1 Review of Python

Basics

1.1 INTRODUCTION
You are aware of the fact that Python is a powerful, modern, high-level programming language.
You have learnt the basics of Python programming in Class XI. In this chapter, we will briefly
recapitulate the Python concepts that you have already learnt in the previous class.
Python is an interpreted language as its programs are executed by an interpreter. Thus, Python
interpreter should be installed on the computer system to write and run Python programs. We
have also learnt that Python IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment) provides
two working modes—interactive mode (popularly known as Python shell) and script mode.

CTM: The Python IDLE tool offers an interactive and a more efficient platform to write your code in
Python.

Using Interactive (Python Shell window) mode, the Python commands are directly typed at
>>> (command prompt), and as soon as we press the Enter key, the interpreter displays the
result(s) immediately, which is known as Displaying.
For example,

Fig. 1.1: Working with Python Shell

 Script Mode
The drawback of interactive mode is that we cannot save the commands that we type. This
can be overcome using the script mode. In order to switch over to script mode, click on the
File menu option -> New option or press the shortcut key Ctrl + N from the shell window.
Example 1:

Example 2: Lokesh has taken a loan of ` 40000 from Vinod at the rate of 8% per annum. After
6 years, he wants to repay the loan in full including interest. Write the Python code (in script
mode) to calculate and display the interest and total amount to be paid by Lokesh to settle his
accounts.
Computer Science with Python–XII

1.2
1.2 STRUCTURE OF A PYTHON PROGRAM
A Python program constitutes several elements such as statements, expressions, functions,
comments, etc., which are synchronized in the manner as shown below:

programs consist of modules contain statements

contain

expressions
create and process

objects

Let us see the several components of a basic Python program.

Comments
(Start with #)
Function

Statements Expressions
Blocks

Indentation

Function call
Inline Comments
(Comments beginning in the middle of a line)

As shown in the snippet given above, the several components that a Python program holds are:
 Expressions: An expression represents something, like a number, a string, or an element.
Any value is an expression.
 Statements: Anything that does something is a statement. Any assignment to a variable or
function call is a statement. Any value contained in that statement is an expression.
 Comments: Comments are the additional information provided against a statement or a
chunk of code for the better clarity of the code. Interpreter ignores the comments and
does not count them in commands.
Symbols used for writing comments include Hash (#) or Triple Double Quotation marks (“””).
Hash (#) is used in writing single-line comments that do not span multiple lines. Triple
Review of Python Basics

Quotation Marks (‘’’ or “””) are used to write multiple-line comments. Three triple
quotation marks to start the comment and again three quotation marks to end the comment.
 Functions: Function is a set of instructions defined under a particular name, which once
written can be called whenever and wherever required.
 Block(s): A block refers to a group of statements which are part of another statement or
function. All statements inside a block are indented at the same level.
1.3
 1.3 VARIABLES AND DATA TYPES
A variable is like a container that stores values you can access or change. The purpose of
using variables is to allow the stored values to be used later on. We have learnt that any object
or variable in Python is a name that refers to a value at a particular memory location and
possesses three components:
 A Value: It represents any number or a letter or a string. To assign any value to a variable,
we use assignment operator (=).
 An Identity: It refers to the address of the variable in memory which does not change once
created. To retrieve the address (identity) of a variable, the command used is:
  >>>id(variable_name)
 A Type: We are not required to explicitly declare a variable with its type. Whenever we
declare a variable with some value, Python automatically allocates the relevant data type
associated with it.
Hence, the data type of a variable is according to the value it holds.
For example, >>> x = 20
The above statement signifies ‘x’ to be of integer type since it has been assigned an integer
value 20.
Data types are classified as follows (Fig.1.2):

Data Types

Numbers None Sequences Sets Mappings

Dictionary

Integer Floating Complex Strings Tuples Lists

Point

Boolean

Computer Science with Python–XII

Fig. 1.2: Classification of Data Types in Python

1. Number or Numeric Data Type: Numeric data type is used to store numeric values. It is
further classified into three subtypes:
(a) Integer and Long: To store whole numbers, i.e., decimal digits without a fraction part.
They can be positive or negative. Examples: 566, –783, –3, 44, etc.

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 (b) Float/Floating Point: Floating point numbers signify real numbers. This data type
is used to store numbers with a fraction part. They can be represented in scientific
notation where the uppercase or lowercase letter ‘e’ signifies the 10th power:

(c) Complex Numbers: Complex numbers are pairs of real and imaginary numbers. They
take the form ‘a + bj’, where ‘a’ is the float and ‘b’ is the real part of the complex number.

(d) Boolean: Boolean data type is used in situations where comparisons to be made
always result in either a true or a false value.

2. None: This is a special data type with an unidentified value. It signifies the absence of
Review of Python Basics

value in a situation, represented by None. Python doesn’t display anything when we give
a command to display the value of a variable containing value as None.
3. Sequence: A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by integers (both positive
as well as negative). The three types of sequence data types available in Python are Strings,
Lists and Tuples, which we will discuss in successive topics.

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 4. Sets: Set is an unordered collection of values of any type with no duplicate entry. It is
immutable.
5. Mappings: This data type is unordered and mutable. Dictionaries in Python fall under
Mappings. A dictionary represents data in key-value pairs and accessed using keys, which
are immutable. Dictionary is enclosed in curly brackets ({ }).

1.3.1 Dynamic Typing

One of the salient features of Python is dynamic typing. It refers to declaring a variable multiple
times with values of different data types as and when required. It allows you to redefine a
variable with different data types such as numeric, string, etc.
For example, consider the statement:
x = 20
The above statement signifies a variable ‘x’ of integer type as it holds an integer value. Now,
suppose later in the program, you re-assign a value of different type to variable ‘x’ then, Python
shall generate no error and allows the re-assignment with different set of values. For example,
x = 20
print(x)
x = "Computer Science"
print(x)
x = 3.276
print(x)
The above code on execution shall display the output as:
>>>20
>>>Computer Science
>>>3.276
In the above example, we have assigned three different values to the variable ‘x’ with different
types. This process is referred to as Dynamic typing.

CTM: Each and every element in Python is referred to as an object.

1.4 KEYWORDS
Computer Science with Python–XII

Keywords are the reserved words used by a Python interpreter to recognize the structure of
a program. As these words have specific meanings for the interpreter, they cannot be used as
variable names or for any other purpose. For checking/displaying the list of keywords available
in Python, we have to write the following two statements:
import keyword
print(keyword.kwlist)

1.6
 Fig. 1.3: Keywords in Python

CTM: All these keywords are in small letters, except for False, None, True, which start with capital letters.

1.5 MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE TYPES

In certain situations, we may require changing or updating the values of certain variables used
in a program. However, for certain data types, Python does not allow us to change the values
once a variable of that type has been created and assigned values.
Variables whose values can be changed after they are created and assigned are called mutable.
Variables whose values cannot be changed after they are created and assigned are called
immutable. When an attempt is made to update the value of an immutable variable, the old
variable is destroyed and a new variable is created by the same name in memory.
Python data types can be classified into mutable and immutable as under:
 Examples of mutable objects: list, dictionary, set, etc.
 Examples of immutable objects: int, float, complex, bool, string, tuple, etc.
For example, int is an immutable type which, once created, cannot be modified.
Consider a variable ‘x’ of integer type:
>>>x = 5
This statement will create a value 5 referenced by x.
x 5
Now, we create another variable ‘y’ which is copy of the variable ‘x’.
>>>y = x
The above statement will make y refer to value 5 of x. We are creating an object of type int.
Identifiers x and y point to the same object.
x
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5
y
Now, we give another statement as:
>>>x = x + y
The above statement shall result in adding up the value of x and y and assigning to x.

1.7
 Thus, x gets rebuilt to 10.
x 10
y 5
The object in which x was tagged is changed. Object x = 5 was never modified. An immutable
object doesn’t allow modification after creation. Another example of immutable object
is a string.
>>>str = "strings immutable"
>>>str[0] = 'p'
>>>print(str)
This statement shall result in TypeError on execution.
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment.
This is because of the fact that strings are immutable. On the contrary, a mutable type object
such as a list can be modified even after creation, whenever and wherever required.
new_list = [10, 20, 30]
print(new_list)
Output:
[10, 20, 30]
Suppose we need to change the first element in the above list as:
new_list = [10, 20, 30]
new_list[0] = 100
print(new_list) will make the necessary updating in the list new_list and shall display the
output as:
[100, 20, 30]
This operation is successful since lists are mutable.
Python handles mutable and immutable objects differently. Immutable objects are quicker to
access than mutable objects. Also, immutable objects are fundamentally expensive to “change”
because doing so involves creating a copy. Changing mutable objects is cheap.

1.6 OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

Python allows programmers to manipulate data or operands through operators. Operators are
Computer Science with Python–XII

the symbols that operate upon these operands to form an expression. Operators available in
Python are categorized as follows:
Table 1.1: Operators in Python
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational or Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Identity Operators
Bitwise Operators
Membership Operators
1.8
 Arithmetic/Mathematical Operators: + (addition), – (subtraction), * (multiplication),
/ (Division), ** (Exponent), % (Modulus), // (Floor Division).

