Applied Soil Dynamics [GE-503A]

MSc Geotechical Engineering

Lecture # 1

by
Dr. Jahanzaib Israr
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: [email protected]
1
COURSE INTRODUCTION
Course ID: GE-503A
Credit Hours: 3
Pre-Requisites: Discussed Later…..

Course Objectives
 To equip the students with the advanced concepts of soil dynamics with special
applications in soil liquefaction, and machine and earthquake resistant foundation.
 Student should be able to understand the design methodology and limiting
conditions pertaining to the dynamic loading in practice.

Course Outcomes

 Students will be able to apply the gained knowledge in research in the field for
machine foundation design, earthquake resistant design, and liquefaction analysis
 Students will be able to apply various soil improvements techniques and methods to
the soils subject to dynamic loading conditions in practice.

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Course Outcomes (CLOs, PLOs and BTLs)

CLO PLO BTL

1 To describe importance and purpose of PLO1 C2
soil dynamics and machine foundation (Knowledge)
and learn various governing dynamic
phenomena and principals for different
soil types
2 To analyze soils for their liquefaction PLO2 C4
potentials and embankments to collapse (Analysis)
under dynamic loading and improving site
soils for foundations.
3 To design machine foundation subjected PLO3 (Design) C5
to dynamic loading and analyze dynamic
load bearing capacity of soils.

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COURSE OUTLINE
Mid-Term Course
 Introduction of course, machine foundations and associated loadings,
Sources and types of dynamic loading, types of machine foundations,
parameters for dynamic analysis, and degree of freedom.
 Basic concepts for the analysis and design of machine foundations
subjected to dynamic loading and resonance frequency.
 Foundation vibration analysis by Elastic Half Space Theory, Shear
Modulus, Poisson’s ratio, vertical motion and related design examples.
 Sliding vibrations of a block foundation, numerical examples related to
machine foundation analysis and design using Lumped parameter
method and Elastic Half Space method, Use of piles in machine
foundations. Measures to reduce vibrations.
 Numerical problems and design examples of machine foundations
based on above concepts.
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COURSE OUTLINE (Continued…)
End-Term Course
 Introductions to fundamentals of vibration. Dynamic load bearing
capacity of both shallow and deep foundations using dynamic soil
properties for analysis and design, and related numerical problems.
 Dynamic earth pressure theory, ground vibration, vibration isolation,
and theory of vibrations for soils. Liquefaction analysis of soils, and
classification based on field and laboratory testing, and related
numerical problems.
 Earthquake loading on soils, damping in soils, and seismic stability of
slopes. Stress waves in Bounded Elastic medium and in three
dimensions, and related numerical problems.

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THEORY EVALUATION
• Mid-Term Exam (40 Marks)
• End Term Exam (50 Marks)
• Class Participation (10 Marks)
• Quizzes
• Assignment
• Technical Field Visits
• Attendance

NOTE: No student shall be marked present after 15 Min.

Attendance would be rechecked at the END.

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Some Important Notes [10 Marks]
• Individual Presentation (25%)
• Topic to be decided by the student himself.
• Hard-bind report of presentation to be submitted.
• Individual Reports (25%)
• Copy/ plagiarism would attract ZERO marks
• Conditional late submissions carry HALF credit
• Field Visit Report (15%)
• Assignments, Attendance, Ethics etc. (35%)
NOTE: All assignments and reports must reach Geotechnical
Lab within 7 days of assigning

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 LIST OF PRESENTATION TOPICS
Sr. Topic Sr. Topic
No No
1 Foundation failures and preventions – 12 Soil Stabilization by Microbial Induced Calcite
Case Studies Precipitation (MICP)
2 Soil Liquefaction Analysis 13 Machines Founded on Piles - Challenges
3 Failures of Machine Foundations 14 Soil Reinforcement using Native Vegetation
4 Settlement of Foundations 15 Foundations on Soft Soils – Challenges
5 Soil Nailing – Procedure and Challenges 16 Secant Piles – Design Aspects
6 Cement and Lime Stabilization of Soils 17 Geotechnical Failures – Mining Subsidence
7 Frozen Soils – Geotechnical Challenges 18 Geotechnical Failures – Sinkhole Formations
8 Under Pinning – Detailed Mechanism 19 Geotechnical Failures – Internal Erosion
9 Shallow Foundation on Reinforced Soils 20 Protective Filter Design in Dams
10 Under Water Construction Techniques 21 Internal Instability of Granular Filters
11 Slope Stability Analysis 22 Importance of Pore Pressure in Geotechnical Engg

