Lecture 2

Operational Amplifier
Presented by : N. MAGHLAOUI.
Associate Professor.
Email : [email protected]
National Higher School of Advanced Technologies
1
 Lecture Overview
• Introduction.
• Definition.
• Practical operational amplifier.
• Ideal operational amplifier.

2
 Introduction
• In the previous sessions, we learned about circuit design with active “discrete
devices” including: transistors (BJT, FET), along with passive devices including
resistors and capacitors used to set bias, couple and block signals and more.

3
 Introduction
• However, those circuits showcases complexities or imperfections including:
• Low voltage gain.
• Inability to amplify DC signals (coupling capacitors).
• Nonlinearity
• In BJT case, the need to manage the input current.
• Variability in voltage 𝑉𝐵𝐸 and 𝛽 with the change in the temperature.
• Unpredictable behavior of 𝑉𝐺𝑆 in FET.

4
 Introduction
• A prominent solution is to consider cascading multiple amplifier stages. For instance,
the common emitter / common collector cascade amplifier.

• Advantages:
• Increased gain.
• Better amplification of signals.

5
 Introduction
• Following the same design, more complex circuits were developed for various
purposes including the operational amplifier (op-amp).

6
 Introduction
• The op-amps are widely used
in the field of electronics.
They are available in a wide
range of package types.

7
 Applications
• Op-amps applications

• Amplification
Voltage amplifiers. This is applicable in audio amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers.

• Analog computer
Used for mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration, and
differentiation.

• Voltage Summing and Subtraction

Useful in applications like audio mixers and summing amplifiers.
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 Applications
• Op-amps applications

• Integration and Differentiation

Essential in signal processing and control systems.

• Instrumentation Amplifiers
used in measurement and data acquisition systems for their high common-mode
rejection and accuracy.

9
 Applications
• Op-amps applications

• Signal Conditioning
modify sensor output signals, compensate for sensor characteristics, and filter
noise.

• Signal Modulation and Demodulation

used in amplitude modulation (AM) and demodulation circuits for communication
systems.

10
 Definition
• An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a high-gain differential amplifier characterized
by high input impedance and low output impedance.
𝑉𝑆+

Inverting − Inverting −
input input
Output Output
Noninverting + Noninverting +
input input

𝑉𝑆−
Symbol Symbol with DC supply connections
11
 Definition
• On the op-amp symbol, the vertical lines marked 𝑉𝑆+ and 𝑉𝑆− are very important,
since, as already mentioned, they are the op-amp’s connection to a power supply.
However, when there is no room for confusion, the two vertical lines leading to the
power source (𝑉𝑆+ and 𝑉𝑆− ) are sometimes omitted from the symbol.
𝑉𝑆+

Inverting − Inverting −
input input
Output Output
Noninverting + Noninverting +
input input

𝑉𝑠−
Symbol Symbol with DC supply connections 12
 Practical op-amp
• Practical op-amp model
• High differential gain 𝐴𝑣 .
𝑖− −
• High input impedance
𝑍𝑖𝑛 . 𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡
• Low output impedance 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 .
• Low common-mode 𝑖+

output voltage 𝑉0 . +

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 Practical op-amp
+ −
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛
• Practical op-amp model
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑉𝑆+
• High differential gain 𝐴𝑣 .
• High input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
• Low output impedance 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 .
• Low common-mode output
voltage 𝑉0 .
𝑉𝑖𝑛
+ −
with : 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 −𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
+
𝑉𝑖𝑛 : noninverting input voltage.
−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 : inverting input voltage.
𝑉𝑆+ , 𝑉𝑆− : Supply voltages.
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 Ideal op-amp
• Ideal op-amp model
• Infinite differential gain
𝐴𝑣 = ∞. 𝑖− = 0 −
𝑍𝑖𝑛 ⟶ ∞
• Infinite input impedance 𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = ∞.
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
• Null output impedance 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0
𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0. 𝑖+ = 0
• Null common-mode +
output voltage 𝑉0 = 0.
• Input currents are null
𝑖+ = 𝑖− = 0 → 𝑉+ = 𝑉− .

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 Ideal op-amp
• Ideal op-amp model
• Infinite differential gain 𝐴𝑣 = ∞.
• Infinite input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = ∞. 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑉𝑆+
• Null output impedance 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.
• Null common-mode output voltage 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑉𝑆+
𝑉0 = 0.
• Input currents are null 𝑖+ = 𝑖− = 0 →
𝑉+ = 𝑉− .
𝑉𝑖𝑛
+ −
with : 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 −𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
+
𝑉𝑖𝑛 : noninverting input voltage.
−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 : inverting input voltage.
𝑉𝑆+ , 𝑉𝑆− : Supply voltages.
16
 Negative feedback
• What is negative feedback?
• A sample of the output signal is returned by the
feedback network to the inverting (-) input of the Feedback
differential amplifier. Network

• Why use negative feedback? 𝑉𝑓 −

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
• Control the voltage gain. 𝑉𝑖𝑛 +
• Avoiding saturation.
• The close-loop gain is independent of open-
Negative feedback circuit
loop gain.
• The op-amp can operate in linear regime.