Operator Description Example(s)

+ (unary) To explicitly express a positive number Value of +3 is +3
– (unary) To represent a negative number Value of –3 is –3
+ (binary) To add two numbers Value of 23+3.5 is 26.5
– (binary) To subtract one value from the other Value of 45 – 32 is 13
* To find the product of two numbers Value of 3.2*6 is 19.2
/ To find the quotient when one value is divided by the other. • Value of 3/2 is 1.5
• Value of –3/2 is –1.5
• Value of 10.0/3 is
3.3333333333333335
// (Floor division) To find the integar part of the quotient • Value of 3//2 is 1
when one number is divided by the other. The result is • Value of –3//2 is –2
always the largest integer less than or equal to the actual • Value of 10.0//3 is 3.0
quotient.
% (Remainder) To find the remainder when one value is • Value of 3%2 is 1
divided by the other. • Value of 10%6 is 4
• Value of 6%10 is 6
• Value of 10.3%3.2 is
0.70000000000000002
** (Exponent) To raise a number to the power of another • Value of 3**2 is 9
number. The expression a**b is used to find the value of ab. • Value of 3**–2 is
0.1111111111111111
• Value of 10.2**3.1 is
1338.6299344200029

 Assignment Operators: = (Assignment), += (Add and Assign), –= (Subtract and Assign),

*= (Multiply and Assign), /= (Divide and Assign Quotient), **= (Exponent and Assign),
%= (Divide and Assign Remainder), //= (Floor division and Assign).
Operator Description Example
+= Evaluates R-value and adds it to x=5
(Add and L-value. The final result is assigned to y  =  10
Assign) L-value. x  +=  2*y
print("x=",x,  "and  y=",y)
gives the result: x=   25   and   y=   10
–= Evaluates R-value and subtracts it from x=5
(Subtract and L-value. The final result is assigned to y  =  10
Assign) L-value. x  –=  2*y
print("x=",x,  "and  y=",y
Review of Python Basics

gives the result: x=   –15   and   y=   10

*= Evaluates R-value and multiplies x=5
(Multiply and it with L-value. The final result is y  =  10
Assign) assigned to L-value. x  *=  2*y
print("x=",x,  "and  y=",y)
gives the result: x=   100   and   y=   10

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 /= Evaluates R-value and divides the x=5
(Divide and L-value with R-value. The quotient is y  =  10
Assign Quotient) assigned to L-value. x  /=  y
print("x=",x,  "and  y=",y)
gives the result: x=   0.5   and   y=   10
%= Evaluates R-value and divides the x=5
(Divide L-value with R-value. The remainder is x%=  4
and Assign assigned to L-value. print("x=",x)
Remainder) gives the result: x=1
//= Evaluates R-value and divides (floor x=5
(Floor division division) the L-value with R-value. The x  //=  4
and Assign) quotient is assigned to L-value. print("x=",x)
gives the result: x=1
**= Evaluates R-value and calculates x=5
(Exponent and (L-value)R-value. The final result is x  **=  4
Assign) assigned to L-value. print("x=",x)
gives the result: x=   625

 Relational/Comparison Operators: > (greater than), < (less than), >= (greater than or
equal to), <= (less than or equal to), == (equal to), != (not equal to).
Operator Description Example (assuming x=6, y=2)
== Compares two values for equality. Returns True (x==y)returns
(Equality) if they are equal, otherwise returns False. False
!= Compares two values for inequality. Returns (x!=y)returns
(Inequality) True if they are unequal, otherwise returns True
False.
< Compares two values. Returns True if first value (x<y)returns
(Less than) is less than the second, otherwise returns False. False
<= Compares two values. Returns True if first value (x<=y)returns
(Less than or is less than or equal to the second, otherwise False
equal to) returns False.
> Compares two values. Returns True if first value (x>y)returns
(Greater than) is greater than the second, otherwise returns True
False.
>= Compares two values. Returns True if first (x>=y)returns
(Greater than or value is greater than or equal to the second, True
equal to) otherwise returns False.
Computer Science with Python–XII

 Logical Operators: or, and, not.

Operator Description Example (assuming x=6, y=2)
not Negates a condition and returns True if the not(x > y) returns
condition is false, otherwise returns False. False
and Combines two conditions and returns True if (x >3 and y<2) returns
both the conditions are true, otherwise returns False
False.
or Combines two conditions and returns True if (x>3 or y<2) returns
at least one of the conditions is true, otherwise True
returns False.

1.10
1.7 INPUT AND OUTPUT (PYTHON’S BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS)
In order to provide the required set of values, data is to be fetched from a user to accomplish the
desired task. Thus, Python provides the following I/O (Input-Output) built-in library functions:
1. input(): The input() function accepts and returns the user’s input as a string and stores it in
the variable which is assigned with the assignment operator. It is important to remember
that while working with input(), the input fetched is always a string; so, in order to work
with numeric values, use of appropriate conversion function (int) becomes mandatory.
The input() function takes one string argument (called prompt). During execution, input()
shows the prompt to the user and waits for the user to input a value from the keyboard. When
the user enters a value, input() returns this value to the script. In almost all the cases, we store
this value in a variable.
Example 3: Display a welcome message to the user.

Example 4: Input two numbers from the user and display their sum and product.

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1.11
 In the above program, we have used the int() method. int() takes a number, expression or a
string as an argument and returns the corresponding integer value. int() method behaves
as per the following criteria:
(a) If the argument is an integer value, int() returns the same integer. For example,
int(12) returns 12.
(b) If the argument is an integer expression, the expression is evaluated and int()
returns this value. For example, int(12+34) returns 46.
(c) If the argument is a float number, int() returns the integer part (before the decimal
point) of the number. For example, int(12.56) returns 12.
2. eval(): eval() method takes a string as an argument, evaluates this string as a number, and
returns the numeric result (int or float as the case may be). If the given argument is not
a string or if it cannot be evaluated as a number, then eval() results in an error.

1.7.1 Type Casting (Explicit Conversion)

As and when required, we can change the data type of a variable in Python from one type to
another. Such data type conversion can happen in two ways:
• either explicitly (forced) when the programmer specifies for the interpreter to convert a
data type into another type; or
• implicitly, when the interpreter understands such a need by itself and does the type
conversion automatically.
 Explicit Conversion
Explicit conversion, also called type casting, happens when data type conversion takes place
deliberately, i.e., the programmer forces it in the program. The general form of an explicit
data type conversion is:
(new_data_type) (expression)
With explicit type conversion, there is a risk of data loss since we are forcing an expression
to be of a specific type.
For example, converting a floating value of x = 50.75 into an integer type, i.e., int(x) will
discard the fractional part .75 and shall return the value as 50.

>>> x = 50.75
>>> print(int(x))
Computer Science with Python–XII

50

Following are some of the functions in Python that are used for explicitly converting an
expression or a variable into a different type.
Table 1.2: Explicit type conversion functions in Python
Function Description
int(x) Converts x into an integer.
float(x) Converts x into a floating-point number.
str(x) Converts x into a string representation.
chr(x) Converts x into a character.
unichr(x) Converts x into a Unicode character.
1.12
  Implicit Conversion
Implicit conversion, also known as coercion, happens when data type conversion is done
automatically by Python and is not instructed by the programmer.

Example 5: Program to illustrate implicit type conversion from int to float.

In the above example, an integer value stored in variable num1 is added to a float value stored in
variable num2, and the result gets automatically converted into a float value stored in variable
sum1 without explicitly telling the system. This is an example of implicit data conversion.
The reason for the float value not converted into an integer instead is due to type promotion
that allows performing operations (whenever possible) by converting data into a wider-sized
data type without any loss of information.

Example 6: Write a Python code to calculate simple interest and amount payable by inputting
the value of principal amount and rate from the user for a time period of 5 years.
(Formula used: Simple Interest = Principal * Rate * Time/100)

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1.13
 3. print(): print() is a function which is used to display the specified content on the screen.
The content (called argument) is specified within the parentheses. print() statement
without any arguments will simply jump to the next line.
With Python version 3.x onwards, print() is considered a function rather than a statement.
Always enclose the text/parameters within the rounded parentheses inside the print()
function.

CTM: A print() method without any argument, i.e., without any value or name or expression shall print/
display a blank line.

Example 7:

1.8 COMMENTS IN PYTHON

Comments are statements in a script that are ignored by the Python interpreter and, therefore,
have no effect on the actual output of the code. Comments make the code more readable and
understandable. A comment (single-line) in Python starts with a hash symbol (#) anywhere
in a line and extends till the end of the line.
Anything written after ‘#’ in a line is ignored by Python interpreter. In case of multi-line
comments, we can use triple quoted strings (single or double strings): ‘’’ ‘’’ or “”” “””.
Computer Science with Python–XII

Fig. 1.4: Single and Multi-line Comments in Python

1.14
1.9 FLOW OF EXECUTION
Execution in a Python program begins with the very first statement. The way in which the statements
are executed defines the flow of execution in a Python program, which is categorized as under:
(i) Sequential statements (ii) Selection/Conditional statements
(iii) Iteration or Looping constructs

1.9.1 Sequential Statements

Sequential, as the name suggests, signifies the way where statements in a Python program are
executed one after the other, i.e., from the first statement till the last statement.
Example 8: Program to calculate the area of a circle.

As is evident from the above program, all the statements are executed one after the other.

1.9.2 Selection/Conditional Statements

Conditional statements are used to perform actions or calculations based on whether a
condition is evaluated as true or false. In programming, decision-making or selection can be
achieved through the conditional statement. The simplest form is the if statement. if statement
increases the utility of a program (Table 1.3).
Table 1.3: if statement
Syntax Example
if condition: Age= int(input("Enter your age:"))
   statement(s) if Age>=18:
Header    print("Eligible to vote")
number=int(input("Enter a number:"))
Review of Python Basics

if number>0:
   print("Number is positive")

• If the condition is true, then the indented statement gets executed.

• The indented statement implies that its execution is dependent on the header.

CTM: Do not forget to place colon (:) after if condition or if statement as shown in the given syntax.

1.15
 The second type of conditional if statement, called if...else, provides an alternative execution.
if...else allows for two possibilities and the condition determines which branch gets executed
(Table 1.4).
Table 1.4: if...else statement

Syntax Example
if condition: Age= int(input("Enter your age:"))
    statement(s) if Age>=18:
else:    print("Eligible to vote")
    statement(s) else:
   print("Not eligible to vote")
number=int(input("Enter a number:"))
if number>0:
   print("Number is positive")
else:
   print("Number is negative")

Example 9: Program to calculate and display the difference of two inputted numbers.
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1.16
As shown in the above program, the flow of program is based on a single condition and the
statements following the respective block for ‘if’ and ‘else’ are executed accordingly. In case
there are multiple conditions to be handled, we have to switch over to multiple if-elif-else
statements as shown in Table 1.5.
Table 1.5: if...elif...else statement

Syntax Example
if condition: number=int(input("Enter a number:"))
    statement(s) if number > 0:
elif condition:    print("Number is positive")
    statement(s)
elif number < 0:
elif condition:
   print("Number is negative")
    statement(s)
else:
else:
    statement(s)    print("Number is zero")
signal = input("Enter a colour:")
if signal=="red" or signal=="RED":
   print("STOP")
elif signal=="orange" or signal=="ORANGE":
   print("Be Slow")
elif signal=="green" or signal=="GREEN":
   print("Go!")