NOTE: Presentations will be as per the above order. Delays or missing out would
carry ZERO marks and no make up would be allowed. 8
 LIST OF PRESENTATION TOPICS
Sr. Topic
No
23 Piled Raft Foundation System
24 Collapsible Soils in Pakistan
25 Vibro-Floatation – Procedures and Challenges
26 Identification of Expansive Soils
27 Field Compaction of Soils – Challenges and Solutions
28 Deep Excavation and Associated Challenges with their Solutions
29 Dewatering of Foundations
30 Ersoion Control using Geosynthetics
31 Structural Analysis and Design of Deep Foundations
32 Structural Analysis and Design of Shallow Foundations
33 Design of Soil Reinforcement

NOTE: Presentations will be as per the above order. Delays or missing out would
carry ZERO marks and no make up would be allowed. 9
REFERENCE BOOKS
 Towhata, I. (2008). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Springer Nature. Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg.
 Day, R. W. (2002) Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill Companies
Inc., USA.
 Kramer, S. L. (1996) Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. 1st Edition. Prentice Hall, USA.
 DAS, B.M. (2010) Principles of Soil Dynamics. 3rd Edition.
 DAS, B.M. (1995), Principles of Foundation Engineering, 3rd Edition, PWS
•Publishing Company, California..
 Bowles J E, (1992), Foundation Analysis & Design, McGraw Hill, New York.
 Ishihara, K. (1996) Soil Behaviour in Earthquake Geotechnics. Calrendon Press
 Tomlinson, M. J. (1993) Pile Design and Construction Practice. 4th Edition, CRC Press,
London.
 Tomlinson, M. J. (2001) Foundation Design and Construction Practice. 7th Edition, Pearson
Education Limited, USA.
 Lambe T. W. and Whitman, R. V. (1990) Pile Foundation Analysis and Design. MIT Press,
USA.
 Engineering Manual No. 1110-2-2906, Department of Army, US Army Corps of Engineers,
Washington D.C. (Available online)
 AASHTO specifications for high bridges 17th Edition
 Foundations and Earth structures, NAVFAC DM 7.2 (Naval Facilities Design Manual)
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Prerequisite For This Course

Geotechnical Engineering
Engineering Geology
Geophysics
Seismology
Structural Engineering
Risk Analysis
and Last but not the least….
Mathematics

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LECTURE DELIVERY PLAN (Tentative)
Week 1 Introduction of course, machine foundations and associated loadings, Sources
and types of dynamic loading, types of machine foundations, parameters for
dynamic analysis, and degree of freedom.
Week 2 Basic concepts for the analysis and design of machine foundations subjected to
dynamic loading and resonance frequency.
Week 3 Foundation vibration analysis by Elastic Half Space Theory, Shear Modulus,
Poisson’s ratio, vertical motion and related design examples
Week 4 Sliding vibrations of a block foundation, numerical examples related to machine
foundation analysis and design using Lumped parameter method and Elastic
Half Space method, Use of piles in machine foundations. Measures to reduce
vibrations
Week 5 Numerical problems and design examples of machine foundations based on
above concepts.
Week 6 Introduction to soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, basic concepts and
definitions, types of dynamic loads, earthquake waves types, and other
miscellaneous topics etc.
Week 7 Introduction to soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, basic concepts and
definitions, types of dynamic loads, earthquake waves types, and other
miscellaneous topics etc.
Week 8 Quiz 1 + Mid Semester Exam
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LECTURE DELIVERY PLAN (Tentative)
Week 9 Introductions to fundamentals of vibration., theoretical and experimental aspects
of monitoring and measurements of vibration, and relevant numerical examples.

Week 10 Dynamic load bearing capacity of both shallow and deep foundations using
dynamic soil properties for analysis and design.
Week 11 Dynamic earth pressure theory, ground vibration, vibration isolation, and theory of
vibrations for soils.

Week 12 Liquefaction analysis of soils, and classification based on field and laboratory
testing, and relevant numerical examples.
Week 13 Earthquake loading on soils, damping in soils, and seismic stability of slopes, and
relevant numerical examples.

Week 14 Stress waves in Bounded Elastic medium and in three dimensions, and relevant
numerical examples.
Week 15 Revisions of the concepts of applied soil dynamics, miscellaneous class examples,
and numerical problem assignment.
Week 16 Quiz 2 + End Semester Exam

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 MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
Foundation on soils designed to safely transfer dynamic
loading in addition to the static loads without excessive
vibrations, settlement and shear failure.