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 Noninverting amplifier
• Op-amp with negative feedback:
Noninverting amplifier +
• We suppose an ideal op-amp model, thus:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
• Null common-mode output voltage 𝑉0 = 0. 𝑉𝑓
−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓
• Input currents are null 𝑖+ = 𝑖− = 0 → 𝑉+ = 𝑉− .

• What is the close-loop voltage gain 𝐴𝑐𝑙 ?

𝑅1
• What conclusions can we draw ?
Noninverting amplifier
• What is the circuit behavior if 𝑅𝑓 = 0 and 𝑅1 is
very high.

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 Noninverting amplifier
• Op-amp with negative feedback:
Noninverting amplifier +
• we find :
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑓
−
𝑅𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑓
𝐴𝑐𝑙 = 1 +
𝑅1
• In case 𝑅𝑓 = 0 and 𝑅1 is very high:
𝐴𝑐𝑙 = 1
𝑅1
• The output signal follows the input signal.
Noninverting amplifier

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 Inverting amplifier
𝑅𝑓
• Op-amp with negative feedback:
Inverting amplifier 𝑅1 𝑉𝑓
−
• We suppose an ideal op-amp model, thus: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
• Null common-mode output voltage 𝑉0 = 0. 𝑉𝑖𝑛 +

• Input currents are null 𝑖+ = 𝑖− = 0 →

𝑉+ = 𝑉− .
Inverting amplifier

• What is the close-loop voltage gain 𝐴𝑐𝑙 ?

𝑅𝑓
𝐴𝑐𝑙 = −
𝑅𝑖

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 Summing op-amp
• Objective: We are looking for 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 as a
function of 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 and 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 . 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1
𝑉𝑖𝑛1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 , 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 𝐼1
𝑅2 −
𝑉𝑖𝑛2 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼2 +
• We know that:
• The inverting input is at 0 volts.
• The inputs current are null.
𝑉+ = 𝑉− = 0
𝐼+ = 𝐼− = 0

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 Summing op-amp
𝑉− = 0
൜ ⟹ 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝐼− = 0 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 𝐼𝑇
𝑉𝑖𝑛1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝑅𝑓 = −𝑅𝑓 𝐼𝑇
𝐼1 −
𝑅2
൞ 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 = 𝑉𝑅1 = 𝑅1 𝐼1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑛2 = 𝑉𝑅2 = 𝑅2 𝐼2 𝐼2 +

𝑉𝑖𝑛1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =− + 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 𝑅2
In case: 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
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 Differential Op-amp
• With voltage divider, we have: 𝐼1 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1
𝑅𝑔 𝑉𝑖𝑛1
𝑉+ = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 −
𝑅𝑔 + 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑛2 +
• With ohm law, we have: 𝑅2
𝑉− − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅𝑓 𝐼1 𝑅𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑅1 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑔
ቊ ⟹ 𝑉− =
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉− = 𝑅1 𝐼1 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅1

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 Differential Op-amp
• 𝑉+ = 𝑉− 𝐼1 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑔 𝑅𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑅1 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅1
𝑉𝑖𝑛2 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛1
𝑅𝑔 + 𝑅2 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅1
−
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅1 𝑅𝑔 𝑅𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 +
𝑅1 𝑅𝑔 + 𝑅2 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅1 𝑅2
In case: 𝑅𝑔
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅𝑔

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1

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 Exercise 1
• Calculate the gain of the circuit below.
• What’s the output voltage at 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧 ? at 1 𝑀𝐻𝑧 ?

𝐴𝐶𝐿
75 𝑘Ω

1.5 𝑘Ω − 34 𝑑𝐵

741𝐶 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
10 𝑚𝑉 +
𝑝𝑝 𝑓
20 𝑘𝐻𝑧 1 𝑀𝐻𝑧

25
 Exercise 2
• Calculate the gain of the circuit below.
• What’s the output voltage at 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 ?
15 𝑉
+ 𝐴𝐶𝐿
741 𝐶 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
−
50 𝑚𝑉
𝑝𝑝 3.9 𝑘Ω 32 𝑑𝐵
−15 𝑉

100 Ω 𝑓
Noninverting amplifier 25 𝑘𝐻𝑧 1 𝑀𝐻𝑧

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