In if...elif...else construct,
• else is optional
• Number of elif is dependent on the number of conditions
• If the first condition is false, the next is checked, and so on. If one of the conditions is true,
the corresponding statement(s) executes, and the statement ends.

POINT TO REMEMBER
The condition in an if or elif clause can be any Python expression, even a statement that returns a value
(even a None value).

Another modification to multiple if...elif...else construct is the Nested if...else statement.

The nested if...else statement allows us to check for multiple test expressions and execute
different codes for more than two conditions. We can have many levels of nesting inside
if... else statements.
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1.17
 Example 10: Program to illustrate nested if...else through a four-function calculator.
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1.18
As we can see, for the operators “–” and “/”, there exists an if...else condition within the elif
block. This is called nested if. We can have many levels of nesting inside if...else statements.

Syntax Example
if condition: var = 100
statement(s) if var < 200:
  if condition: print("value is less than 200")
   statement(s) if var == 150:
  elif condition:    print("value is 150")
   statement(s) elif var == 100:
  else:
   print("value is 100")
   statement(s)
elif var == 50:
elif condition:
   print("value is 50")
statement(s)
elif var < 50:
else:
statement(s)    print("value is less than 50")
else:
print("Could not find true")
print("Good bye!")

Example 11: Program to calculate income tax of an employee on the basis of basic salary and
total savings inputted by the user (using nested if...else statement) as per the given slabs:
• No tax for individuals with income less than ` 2.5 lakh
• 0%–5% tax with income ` 2.5 lakh to ` 5 lakh for different age groups
• 20% tax with income ` 5 lakh to ` 10 lakh
• Investments up to ` 1.5 lakh under Sec 80C can save up to ` 45,000 in taxes.

Review of Python Basics

1.19
 1.9.3 Looping Constructs
Looping constructs are the programming constructs that provide the capability to execute a
set of statements in a program repetitively, based on a condition. The statements in a loop are
executed again and again as long as a particular logical condition remains true.
Python provides two types of loops: the ‘for loop’ and the ‘while loop’ represented as counting
loop and conditional loop respectively. These looping statements allow a block of statements
to be repeated a number of times on the basis of a loop control variable.

for Loop
The for statement is used to iterate/repeat itself over a range of values or a sequence one by
one. The for loop is executed for each of these items in the range. With every iteration of the
loop, the control variable checks whether each of the values in the range has been traversed
or not. When all the items in the range are exhausted, the body of the loop is not executed any
more; the control is then transferred to the statement immediately following the for loop.
Syntax of for Loop:
for <Control_variable> in <sequence/ items in range>:
    <statements in body of loop>
else: # optional
   <statements>
Here,
 sequence may be a list, string, tuple
 ‘else’ statement will be executed after all the iterations of for loop, if provided
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 Control_variable is a variable that takes a new value from the range each time the loop is
executed.
The examples given below exhibiting the implementation of ‘for’ loop use a most commonly
used built-in Python library function, range(), which we are going to discuss first.
range( ):
The range() is a built-in function in Python and is used to create a list containing a sequence
of numbers starting with the start and ending with one less than the stop.
Syntax:

1.20    range(start, stop, step)

The start and step parameters are optional. By default, the list starts from 0, and in every
iteration, it is incremented by one but we can specify a different increment value by using the
step parameter. range() is often used in for loops.
Command Output
>>> range(10) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> range(1, 11) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> range(0, 30, 5) [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
>>> range(0, -9, -1) [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8]
The arguments of range() function must be integers. The step parameter can be any positive
or negative integer other than zero.
For example,

As observed from the above example, using for loop does not require loop variable (i) to be
defined explicitly beforehand.

Example 12: Program to generate the table of a number using for loop.

Review of Python Basics

In the above program, the range function has been used which will generate values 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Also, ‘i’ is the loop control variable and will be assigned each generated value,
for which the ‘body of for loop’ will be executed.

1.21
 CTM: The statements given in the line after colon (:) are at the same indentation level which forms the
body of a loop.

Example 13: Write a program to print cubes of numbers in the range 10 to 18.

Example 14: Write a program to print square root of every alternate number in the range 1 to 10.
Computer Science with Python–XII

while Loop
The while loop repeatedly executes the set of statements till the defined condition is true. As
soon as the condition evaluates to false, control passes to the first line written after the loop.
1.22
Syntax of while Loop:
while <test_expression>:
   Body of while
else: # optional
   Body of else
• ‘while’ is a reserved word
• test_expression is the condition to be checked for true/false value
• ‘Body of while’ consists of single or multiple statements or even an empty statement,
i.e., pass statement
• ‘else’ is optional and executed when test condition evaluates to false.

Example 15: Write a program to calculate the product of two inputted integers without using
* operator, instead using repeated addition.

Generally, a while loop is used when you don’t know in advance about how many times the loop
will be executed, but the control expression/termination condition is known.

Example 16: Program to calculate factorial of a number using while loop.

Review of Python Basics

1.23
 Explanation:
In the above program, factorial of an inputted number is calculated.
The factorial of a number is the product of all the integers from 1 to that number.
For example, the factorial of 8 (denoted as 8!) is 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8 = 40320.
Factorial is not defined for negative numbers and the factorial of zero is one, i.e., 0! = 1
To calculate the factorial, input of the number is accepted from the user. A factorial variable
‘fact’ is initialized to 1. A while loop is used to multiply the number to find the factorial. The
process continues until the value of control/loop var. i becomes equal to the inputted number
‘num’. In the last statement, the factorial of the given number is printed.
Example 17: Program to calculate the total amount payable by the customer on purchase of any
item with GST levied on it. Develop a user-friendly approach for the program using while loop.
Computer Science with Python–XII

1.10 STRINGS
In Python, a string is a sequence of characters enclosed within quotes. Python treats single quotes
and double quotes as equal. An individual character in a string is accessed using a subscript
(index). The subscript should always be an integer (positive/negative) and begin with 0.
Forward indexing
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Positive Index
H e l l o P y t h o n String
–12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 Negative Index
Backward indexing
1.24 Fig. 1.5: String Representation in Python
Strings are immutable, i.e., we cannot modify/change the contents of a string after its creation.
In other words, we can say, Item assignment is not supported in strings.

1.10.1 String Operations

String can be manipulated using operators like concatenate (+), repetition (*), and membership
operators like in and not in. Let us take a quick look at the important string operations available
in Python:
Operator Name Description
+ Concatenation Adds or joins two strings
* Repetition Concatenates multiple copies of the same string
in/not in Membership Returns true if a character exists in the given string
[:] Range(start, stop, [step]) Extracts the characters from the given range
[] Slice[n : m] Extracts the characters from the given index
Let us understand these operations using the example given below:

Example 18: Consider two strings:

str1 = "Hello"
str2 = "Python"
Observe the result obtained after performing important string operations.

1.10.2 String Slicing

Slicing is used to retrieve a subset of values. A slice of a string is nothing but a substring. This
extracted substring is termed as slice. A chunk of characters can be extracted from a string
using slice operator with three indices in square brackets separated by colon ([:]).
The syntax is:
Syntax:
Review of Python Basics

  String_name[start:end:step]
Here,
• start—starting integer where the slicing starts
• end—position till which the slicing takes place. The slicing stops at index end-1.
• step—integer value which determines the increment between each index for slicing.
start, stop values are optional. If a single parameter to passed, start and end are set to None.
1.25
 Example 19: Consider a string str1 with the following content:
str1 = "Hello Python"
The various slice operations and the output retrieved are shown below:

1.10.3 Built-in String Methods

Python provides the following built-in methods to manipulate strings:
Method Description Example
isalpha() Returns True if the string >>> str = "Good"
contains only letters, >>> print(str.isalpha())
otherwise returns False. True
Syntax: #Returns True as no special character or digit is present
str.isalpha() in the string.
>>> str1="This is a string"
>>> print(str1.isalpha())
False
#Returns False as the string contains spaces.
>>> str1="Working with...Python!!"
>>> print(str1.isalpha())
False
#Returns False as the string contains special characters
and spaces.
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isdigit() This method returns True if >>> str1="123456"

string contains only digits, >>> print(str1.isdigit())
otherwise False. True
Syntax: #Returns True as the string contains only digits.
str.isdigit() >>> str1 = "Ram bagged 1st position"
>>> print(str1.isdigit())
False
#Returns False because apart from digits, the string
contains letters and spaces.

1.26
lower() Converts all the uppercase >>> str1= "Learning PYTHON"
letters in the string to >>> print(str1.lower())
lowercase. learning python
Syntax: #Converts uppercase letters only to lowercase.
str.lower() >>> str1= "learning python"
>>> print(str1.lower())
learning python
#if already in lowercase, then it will simply return the
string.
islower() Returns True if all letters in >>> str1 ="python"
the string are in >>> print(str1.islower())
lowercase. True
Syntax: >>> str1 = "Python"
str.islower() >>> print(str1.islower())
False
upper() Converts lowercase letters in >>> var1= "Welcome"
the string to uppercase. >>> print(var1.upper())
Syntax: WELCOME
str.upper() >>> var1= "WELCOME"
>>> print(var1.upper())
WELCOME
#if already in uppercase, then it will simply return the
string.
isupper() Returns True if the string is in >>> str1= "PYTHON"
uppercase. >>> print(str1.isupper())
Syntax: True
str.isupper() >>> str1= "PythOn"
>>> print(str1.isupper())
False
lstrip() Returns the string after >>> str1= " Green Revolution"
or removing the space(s) from >>> print(str1.lstrip())
lstrip(chars) the left of the string. Green Revolution
Syntax: #Here no argument was given, hence it removed all
str.lstrip() leading whitespaces from the left of the string.
or >>> str2= "Green Revolution"
str.lstrip(chars) >>> print(str2.lstrip("Gr"))
chars (optional) – a string een Revolution
specifying the set of >>> str2= "Green Revolution"
characters to be removed >>> print(str2.lstrip("rG"))
from the left. All een Revolution
combinations of characters #Here all elements of the given argument are matched
in the chars argument are with the left of the str2 and, if found, are removed.
Review of Python Basics

removed from the left of the

string until the left character
of the string mismatches.

