Q1) Network Classification Parameters

Networks can be classified based on various parameters. Here are some

common ones:

1. Geographical Area:
a. Local Area Network (LAN): Covers a small geographic area like a single
building or a campus.
b. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Spans a city or a large campus.
c. Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers a large geographic area, such as a
country or continent.

2. Ownership:
a. Private Network: Owned by a single organization.
b. Public Network: Available for public use and owned by service providers.

3. Topology:
a. Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line.
b. Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub.
c. Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular fashion.
d. Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected with many redundant
connections.

4. Transmission Medium:
a. Wired Network: Uses cables like Ethernet.
b. Wireless Network: Uses wireless signals like Wi-Fi.

5. Communication Model:
a. Client-Server Network: Centralized control with servers providing resources
to clients.
b. Peer-to-Peer Network: Decentralized control with all devices acting as both
clients and servers.
Q2) Types of Addresses in a Data Computer Network

Each node in a data computer network may have several types of addresses.
Here are some common ones:

Type Maximum Number Minimum Number

MAC Address 1 1

IP Address 2 (IPv4 and IPv6) 1

Port Number 65535 1

Hostname 1 1

Subnet Mask 1 1

• MAC Address: A unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for

communications at the data link layer.
• IP Address: An address assigned to each device connected to a network that
uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
• Port Number: A numerical identifier in networking used to identify specific
processes or services.
• Hostname: A human-readable label assigned to a device on a network.
• Subnet Mask: Used to divide an IP address into network and host portions.

Q1-B) Network Classification Based on Area Network Categorization

1. Internet:
a. Type: Wide Area Network (WAN)
 b. Description: Covers a large geographic area, such as a country or continent,
and connects multiple smaller networks.

2. Small Office in One Floor:

a. Type: Local Area Network (LAN)
b. Description: Covers a small geographic area like a single building or a floor
within a building.

3. 3 Machines at Your Office:

a. Type: Local Area Network (LAN)
b. Description: A small network within a single office, connecting a few
devices.

4. Communication System that Supports GIS for Recent Cars:

a. Type: Wide Area Network (WAN)
b. Description: Likely covers a large geographic area to support
communication and data exchange for vehicles over a wide region.

Q1) TCP/IP Model Layers

Here are the different layers that make up the TCP/IP model, along with the
most famous protocols, the name of the message, and the type of address for
each layer:
 Layer Protocols Message Name Address Type

HTTP, FTP, SMTP, Hostname, IP

Application Data
DNS Address

Segment (TCP), Datagram

Transport TCP, UDP Port Number
(UDP)

Internet IP, ICMP, ARP Packet IP Address

Network
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP Frame MAC Address
Access

• Application Layer: Handles high-level protocols, representation, encoding, and

dialog control.
o Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS
o Message Name: Data
o Address Type: Hostname, IP Address

• Transport Layer: Provides reliable data transfer services to the upper layers.
o Protocols: TCP, UDP
o Message Name: Segment (TCP), Datagram (UDP)
o Address Type: Port Number

• Internet Layer: Handles the movement of packets around the network.

o Protocols: IP, ICMP, ARP
o Message Name: Packet
o Address Type: IP Address

• Network Access Layer: Deals with the physical transmission of data.

o Protocols: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP
o Message Name: Frame
o Address Type: MAC Address
Q2) _

To share data stored on your cell phone within a Local Area Network (LAN) or
Wide Area Network (WAN), you can use the following links:

For LAN:

1. Wi-Fi Direct: Allows devices to connect directly to each other without needing a
wireless access point.
2. Bluetooth: Enables short-range wireless communication between devices.
3. USB Tethering: Connects your phone to a computer via USB cable to share data.
4. Network Attached Storage (NAS): Connects to your LAN and allows you to
store and share data across devices on the same network.

For WAN:

1. Cloud Storage Services: Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and OneDrive
allow you to upload and share data over the internet.
2. Email: Attach files to an email and send them to recipients over the internet.
3. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Use FTP servers to upload and share files over
the internet.
4. Virtual Private Network (VPN): Securely share data over a WAN by creating a
private network across a public network.

(Q3)_

Sequence Number

The sequence number is used in data transmission protocols, such as TCP

(Transmission Control Protocol), to ensure that data packets are delivered in
the correct order. Here are its main purposes:

• Order Maintenance: Ensures that data packets are reassembled in the

correct order at the receiving end.
• Data Integrity: Helps in detecting missing or duplicate packets.
 • Flow Control: Assists in managing the flow of data between sender and
receiver to prevent congestion.