Foundation design for static loads

Check:
A)- Safe Bearing Capacity (i.e. no shear failure)
B)- No excessive settlement
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MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

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Foundation design for dynamic loads
Check:
A)- Natural frequency of Foundation-Soil system
B)- Resonance level: The operating frequency of the machine
should not coincide with the natural frequency of the
foundation
C)- Amplitude of motion < 0.20 mm

Frequency Amplitude

N = No. of cycles
T = Time (seconds)
1 Cycle = 2𝜋 rad 16
 Resonance

Amplitude

1 Cycle = 2𝜋
rad

Frequency

N = No. of cycles
T = Time (seconds)
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Sources of Dynamic Loading

1- Machines:
All these require machine
i. Compressors
foundation. The load persists
ii. Pumps during the design life of the
iii. Turbines structure.

iv. Rotating parts

2- Earthquakes: These loads are transient
The motion induced by in nature, which may or
the earthquakes cause may not occur during the
significant dynamic design life of the
structures.
loading.
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Sources of Dynamic Loading

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Sources of Dynamic Loading

3- Impact Load:
It generates transient type of
i. Pile driving
loadings. The probability of
ii. Blasting occurrence may vary and
iii. Explosion should be kept in mind while
considering it.
iv. Collision
v. Geological impacts

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 Types of Machine Foundations
1- Block Foundations:
i. Above ground Foundation
Block
ii. Embedded Block
SOIL
Advantages: 𝐷 creates damping effects, reducing the
amplitude of vibrations.
iii. Hollow Block
Advantages: Lesser weight and more area facilitate Foundation
Block
the reduction in vibration amplitude and provide 𝐷 SOIL
enhanced control on the operating frequency.

Note: Thumb Rules:

 Dead weight > 3 times the equipment weight Foundation Block
 Limiting amplitude < 0.20 mm SOIL
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2- Caisson’s Foundations:
French word means box. Caissons are prefabricated boxes or cylinders that are
sunk into the ground to some desired depth, then filled with concrete. Also a
caisson is a structure which is sunk through ground or water for the purpose of
excavating and placing the foundation at the prescribed depth and which
subsequently becomes an integral part of the permanent work. There are four
types of caissons.

•Box Caisson: – A caisson which is closed at the bottom but open to the
atmosphere at the top.

•Open Caisson: - A caisson which is open at the top and bottom.

•Pneumatic caisson: - A caisson with a working chamber in which the air is

maintained above the atmospheric pressure to prevent the entry of water into the
excavation.

•Monolith: - An open caisson of heavy mass concrete or masonry construction,

containing one or more wells for excavation. 22
 Dredging wells sealed at bottom
after completion of sinking

Dredged bed

Box Caisson Open Caisson

Airlock

Airshafts Dredging well

Pneumatic Caisson Monolith 23

 3- Pile Foundations:
Piles are constructed by prefabricating slender prefabricated members and driving or
otherwise forcing them into the ground.

A pile is a structural member which transmit the building load (compression, tension or
combination of both) to a good bearing stratum at deep depth. This, in general, resembles
to a column but is burried in the ground.

Diameter < 3 ft, some define pile of diameter between 150 mm to 600 mm (6 to 2)

NOTE: Piles would be covered in greater depth in the later part of this course.
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Parameters for Dynamic Analysis
1)- Operating frequency ( 𝒐𝒑 ) of machinery;
2)- Dynamic load;
3)- Type of foundation block (i.e. concrete, masonry,
wall, column system); and
4)- Soil stiffness (i.e. shear modulus).

𝑷𝒛
Foundation
Block

Soil interact with the

foundation, showing different
SOIL ELASTIC HALF SPACE
properties.
Participating soil mass =
20% of weight of foundation.
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 Elastic Half Space

We assume that soil is elastic, this is an

idealization whereas, in fact, soil is non-
homogeneous, anisotropic, stratified
(Thus, highly inelastic material in
nature). Foundation
Block

SOIL ELASTIC HALF SPACE

Participating soil mass =

20% of weight of foundation.
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Degree of Freedom of Motion
A rigid block resting on soil has 6 degrees of motion:
 3 motions along 3 different axes i.e. X, Y, Z
 3 rotations along 3 different axes i.e. X, Y, Z

Yawing

Vertical

Rocking
Pitching
Lateral

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CONCLUDED

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