1.27
 rstrip() This method removes all the >>> str1= "Green Revolution"
or trailing whitespaces from the >>> print(str1.rstrip())
rstrip(chars) right of the string. Green Revolution
Syntax: #Here no argument was given, hence it removed all
rstrip( ) leading whitespaces from the right of the string.
or >>> str1= "Computers"
str.rstrip(chars) >>> print(str1.rstrip("rs"))
Compute
chars (optional) – a string
specifying the set of characters
#Here the letters ‘rs’ are passed as an argument; it is
to be removed from the right.
matched from the right of the string and removed
All combinations of characters
from the right of str1.
in the chars argument are
removed from the right of
the string until the right
character of the string
mismatches.
isspace() Returns True if string >>> str1= " "
contains only whitespace >>> print(str1.isspace())
characters, otherwise returns True
False. >>> str1=" Python "
Syntax: >>> print(str1.isspace())
str.isspace() False

istitle() The istitle() method doesn’t >>> str1= "All Learn Python"
take any arguments. It >>> print(str1.istitle())
returns True if string is True
properly “titlecased”, else >>> s= "All learn Python"
returns False if the string is >>> print(s.istitle())
not a “titlecased” string or an False
empty string. >>> s= "This Is @ Symbol"
Syntax: >>> print(s.istitle())
str.istitle() True
>>> s= "PYTHON"
>>> print(s.istitle())
False
join(sequence) Returns a string in which the >>> str1= "12345"
string elements have been >>> s= "–"
joined by a string separator. >>> s.join(str1)
Syntax: '1–2–3–4–5'
str.join(sequence) >>> str2= "abcd"
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>>> s= "#"
sequence – Join() takes >>> s.join(str2)
an argument which is of 'a#b#c#d'
sequence data type
capable of returning its
elements one at a time.
This method returns a
string, which is the
concatenation of each
element of the string and
the string separator between
each element of the string.

1.28
swapcase() This method converts >>> str1= "Welcome"
and returns all uppercase >>> str1.swapcase()
characters to lowercase 'wELCOME'
and vice versa of the given >>> str2= "PYTHON"
string. It does not take any >>> str2.swapcase()
argument. 'python'
Syntax: >>> s= "pYThoN"
str.swapcase() >>> s.swapcase()
The swapcase() method 'PytHOn'
returns a string with all the
cases changed.
partition Partition method is used to >>> str3= "[email protected]"
(Separator) split the given string using >>> str3.partition(' ')
the specified separator and ('[email protected]', '', '')
return a tuple with three #Here separator is not found, returns the string itself,
parts: Substring before the followed by two empty strings.
separator; separator itself; a
substring after the separator. >>> str2= "Hardworkpays"
Syntax: >>> str2.partition('work')
str. ('Hard', 'work', 'pays')
partition(Separator) #Here str2 is separated into three parts—
Separator: This argument is 1) the substring before the separator, i.e., ‘Hard’
required to separate a string. 2) the separator itself, i.e., ‘work’, and
If the separator is not 3) the substring part after the separator, i.e., ‘pays’.
found, it returns the string
itself, followed by two >>> str5= str3.partition('@')
empty strings within the >>> print(str5)
parentheses, as tuple. ('xyz', '@', 'gmail.com')

>>> str4= str2.partition('–')

>>> print(str4)
('Hardworkpays', '', '')
In internal storage or the memory of computer, the characters are stored in integer value. A specific
value is used for a given character and it is based on ASCII code. There are different numbers assigned
to capital letters and small letters.
Python provides two functions for character encoding: ord() and chr().
ord() ord() – function returns the >>> ch= 'b'
ASCII code of the character. >>> ord(ch)
98
>>> ord('A')
65
chr() chr() – function returns
Review of Python Basics

>>> chr(97)
character represented by the 'a'
inputted ASCII number. >>> chr(66)
'B'

1.29
 Example 20: Program to input a string and count the number of uppercase and lowercase letters.

Explanation:
The above program counts the total number of lowercase and uppercase letters in an inputted
string. The string can contain a mix of characters, numbers or any other special characters.
The inputted string is stored in the variable ‘str 1’. Two variables are initialized to 0 for storing
the number of uppercase and lowercase letters respectively. The loop shall iterate till the end
of the string which is taken into account for calculating its length. For checking if a character is
lowercase or uppercase, we have used two inbuilt methods, islower() & isupper() of the string
library. If the character is in lowercase, the counter var ‘lwrcase’ shall be incremented and for
uppercase, var ‘uprcase’ shall be incremented and finally the count shall be displayed using
appropriate print() statements.

1.11 LISTS
Like strings, lists are a sequence of values. A list is a data type that can be used to store any
type and number of variables and information. The values in the list are called elements or
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items or list members.

A list in Python is formed by enclosing the values inside square brackets ([ ]). Unlike strings,
lists are mutable, i.e., values in a list can be changed or modified and can be accessed using
index value enclosed in square brackets.
Syntax:
   [list_name] = [item1,item2,item3...,itemn]
For example, L1    =    [10,    20,    30,    40]
Consider list1 containing 10 elements.
list1 = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
1.30
This list in computer memory shall be represented as shown in Fig. 1.6 below:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Positive Index
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 List
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 Negative Index

Fig. 1.6: List Representation in Python

On the basis of the index values, the elements in the list are accessed and retrieved:

1.11.1 List Comprehension

List comprehension is an elegant and concise way of creating a new list from an existing list in
Python. List comprehension consists of an expression followed by ‘for statement’ inside square
brackets.
Syntax:
new_list = [expression for item in list if conditional]

This is equivalent to:

for item in list:

if conditional:
expression:

For example,
>>>L1= [i * 1 for i in range(5) if i % 2 == 0]
>>>print(L1)
[0, 2, 4]
Review of Python Basics

This corresponds to : L1=[]

for     i     in     range(5): iterate (it will iterate for 0,1,2,3,4)
if     i     %     2     ==     0: filter (then for each iteration, it will check condition which holds
true for (0, 2 and 4)
L1[i].append(i*i) transform (alter the value of i)

After transformation, each value of i will be added to list L1. 1.31

 1.11.2 List Slicing
List slices are the sub-part of a list extracted out. List slices can be created using indexes. Slicing
is used to retrieve a subset of values. A slice of a list is basically its sub-list. While indexing is
used to obtain individual items, slicing allows us to obtain a subset of items. When we enter a
range that we want to extract, it is called range slicing.
Syntax:
list[start: stop: step]
where:
start is the starting point
stop is the stopping point, which is not included
step is the step size, also known as stride, and is optional. Its default value is 1.

CTM: In list slice, if the start value is missing, then it will start from the 0 th index; if stop is missing,
then it will print till the end; if stop index is given, then it will stop at index stop – 1, i.e., stop is
excluded.

For example,
Consider the following list:
>>>L1=[100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,900]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
List L1

>>>L1[5:]
[600,700,800,900]
>>>L1[2:6]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
It will end before 6
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[300,400,500,600]
>>>L1[–9:–5]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
It will end before –5

[100,200,300,400]

1.32
We can also reverse the values in list.
>>>L1[::–1]

Output:
[900,800,700,600,500,400,300,200,100]
>>>L1= ['MY LAB', [1,2,3], 'Y',(3,4,6),'TABLE',50]
>>>L1[2:3]
['Y']
>>>L1[1:2]
[[1, 2, 3]]
>>>L1[3][1]
4

1.11.3 Built-in List Functions and Methods

Python offers the following built-in functions which we have already discussed in detail in
Class XI:

S.No. Function Description

1. cmp(list1, list2) Compares elements from both the lists
2. len(list) Returns the total length of the list
3. max(list) Returns the item with maximum value in the list
4. min(list) Returns the item with minimum value in the list
5. list(seq) Converts a tuple into list
6. sum(list) Sums up all the numeric values present in the list

Python also offers the following list methods:

Method Result
appends(item) Adds item to the end of the list.
index(item) Returns the index of the first element whose value is equal to the item.
A ValueError exception is raised if item is not found in the list.
insert(index, item) Inserts item into the list at the specified index. When an item is inserted into
a list, the list is expanded in size to accommodate the new item. The item that
was previously at the specified index, and all the items after it, are shifted by
one position towards the end of the list. No exceptions will occur if we specify
an invalid index. If we specify an index beyond the end of the list, the item will
be added to the end of the list. If we use a negative index that specifies an
invalid position, the item will be inserted at the beginning of the list.
Review of Python Basics

sort() Sorts the items in the list so that they appear in ascending order (from the
lowest value to the highest value).
remove(item) Removes the first occurrence of item from the list. A ValueError exception is
raised if item is not found in the list.
reverse() Reverses the order of the items in the list.

1.33
 Example 21: Program to find the maximum, minimum and mean value from the inputted list.

1.11.4 Copying Lists

Given a list, the simplest way to make a copy of the list is to assign it to another list.
>>> list1 = [1,2,3]
>>> list2 = list1
>>> list1
[1, 2, 3]
>>> list2
[1, 2, 3]
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>>>
The statement list2 = list1 does not create a new list. Rather, it just makes list1 and list2 refers
to the same list object. Here, list2 actually becomes an alias of list1. Therefore, any changes
made to either of them will be reflected in the other list.
>>> list1.append(10)
>>> list1
[1, 2, 3, 10]
>>> list2
[1, 2, 3, 10]
>>>
1.34
We can also create a copy or clone of the list as a distinct object by three methods. The first
method uses slicing, the second method uses built-in function list() and the third method uses
copy() function of Python library copy.
For example, we can create a list using copy() method. This method creates a duplicate copy of
the existing list but does not modify the original list. The syntax of copy() method is:
new_list = list.copy()
The copy() method doesn't take any parameters. However, it returns a list but doesn't modify
the original list.

1.12 TUPLES
A tuple is a collection of Python objects separated by commas. In other words, a tuple is a
sequence of immutable Python objects. The difference between lists and tuples is that the
contents of tuples cannot be changed. Tuples are represented by parentheses ( ), whereas lists
use square brackets [ ].
For example,
Review of Python Basics

1.35
 1.12.1 Iterating Through a Tuple
Elements of the tuple can be accessed sequentially using loop.
For example, tuple elements can be accessed using for loop with range() function.