Time to Live (TTL)

The Time to Live (TTL) is a field in the IP header that specifies the maximum
number of hops (routers) a packet can traverse before being discarded. Here
are its main purposes:

• Preventing Infinite Loops: Ensures that packets do not circulate

indefinitely in the network.
• Network Efficiency: Helps in identifying and discarding packets that
have been in the network for too long, thus freeing up resources.
• Troubleshooting: Useful in network diagnostics tools like traceroute to
determine the path packets take to reach their destination.

Q1)_

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and the TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model are both conceptual frameworks
used to understand and implement network protocols. Here’s how they relate
to each other:

OSI Model

The OSI model has seven layers:

1. Physical Layer: Deals with the physical connection between devices.

2. Data Link Layer: Handles error detection and correction from the
physical layer.
3. Network Layer: Manages data routing, forwarding, and addressing.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures complete data transfer.
5. Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications.
 6. Presentation Layer: Translates data between the application layer and
the network.
7. Application Layer: Provides network services to end-user applications.

TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP model has four layers:

1. Network Interface Layer: Corresponds to the OSI's Physical and Data

Link layers.
2. Internet Layer: Corresponds to the OSI's Network layer.
3. Transport Layer: Corresponds to the OSI's Transport layer.
4. Application Layer: Corresponds to the OSI's Session, Presentation,
and Application layers.

Relation Between OSI and TCP/IP Models

• Layer Mapping: The TCP/IP model's layers map to the OSI model's
layers, but the TCP/IP model combines some of the OSI layers into
broader categories.
• Functionality: Both models serve to standardize networking protocols
and ensure interoperability between different systems and devices.
• Usage: The OSI model is more of a theoretical framework used for
understanding and teaching networking concepts, while the TCP/IP
model is more practical and widely used in real-world networking.

Here’s a table summarizing the relationship:

 OSI Model Layer TCP/IP Model Layer

Application Application

Presentation Application

Session Application

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link Network Interface

Physical Network Interface

(Q2)_

Applications that Use TCP

1. Web Browsing: HTTP/HTTPS

2. Email: SMTP, IMAP, POP3
3. File Transfer: FTP, SFTP
4. Remote Access: SSH, Telnet
5. Database Services: MySQL, PostgreSQL

Applications that Use UDP

1. Streaming Media: Netflix, YouTube, Spotify

2. Online Gaming: Multiplayer games like Fortnite, League of Legends
3. Voice over IP (VoIP): Skype, Zoom, WhatsApp calls
4. DNS Queries: Domain Name System (DNS)
 5. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): Network
management

Q3)_

Q3) Name the Device Responsible for Routing in the Wireless Network

The device responsible for routing in a wireless network is called a Wireless

Router. It directs data packets between devices on the network and manages
traffic to ensure efficient data transmission.

Five Major Network Services

1. File Services: Provides file storage, sharing, and management.

2. Print Services: Manages printers and print jobs on the network.
3. Email Services: Facilitates the sending, receiving, and storing of
emails.
4. Web Services: Hosts websites and web applications.
5. Directory Services: Manages user accounts, permissions, and
resources in a network.

PDU at the Following OSI Layers

• Transport Layer: Segment (TCP) / Datagram (UDP)

• Network Layer: Packet
• Data Link Layer: Frame
• Physical Layer: Bit

Explain Bus and Ring Topology

• Bus Topology: All devices are connected to a single central cable,

called the bus. Data sent by any device travels along the bus and is
 received by all other devices. It's simple and cost-effective but can be
slow and prone to collisions.
• Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular fashion. Each
device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. Data
travels in one direction (or both directions in a dual ring). It's efficient for
small networks but can be disrupted if any single device fails.

Different Classes of IPv4 and Their Ranges

• Class A: 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 (Supports 16 million hosts on each of 128

networks)
• Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 (Supports 65,000 hosts on each of
16,000 networks)
• Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0 (Supports 254 hosts on each of 2
million networks)
• Class D: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (Reserved for multicast groups)
• Class E: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 (Reserved for future use,
research, and development)

Which is Slower, TCP or UDP? Why?

TCP is slower than UDP. This is because TCP provides reliable, ordered, and
error-checked delivery of data, which involves establishing a connection,
maintaining it, and performing error checking and correction. UDP, on the
other hand, is connectionless and does not guarantee delivery, order, or error
checking, making it faster but less reliable.