, the changing current creats a changing magnetic
field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field will
experience this change in magnetic field . therefore, an
electromotive force is set up in the second loop called induced
EMF or transformer EMF. If the two end of this loop are
connected through an electrical load, current well flow.
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied
in many devices and system, including :

 Elecrical generators

 Induction motors

 Induction sealing

 Inductive charging

 Transformers

 Wireless energy transfer

 Wireless charger

Observation
 Magnet is moved at certainrate and certain voltage is
produced.

 Magnet us moved at faster rate and creating a greater

induced voltage.

 Magnet is moved at same speed through coil tht has greater

number of turn and greater voltage is induced.

Conclusion
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic inuction, discribes a very
important electro-magnetic concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of faraday’s is not
hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or voltage
to dyanmic magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramification that touch our lives in many ways : from the
shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact faraday’s law has on us.

Precautions
 Do all connections carefully.

 Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making

loop.

 Do not use very thick or thin copper wire.

 Use only insulated copper wire

Bibliography
 Physics NCERT book for class XII.

 https://en.wikipidia.org.com

 https://knowledgecycle.in