CTM: Tuple indices start at 0.

Like lists, tuples also work well with basic operations as shown in the table given below:
Python Expression Results Description
len((1, 2)) 2 Length
(1, 2) + (4, 5) (1, 2, 4, 5) Concatenation
('CS',) * 2 ('CS', 'CS') Repetition
5 in (1, 2, 3) False Membership
for x in (4,2,3) : print (x, end = ' ') 423 Iteration

1.12.2 Tuple Slicing

Slicing is used to retrieve a subset of values. A slice of a tuple is basically its sub-tuple.
Syntax:
tuple_name[start: stop: step]
where,
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start is the starting point

stop is the stopping point
step is the step size, also known as stride
If we omit the first index, slice starts from the 0th index value and omission of stop will take
it to the end. Default value of step is 1. However, it includes the first element but excludes the
last element.
The first value in a tuple is at index 0. Just like lists, we can use the index values in combination
with square brackets [ ] to access items in a tuple:
1.36
For example,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

tuple 1 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1

Python includes the following tuple functions:

S.No. Function Description

1. cmp(tuple1, tuple2) Compares elements from both the tuples.
2. len(tuple) Returns the total length of the tuple.
3. max(tuple) Returns the item from the tuple with the maximum value.
4. min(tuple) Returns the item from the tuple with the minimum value.
5. tuple(seq) Converts a list into tuple.

Example 22: Program to generate Fibonacci series in a tuple.

Review of Python Basics

1.37
 1.13 DICTIONARY
A dictionary is like a list except that in a list we have to access it using an index, whereas
items in a dictionary can be accessed using a unique key, which can be a number, string or a
tuple. The items in a dictionary can be changed but keys are an immutable data type. Each key
is separated from its value by a colon (:), the items are separated by commas, and the entire
elements (key-value pair) are enclosed in curly braces { }.
Syntax:
<dictionary_name> = {'key1': 'value1','key2': 'value2','key3': 'value3'…
'keyn': 'valuen'}
For example, creating and accessing the elements of dictionary, dict.
Computer Science with Python–XII

1.38
1.13.1 Iterating Through a Dictionary
The following example will show how dictionary items can be accessed through for loop.

1.13.2 Updating Dictionary Elements

You can also update a dictionary by modifying an existing key-value pair or by merging another
dictionary with an existing one.
Syntax:
<Dictionary>[<key>]=<value>
For example,
If key is there in the dictionary
then it will update the value of that
particular key in the dictionary.

Review of Python Basics

If key is not there in the dictionary

then it will add key-value pair in the
dictionary.

1.39
 1.13.3 Built-in Dictionary Functions
Python offers the following Dictionary functions:

S.No. Function Description

1. cmp(dict1, dict2) Compares elements from both the dictionaries.
2. len(dict) Returns the total number of items present in the dictionary.
3. str(dict) Produces a printable string representation of a dictionary.
4. type(variable) Returns the type of the variable passed as an argument.

Python offers the following built-in Dictionary methods:

S.No. Method & Description

1. dict.clear() Removes all elements of dictionary dict
2. dict.copy() Returns a shallow copy of dictionary dict
3. dict.items() Returns a list of dict’s (key, value) tuple pairs
4. dict.keys() Returns a list of dictionary dict’s keys
5. dict.setdefault(key, default = None) Similar to get(), but will set dict[key] = default if key is not
already in dict
6. dict.update(dict2) Adds dictionary dict2’s key-value pairs to dict
7. dict.values() Returns a list of dictionary dict’s values

Example 23: Program to store students’ information like admission number, roll number,
name and marks in a dictionary, and display information on the basis of admission number.
Computer Science with Python–XII

1.40
Explanation:
The above program fetches the name, section, percentage of a student on the basis of the
admission no. Here, admission no. shall act as the key to the student dictionary. keys() returns
all the keys present in the dictionary which will be used to display the records of all the students
on the basis of their admission no. (Adm) and are printed using for loop.

1.14 SORTING TECHNIQUES

Sorting is to arrange the list in an ascending or descending order. Sorting algorithm specifies
the way to arrange data in a particular order.
The importance of sorting lies in the fact that data searching can be optimized to a very high
level, if data is stored in a sorted manner. Sorting is also used to represent data in more readable
formats. There are various sorting techniques that can be used to sort the list in ascending or
descending order. Here we will discuss two techniques:
Review of Python Basics

1. Bubble Sort
2. Insertion Sort

1.14.1 Bubble Sort

Bubble Sort is one of the simple sorting techniques where it traverses the whole list by
comparing its adjacent elements, sorting them and swapping the elements until the whole list
is sorted.
1.41
 Algorithm
1 START
2 read the array elements and store it in an array a[]
3 store the length in a variable n.
4 for i=0 to n–1 repeat steps 5 and 6
5 for j=0 to n–i–1 repeat step 4
6 if a[j] > a[j+1] then swap elements
7 display the sorted list
8 END
Steps:
1. Bubble sort algorithm starts by comparing the first 2 elements in the list. If and only if the
first element is greater than the second, these elements will be swapped. This ensures
that the greater of the first 2 elements is in the second position. In the next step, the
second element is compared with the third element, and following the same logic, they are
swapped if and only if the second element is greater than the third element. With these
2 steps, it is ensured that the greatest of the first 3 elements is in the 3rd position. If this
process is repeated until the last element, the greatest element will end up in the last
position in the list. This completes the first step in Bubble Sort.
2. After step 1 gets completed, the largest element in array will get placed in the last position
of the list.
3. If there are n elements to be sorted, then the process mentioned above should be repeated
n–1 times to get the required result.
4. For performance optimization, in the second step, last element and the second last element
are not compared since this comparison was already done in the previous step, and the
last element is already present in its correct position.
5. Similarly, in step 3, second last and third last elements are not compared and so on.
Let’s see it with the help of an example:
Sorting in ascending order using bubble sort.
Suppose list is [42, 29, 74, 11, 65, 58]
First pass

[42, 29, 74, 11, 65, 58] [29, 42, 74, 11, 65, 58] it will swap since 29<42
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[29, 42, 74, 11, 65, 58] [29, 42, 74, 11, 65, 58] no swapping as 42<74

[29, 42, 74, 11, 65, 58] [29, 42, 11, 74, 65, 58] it will swap since 11<74

[29, 42, 11, 74, 65, 58] [29, 42, 11, 65, 74, 58] it will swap since 65<74

[29, 42, 11, 65, 74, 58] [29, 42, 11, 65, 58, 74] it will swap since 58<74

The largest element is settled at its correct place

i.e., at the end. So the first five elements form the
unsorted part while the last element forms the
sorted part and will be compared for the next pass.
1.42
Second pass
[29, 42, 11, 65, 58, 74] [29, 42, 11, 65, 58, 74] no swapping as 29<42

[29, 42, 11, 65, 58, 74] [29, 11, 42, 65, 58, 74] it will swap since 11<42

[29, 11, 42, 65, 58, 74] [29, 11, 42, 65, 58, 74] no swapping as 65>42

[29, 11, 42, 65, 58, 74] [29, 11, 42, 58, 65, 74] it will swap since 58<65

The next largest element is settled at its correct

place. So the first four elements form the unsorted
part while the last two elements form the sorted
part and will be compared for the next pass.

Third pass

[29, 11, 42, 58, 65, 74] [11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] it will swap since 29>11

[11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] [11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] no swapping as 29<42

[11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] [11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] no swapping as 42<58

The next largest element is settled at its correct place.

So the first three elements form the unsorted part
while the last three elements form the sorted part.

Fourth pass
[11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] [11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] no swapping as 29>11

[11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] [11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] no swapping as 42>29

The next largest element is settled at its correct place.

So the first two elements form the unsorted part
while the last four elements form the sorted part.

Fifth pass
[11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] [11, 29, 42, 58, 65, 74] no swapping as 11<29

The next largest element is settled at its correct

place. And finally the list is sorted.

Here, total number of items, say, n is 6, so outer loop will be executed n–1 times, i.e., 5 times.
There will be 5 passes through the list.
Review of Python Basics

For each pass or outer loop iteration, it compares adjacent items and swaps those that are not
in order. Each pass places the next largest value in its correct place and there is no need to
compare these elements as they are already placed at their correct place.

1.43
 Code:

********Output of the program********

1.14.2 Insertion Sort

Consider you have report cards of 10 students and you have to sort these in ascending order
according to roll number.
Well, you will have to go through each report card from the starting or the back, and find its
right position by comparing its roll number with the roll number on every other report card.
Once you find the right position, you will insert the report card there.
Similarly, if more new report cards are provided to you, you can easily repeat the same process
and insert the new report cards and get the report cards sorted too.
This is exactly how insertion sort works. It starts from the index 1(not 0), and each index
starting from index 1 is like a new report card, that you have to place at the proper position in
the sorted sub-array on the left.
Computer Science with Python–XII

Algorithm for insertion sort

Step 1: START
Step 2: Enter the elements in an array A, store the length of array in N.
Step 3: For i=1 to N, repeat steps 4 to 8, else step 8
Step 4: J=A.index(i)
Step 5: While (A[j–1]>A[j] and j>0), repeat steps 6 to 7, else step 3
Step 6: A[j-1], A[j] =A[j], A[j–1]

1.44
Step 7: j=j-1
Step 8: print the list
Step 9: END
Let’s see it with the help of an example:
Sorting in ascending order using insertion sort.
Suppose list is [70,49,31,6,65,81,68]

First pass
Sorted elements Unsorted elements

[70, 49 , 31, 6, 65, 81, 68] [49, 70, 31, 6, 65, 81, 68] it will swap since 70>49

The second element of an array, i.e., 49, is compared with the elements that
appear before it i.e., first element 70. Since 70 >49, so swapping will take place
and element is inserted at correct position. After first pass, first two elements
of an array will be sorted.

Second pass
Sorted elements Unsorted elements

[49, 70, 31 , 6, 65, 81, 68] [49, 31, 70, 6, 65, 81, 68] it will swap since 70>31
[49, 31 , 70, 6, 65, 81, 68] [31, 49, 70, 6, 65, 81, 68] it will further swap since 49>31
The third element of an array, i.e., 31, is compared with the elements that
appear before it, i.e., 70. Since 70 >31, so it will swap it with 70, then it will
compare it with 49, since 49>31, so swapping will take place and finally 31 will
be positioned at its correct place in the sorted part of the array.

Third pass
Sorted elements Unsorted elements

[31, 49, 70, 6 , 65, 81, 68] [31, 49, 6, 70, 65, 81, 68] it will swap since 70>6
[31, 49, 6 , 70, 65, 81, 68] [31, 6, 49, 70, 65, 81, 68] it will swap since 49>6
[31, 6 , 49, 70, 65, 81, 68] [6, 31, 49, 70, 65, 81, 68] it will swap since 31>6

The fourth element of an array, i.e., 6, is compared with the elements that
appear before it, i.e., 70 first, then with 49 and 31 and finally placed at its correct
place in the sorted part of the array.
Review of Python Basics

Fourth pass
Sorted elements Unsorted elements

[6, 31, 49, 70, 65 , 81, 68] [6, 31, 49, 65, 70, 81, 68] it will swap since 70>65

The fifth element of an array, i.e., 65, is compared with the elements that appear
before it, i.e., 70 first, since 70 >65 ,so it will swap it with 70 and further no more
comparison will take place because 65 is already placed at its correct position.
1.45
 Fifth pass
Sorted elements Unsorted elements

[6, 31, 49, 65, 70, 81 , 68] [6, 31, 49, 65, 70, 81, 68] no swapping will take place since 70<81

The sixth element of an array, i.e., 81, is compared with the elements that
appear before it, i.e., 70 first. Since 70 <81, so it will not swap as this is already
placed at its correct position.

Sixth pass
Sorted elements Unsorted elements

[6, 31, 49, 65, 70, 81, 68 ] [6, 31, 49, 65, 70, 68, 81] it will swap since 81>68

[6, 31, 49, 65, 70, 68 , 81] [6, 31, 49, 65, 68, 70, 81] it will swap since 70>68
The seventh element of an array, i.e., 68, is compared with the elements that
appear before it, i.e., 81 first and then with 70 and gets its correct position in
the sorted array.

Now the list is sorted. The total number of items (say n) is 7, so outer loop will be executed
n–1 times, i.e., 6 times. There will be 6 passes through the list.
For each pass, it not only compares adjacent items and swaps, but also slides up each larger
element until it gets to the correct location in the sorted part of the array.
Code:
Computer Science with Python–XII

********Output of the program********

1.46
Steps:
1. Compare the current element in the iteration (say A) with the previous adjacent element to
it. If it is in order, then continue the iteration, step 5 else, go to step 2.
2. Swap the two elements (the current element in the iteration (A) and the previous adjacent
element to it).
3. Compare A with its new previous adjacent element. If they are not in order, then proceed to
step 4.
4. Swap if they are not in order and repeat steps 3 and 4.
5. Continue the iteration.

Application:insertion sort
Insertion sort is efficient for small data sets but quite inefficient for large lists. Insertion sort
is adaptive; this means that it reduces its total number of steps if a partially-sorted array
is provided as input, which eventually increases its overall efficiency. It does not require
additional memory.

Application:bubble sort
It is comparatively simpler to understand than some other sorting algorithms. Bubble sort
is the fastest and the easiest sorting method available. It is the fastest sorting method for an
extremely small and/or nearly sorted set of data.
Efficiency of any sorting algorithm is measured by counting number of algorithmic operations.

MEMORY BYTES
 A complete set of instructions written using a programming language is termed as a Program/Code/Program Code.
 Python is a powerful and flexible programming language. It uses concise and easy-to-learn syntax which enables
programmers to write more codes and develop more complex programs in a much shorter time.
 It is a platform-independent programming language.
 Python interpreter executes one statement (command) at a time.
 Python provides two different ways to work with—Interactive mode and Script mode.
 Interactive mode does not save commands in the form of a program and the output is placed between commands
as it is displayed as soon as we press the Enter key after typing one or more commands.
 Interactive mode is suitable for testing code.
 Python is a case-sensitive language. Thus, Ram and ram are two different names in Python.
 Python is an interpreted language.
 Python’s interactive interpreter is also called Python Shell.
 print() statement outputs an entire (complete) line and then goes to the next line for subsequent output(s).
Review of Python Basics

 A Python program can contain various components like expressions, statements, comments, functions, blocks
and indentation.
 An expression is a legal combination of symbols that represents a value.
 A statement is a programming instruction.
 Comments are non-executable, additional information added in a program for readability.
 In Python, comments begin with the hash (#) symbol/character.
 A variable in Python is defined only when some value is assigned to it.
1.47
  Python supports dynamic typing, i.e., a variable can hold values of different types at different times.
 A function is a named block of statements that can be invoked by its name.
 The input() function evaluates the data input and takes the result as numeric type.
 The if statement is a decision-making statement.
 The looping constructs while and for statements allow sections of code to be executed repeatedly.
 for statement iterates over a range of values or a sequence.
 The statements within the body of a while loop are executed over and over again until the condition of the while
becomes false or remains true.
 A string is a sequence of characters.
 We can create strings simply by enclosing characters in quotes (single, double or triple).
 Positive subscript helps in accessing the string from the beginning.
 Negative subscript helps in accessing the string from the end.
 ‘+’ operator joins or concatenates the strings on both sides of the operator.
 The * operator creates a new string concatenating multiple copies of the same string.
 List is a sequence data type.
 A list is a mutable sequence of values which can be of any type and are indexed by integer.
 A list is created by placing all the items (elements) inside a square bracket [ ], separated by commas.
 A list can even have another list as an item. This is called nested list.
 Another way of creating tuple is built-in function list().
 Traversing a list means accessing each element of a list. This can be done by using looping statement, either for
or while.
 List slicing allows us to obtain a subset of items.
 copy() creates a list from another list. It does not take any parameter.
 A tuple is an immutable sequence of values which can be of any type and are indexed by an integer.
 Creating a tuple is as simple as putting values separated by a comma. Tuples can be created using parentheses ().
 To create a tuple with a single element, the final comma is necessary.
 Python provides various operators like ‘+’,‘*’,‘in’, ‘not in’, etc., which can be applied to tuples.
 In a dictionary, each key maps a value. The association of a key and a value is called a key-value pair.
 To create a dictionary, key-value pairs are separated by a comma and are enclosed in two curly braces {}. In
key-value pair, each key is separated from its value by a colon (:).
 We can add new elements to an existing dictionary, extend it with single pair of values or join two dictionaries
into one.
 We can also update a dictionary by modifying an existing key-value pair or by merging another dictionary with
an existing one.
Computer Science with Python–XII

 Python provides us with a number of dictionary methods like: len(), pop(), items(), keys(), values(), get(), etc.
 keys() method in Python dictionary returns an object that displays a list of all the keys in the dictionary.
 Bubble sort is the simplest sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly swapping the adjacent elements if they
are in the wrong order.
 Insertion sort is an in-place sorting algorithm.
 In Insertion sort, an element gets compared and inserted into the correct position in the list.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Fill in the blanks.
(a) ................. is the Python operator responsible for declaring variables.
1.48 (b) The built-in function randrange() belongs to ....................... module.
 (c) A .................. operator does not directly operate on data but produces a left-to-right evaluation of
expression.
(d) median() method belongs to ................. module in Python.
(e) The reserved words in Python are called ............... and these cannot be used as names or identifiers.
(f) An ................. is a symbol used to perform an action on some value.
(g) A file that contains a collection of related functions and other definitions is called ................. .
(h) The modules in Python have the ................. extension.
(i) A ................. is just a module that contains some useful definitions.
(j) Each object in Python has three key attributes—a ................., a ............. and an ................. .
(k) In Python, the non-zero value is treated as ................. and zero value is treated as ................. .
(l) Keys of a dictionary must be .......................... .
(m) In ....................., the adjoining values in a sequence are compared and exchanged repeatedly until
the entire array is sorted.
(n) Logical operators are used to combine two or more ........... expressions.
(o) The ............. function returns the length of a specified list.
Answers: (a) Assignment (=) operator (b) random (c) comma (,)
(d) statistics (e) keywords (f) operator
(g) module (h) .py (i) library
(j) type, value, id (k) true, false (l) unique
(m) Bubble sort (n) relational (o) len()
2. State whether the following statements are True or False.
(a) The two statements x = int(22.0/7) and x = int(22/7.0) yield the same results.
(b) The given statement: x + 1 = x is a valid statement.
(c) List slice is a list in itself.
(d) Relational operators return either true or false.
(e) break, continue, pass are the three conditional statements.
(f) The % (modulus) operator cannot be used with the float data type.
(g) The range() function is used to specify the length of a for-in loop.
(h) Assignment operator can be used in place of equality operator in the test condition.
(i) Comments in Python begin with a “$” symbol.
(j) In print() function, if you use a concatenate operator (+) between two strings, both the strings are
joined with a space in between them.
(k) If we execute Python code using prompt “>>>” then we call it an interactive interpreter.
(l) Lists are immutable while strings are mutable.
(m) The keys of a dictionary must be of immutable types.
(n) Lists and strings in Python support two-way indexing.
(o) Tuples can be nested and can contain other compound objects like lists, dictionaries and other tuples.
Answers: (a) True (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) False (f) True
(g) True (h) False (i) False (j) False (k) True (l) False
Review of Python Basics

(m) True (n) True (o) True

3. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
(a) Which of the following is not considered a valid identifier in Python?
(i) two2 (ii) _main (iii) hello_rsp1 (iv) 2 hundred
(b) What will be the output of the following code— print(“100+200”)?
(i) 300 (ii) 100200 (iii) 100+200 (iv) 200

1.49
 (c) Which amongst the following is a mutable datatype in Python?
(i) int (ii) string (iii) tuple (iv) list
(d) pow() function belongs to which library?
(i) math (ii) string (iii) random (iv) maths
(e) Which of the following statements converts a tuple into a list?
(i) len(string) (ii) list(string) (iii) tup(list) (iv) dict(string)
(f) The statement: bval = str1 > str2 shall return ............... as the output if two strings str1 and str2
contains “Delhi” and “New Delhi”.
(i) True (ii) Delhi (iii) New Delhi (iv) False
(g) What will be the output generated by the following snippet?
a = [5,10,15,20,25]
k = 1
i = a[1] + 1
j = a[2] + 1
m = a[k+1]
print(i,j,m)
(i) 11 15 16 (ii) 11 16 15 (iii) 11 15 15 (iv) 16 11 15
(h) The process of arranging the array elements in a specified order is termed as:
(i) Indexing (ii) Slicing (iii) Sorting (iv) Traversing
(i) Which of the following Python functions is used to iterate over a sequence of numbers by specifying
a numeric end value within its parameters?
(i) range() (ii) len() (iii) substring() (iv) random()
(j) What is the output of the following?
d = {0: 'a', 1: 'b', 2: 'c'}
for i in d:
  print(i)
(i) 0 (ii) a (iii) 0 (iv) 2
1 b a a
2 c 1 2
b b
2 2
c c
(k) What is the output of the following?
x = 123
for i in x:
  print(i)
(i) 1 2 3 (ii) 123 (iii) error (iv) infinite loop
Computer Science with Python–XII

(l) Which arithmetic operators cannot be used with strings?

(i) + (ii) * (iii) – (iv) All of the above
(m) What will be the output when the following code is executed?
>>>str1="helloworld"
>>>str1[:–1]
(i) dlrowolleh (ii) hello (iii) world (iv) helloworld
(n) What is the output of the following statement?
print("xyyzxyzxzxyy".count('yy', 1))
(i) 2 (ii) 0 (iii) 1 (iv) Error

1.50
 (o) Suppose list1 = [0.5 * x for x in range(0, 4)], list1 is:
(i) [0, 1, 2, 3] (ii) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
(iii) [0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5] (iv) [0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]
(p) Which is the correct form of declaration of dictionary?
(i) Day={1:’monday’,2:’tuesday’,3:’wednesday’}
(ii) Day=(1;’monday’,2;’tuesday’,3;’wednesday’)
(iii) Day=[1:’monday’,2:’tuesday’,3:’wednesday’]
(iv) Day={1’monday’,2’tuesday’,3’wednesday’]
(q) Identify the valid declaration of L: L = [1, 23, ‘hi’, 6]
(i) list (ii) dictionary (iii) array (iv) tuple
Answers: (a) (iv) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (d) (i) (e) (ii) (f) (iv)
(g) (ii) (h) (iii) (i) (i) (j) (i) (k) (iii) (l) (iii)
(m) (i) (n) (i) (o) (iii) (p) (i) (q) (i)

SOLVED QUESTIONS
1. What is Python?
Ans. Python is a high-level, interpreted, dynamic, Object-Oriented Programming Language that supports
GUI programming.
2. Why is Python interpreted?
Ans. Python is interpreted because the program is processed at runtime by the interpreter and we do not need
to compile the program before executing it.
3. Who developed Python?
Ans. Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the early nineties at the National Research Institute for
Mathematics in the Netherlands.
4. Why is Python easy to learn?
Ans. Python has relatively few keywords, simple structure and a clearly defined syntax. This allows the student
to understand and work easily in a relatively short period of time.
5. Write any one feature of Python library.
Ans. Python library is very portable and cross-platform compatible with UNIX, Windows and Macintosh.
6. Is Python a compiler language or an interpreter language? [HOTS]
Ans. The normal execution of Python program is interpreted. However, subsets of the language can be compiled.
7. State some distinguishable features of Python.
Ans. Python is a modern, powerful, interpreted language with objects, modules, exceptions (or interrupts) and
automatic memory management.
Salient Features of Python are:
 Simple and Easy: Python is a simple language that is easy to learn.
 Free/Open source: Anybody can use Python without the need to purchase a licence.
 High-level Language: Being a high-level language, it can be easily understood by the user without the
need to be concerned with low-level details.
 Portable: Python codes are machine and platform-independent.
Review of Python Basics

 Extensible and Embeddable: Python programs support usage of C/C++ codes.

 Standard Library: Python standard library contains pre-written tools for programming.
8. Distinguish between Java and Python.
Ans. Java and Python can be distinguished on the following bases:
1. Python programs run slower than Java codes, but Python saves much time and space. Python programs
are 3 to 5 times smaller than Java programs.

1.51
 2. Python is a loosely-typed dynamic language because no time gets wasted in declaring variable types
as in Java.
3. Python is easier to learn than Java.
9. What is the difference between interactive mode and script mode in Python?
Ans. In interactive mode, instructions are given in front of Python prompt (>>>) in Python Shell. Python carries
out the given instructions and shows the result there itself.
In script mode, Python instructions are stored in a file, generally with .py extension, and executed together
in one go as a unit. The saved instructions are known as Python script or Python program.
10. Differentiate between mutable and immutable objects in Python language with example.
Ans. Every variable in Python holds an instance of an object. There are two types of objects in Python, i.e.,
Mutable and Immutable objects. Whenever an object is instantiated, it is assigned a unique object id.
The type of the object is defined at the runtime and it can’t be changed afterwards.
However, its state can be changed if it is a mutable object.
For example, int, float, bool, string, unicode, tuple are immutable objects in Python. In simple words, an
immutable object can’t be changed after it is created. Lists, dictionaries and sets are mutable types.
11. What will be the value and its type for the given expression:
3.25 + 4?
Ans. >>>result = 3.25 + 4
>>>print(result, 'is', type(result))
7.25 is <class 'float'>
Its type is a float as integers are automatically converted into floats as necessary.
12. What will the following command display?
print("fractional string to int:", int("3.4"))
State the reason for getting the output and what is required to be done?
Ans. The above statement, upon execution, shall result in an error since Python int command cannot convert
the string “3.4” into 3.4 as Python cannot perform two consecutive typecasts, therefore, you must
convert it explicitly in code. This statement is to be modified such as:
int(float("3.4")) which shall generate the output as 3.
13. Consider the following statements in Python interpreter and describe the output/statement required:
(a) Print the message “Hello World”.
(b) a = 10
b = 12
c = a + b
print(c)
(c) To retrieve the data type of the inputted string “Hello” stored inside the variable ‘a’.
(d) To describe the data type of variable ‘b’.
(e) To retrieve the address of variables a and b.
(f) State the output:
Computer Science with Python–XII

d = b
d
b
id(d)
id(b)
(g) a = "Hello"
a * 10
(h) To display the value for a2, a3 and a4

1.52
 (i) a = 15
b = 4
a/b
a//b
(j) To swap the values of two variables, a and b, using multiple assignment statements.
Ans.

Review of Python Basics

1.53
 14. How many types of strings are supported in Python?
Ans. Python allows two string types:
1. Single line Strings—Strings that are terminated in a single line.
2. Multi-line Strings—Strings storing multiple lines of text.
15. Convert the following for loop into while loop:
for k in range(10,20,5):
print(k)
Ans. k=10
while(k<20):
  print(k)
  k+=5
16. Find errors in the following code (if any) and correct the code by rewriting it and underlining the
corrections:
x= int("Enter value for x:"))
for in range[0,11]:
   if x = y
    print x+y
  else:
    Print x-y
Ans. x=int(input("Enter value for x:"))
for y in range(0,11):
  if x == y:
    print(x+y)
  else:
    print(x-y)
17. Write the output of the following code when executed:
Text="gmail@com"
l=len(Text)
ntext=""
for i in range (0,l):
  if Text[i].isupper():
    ntext=ntext+Text[i].lower()
  elif Text[i].isalpha():
    ntext=ntext+Text[i].upper()
  else:
    ntext=ntext+'bb'
print(ntext)
Computer Science with Python–XII

Ans. GMAILbbCOM
18. How many times is the word ‘HELLO’ printed in the following statement?
s='python rocks'
for ch in s[3:8]:
  print('Hello')
Ans. 5 times
19. Find the output of the following:
word = 'green vegetables'
print(word.find('g', 2))
print(word.find('veg', 2))
1.54 print(word.find('tab', 4, 15))
Ans. Output:
8
6
10
20. Suppose L=["abc",[6,7,8],    3,"mouse"]
Consider the above list and answer the following:
(a) L[3:] (b) L[::2]
(c) L[1:2] (d) L[1][1]
Ans. (a) ['mouse'] (b) ['abc',    3]
(c) [[6,    7,    8]] (d) 7
21. What is a tuple?
Ans. A tuple is an immutable sequence of values which can be of any type and are indexed by an integer.
22. Differentiate between lists and tuples.
Ans. Tuples cannot be changed unlike lists; tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.
23. Tuple is an ordered immutable sequence of objects. Justify your answer.
Ans. Tuple is an ordered sequence of objects as each element is accessed by its index and it is immutable as we
cannot change the values in place. We cannot update or edit the tuple.
24. What is a dictionary?
Ans. A Python dictionary is a mapping of unique keys to values. It is a collection of key-value pairs. Dictionaries
are mutable which means that they can be changed.
25. Find errors, underline them and rewrite the same after correcting the following code:
d1=dict[]
i= 1
n=input("Enter number of entries:")
while i<=n:
  a=input("Enter name:")
  b=input("Enter age:")
  d1(a)=b
   i = i+1
   l = d1.key[]
   for i in l:
    print(i,'\t','d1[i]')
Ans. d1=dict()
i=1
num=int(input("Enter the no:"))
for i in range(num):
   a = input("Enter name:")
   b = input("Enter age:")
   d1[a] = b
   l = d1.keys()
   i = i + 1
   for i in l:
Review of Python Basics

    print(i,"\t",d1[i])
26. Write a Python program to calculate the length of a string.
Ans. def string_length(str1):
   count = 0
   for char in str1:
    count += 1
return count
print(string_length('Python Program'))
1.55
 27. Write a Python program to count the number of characters (character frequency) in a string.
Sample String : ‘google.com'
Expected Result : {'g': 2, 'o': 3, 'l': 1, 'e': 1, '.': 1, 'c': 1, 'm': 1}
Ans. def char_frequency(str1):
   dict = {}
   for n in str1:
    keys = dict.keys()
    if n in keys:
      dict[n] += 1
    else:
      dict[n] = 1
  return dict
print(char_frequency('google.com'))
28. Write a Python program to get a string from a given string where all occurrences of its first char have
been changed to '$', except the first char itself.
Sample String : 'restart'
Expected Result : 'resta$t'
Ans. def change_char(str1):
   char = str1[0]
   str1 = str1.replace(char, '$')
   str1 = char + str1[1:]
  return str1
print(change_char('restart'))
29. Write a Python program to remove the nth index character from a nonempty string.
Ans. def remove_char(str, n):
   first_part = str[:n]
   last_part = str[n+1:]
   return first_part + last_part
print(remove_char('Python', 0))
print(remove_char('Python', 3))
print(remove_char('Python', 5))
30. Write a Python program that accepts a comma separated sequence of words as input and prints the
unique words in sorted form (alphanumerically).
Sample Words : red, white, black, red, green, black
Expected Result : black, green, red, white, red
Ans. items = input("Input comma separated sequence of words:")
words = [word for word in items.split(",")]
print(",".join(sorted(list(set(words)))))
Computer Science with Python–XII

31. Write a Python function to get a string made of its first three characters of a specified string. If the length
of the string is less than 3, then return the original string.
Sample function and result:
first_three('ipy') -> ipy
first_three('python') -> pyt
Ans. def first_three(str):
   return str[:3] if len(str) > 3 else str
print(first_three('ipy'))
print(first_three('python'))
print(first_three('py'))

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 32. Write a Python program to check whether a string starts with specified characters.
Note: In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code
or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is a type of
substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of
positions down the alphabet. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would
become B, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence.
Ans. def caesar_encrypt(realText, step):
   outText = []
   cryptText = []
   uppercase = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J','K', 'L',
'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X',
'Y', 'Z']
   lowercase = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k',
'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v',
'w', 'x', 'y', 'z']
   for eachLetter in realText:
    if eachLetter in uppercase:
      index = uppercase.index(eachLetter)
       crypting = (index + step) % 26
      cryptText.append(crypting)
      newLetter = uppercase[crypting]
      outText.append(newLetter)
    elif eachLetter in lowercase:
      index = lowercase.index(eachLetter)
       crypting = (index + step) % 26
      cryptText.append(crypting)
      newLetter = lowercase[crypting]
      outText.append(newLetter)
  return outText
code = caesar_encrypt('abc', 2)
print()
print(code)
print()
33. Write a Python program to print the following floating numbers with no decimal places.
Ans. x = 3.1415926
y = -12.9999
print("\nOriginal Number: ", x)
print("Formatted Number with no decimal places: "+"{:.0f}".format(x));
print("Original Number: ", y)
print("Formatted Number with no decimal places: "+"{:.0f}".format(y));
print()
34. Which of the following will return the result as a floating point number 2.0?
first = 1.0
second = "1"
Review of Python Basics

third = "1.1"
1. first + float(second)
2. float(second) + float(third)
3. first + int(third)
4. first + int(float(third))
5. int(first) + int(float(third))
6. 2.0 * second
Ans. statements 1 and 4 1.57
 35. Write a Python program to print the index of the character in a string.
Sample string: Python Program
Expected output:
Current character P position at 0
Current character y position at 1
Current character t position at 2
Ans. str1 = input(‘Enter String:’)
for index, char in enumerate(str1):
   print("Current character", char, "position at", index )
36. Write a Python program to count and display the vowels of a given text.
Ans. def vowel(text):
   vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
   print(len([letter for letter in text if letter in vowels]))
   print([letter for letter in text if letter in vowels])
vowel('Welcome')
Output:
3
['e', 'o', 'e']
37. Write a Python program to sum all the items in a list.
Ans. def sum_list(items):
   sum_numbers = 0
   for x in items:
    sum_numbers += x
  return sum_numbers
print(sum_list([1,2,-8]))
38. What will be the status of the following list after the First, Second and Third pass of the insertion sort
method used for arranging the following elements in ascending order?
Note : Show the status of all the elements after each pass very clearly underlining the changes. 16, 19,
11, 15, 10
Ans. First Pass
No Swapping
16 19 11 15 10
16 19 11 15 10

Second Pass
16 19 11 15 10
16 19 11 15 10
11 16 19 15 10

Third Pass
11 16 19 15 10
11 16 19 15 10
Computer Science with Python–XII

11 15 16 19 10

39. What will be the status of the following list after the First, Second and Third pass of the insertion sort
method used for arranging the following elements in descending order?
22, 24, 64,34, 80, 43
Note : Show the status of all the elements after each pass and circle the changes.
Ans.
22 24 –64 34 80 43
Pass 1 24 22 –64 34 80 43
Pass 2 24 22 –64 34 80 43
Pass 3 34 24 22 –64 80 43
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 40. Write a Python program to get the largest number from a list.
Ans. def max_num_in_list(list):
   max = list[0]
   for a in list:
    if a > max:
      max = a
  return max
print(max_num_in_list([1, 2, -8, 0]))
41. Write a Python program to remove duplicates from a list.
a = [10,20,30,20,10,50,60,40,80,50,40]
Ans. a = [10,20,30,20,10,50,60,40,80,50,40]
dup_items = set()
uniq_items = []
for x in a:
   if x not in dup_items:
    uniq_items.append(x)
    dup_items.add(x)
print(dup_items)
42. Write a Python function that takes two lists and returns True if they have at least one common member.
Ans. def common_data(list1, list2):
   result = False
   for x in list1:
    for y in list2:
      if x == y:
        result = True
  return result
print(common_data([1,2,3,4,5], [5,6,7,8,9]))
print(common_data([1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9]))
43. Write a Python program to shuffle and print a specified list.
Ans. from random import shuffle
color = ['Red', 'Green', 'White', 'Black', 'Pink', 'Yellow']
shuffle(color)
print(color)
44. Write a Python program to count the number of elements in a list within a specified range.
Ans. def count_range_in_list(li, min, max):
   ctr = 0
   for x in li:
     if min <= x <= max:
      ctr += 1
  return ctr
Review of Python Basics

list1 = [10,20,30,40,40,40,70,80,99]
print(count_range_in_list(list1, 40, 100))
list2 = ['a','b','c','d','e','f']
print(count_range_in_list(list2, 'a', 'e'))
45. Write a Python program to generate groups of five consecutive numbers in a list.
Ans. l = [[5*i + j for j in range(1,6)] for i in range(5)]
print(l)
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 46. Write a Python program to replace the last element in a list with another list.
Sample data : [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10], [2, 4, 6, 8]
Expected Output: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8]
Ans. num1 = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10]
num2 = [2, 4, 6, 8]
num1[-1:] = num2
print(num1)
47. Write a Python program to create a dictionary from two lists without losing duplicate values.
Sample data : ['Class-V', 'Class-VI', 'Class-VII', 'Class-VIII'], [1, 2, 2, 3]
Expected Output: defaultdict(<class 'set'>, {'Class-V':{1}, 'Class-VI':{2},
                            'Class-VII':{2}, 'Class-VIII':{3}})
Ans. from collections import defaultdict
class_list = ['Class-V', 'Class-VI', 'Class-VII', 'Class-VIII']
id_list = [1, 2, 2, 3]
temp = defaultdict(set)
for c, i in zip(class_list, id_list):
  temp[c].add(i)
print(temp)
48. Write a Python program to iterate over dictionaries using for loops.
Ans. d = {'x': 10, 'y': 20, 'z': 30}
for dict_key, dict_value in d.items():
  print(dict_key,'->',dict_value)
49. Consider the following unsorted list: 95 79 19 43 52 3. Write the passes of bubble sort for sorting the list
in ascending order till the 3rd iteration.
Ans. [79, 19, 43, 52, 3, 95]
[19, 43, 52, 3, 79, 95]
[19, 43, 3, 52, 79, 95]
50. Which of the following is valid arithmetic operator in Python: [CBSE Sample Paper 2019]
(a) //
(b) ?
(c) <
(d) and
Ans. (a) //
51. Write the type of tokens from the following:
(a) if
(b) roll_no
Ans. (a) Key word
Computer Science with Python–XII

(b) Identifier
52. Rewrite the following code in Python after removing all syntax error(s). Underline each correction done
in the code.
30=To
for K in range(0,To)
IF k%4==0:
print(K*4)
Else:
  print(K+3)

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Ans. To=30
for K in range(0,To):
   if K%4==0:
    print(K*4)
   else:
    print(K+3)
53. Find and write the output of the following Python code:
def fun(s):
  k=len(s)
  m=" "
for i in range(0,k):
  if(s[i].isupper()):
    m=m+s[i].lower()
  elif s[i].isalpha():
    m=m+s[i].upper()
  else:
    m=m+'bb'
print(m)
fun('school2@com')
Ans. SCHOOLbbbbCOM
54. Find and write the output of the following Python code:
def Change(P,Q=30):
  P=P+Q
  Q=P-Q
  print(P,"#",Q)
  return P
R=150
S=100
R=Change(R,S)
print(R,"#",S)
S=Change(S)
Ans. 250 # 150
250 # 100
130 # 100
55. Write a recursive function in Python BinarySearch(Arr,l,R,X) to search the given element X to be searched
from the List Arr having R elements where l represents lower bound and R represents upper bound.
Ans. def BinarySearch(Arr,l,R,X):
   if R >= l:
     mid = l + (R-l)//2
    if Arr[mid] == X:
      return mid
    elif Arr[mid] > X:
      return BinarySearch(Arr,l,mid-1,X)
    else:
Review of Python Basics

      return BinarySearch(Arr,mid+1,r,X)
  else:
       return -1 Arr = [ 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 ]
X = int(input('Enter element to be searched:'))
result = BinarySearch(Arr,0,len(Arr)-1,X)
if result != -1:
   print("Element is present at index ", result)
else:
   print("Element is not present in array")
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 UNSOLVED QUESTIONS
1. What are the advantages of Python programming language?
2. In how many different ways can you work in Python?
3. What are the advantages/disadvantages of working in interactive mode in Python?
4. Write Python statement for the following in interactive mode:
(a) To display sum of 3, 8.0, 6*12
(b) To print sum of 16, 5.0, 44.0.
5. What are operators? Give examples of some unary and binary operators.
6. What is an expression and a statement?
7. What all components can a Python program contain?
8. What are variables? How are they important for a program?
9. Write the output of the following:
(i) for i in '123':
  print("guru99",i,)
(ii) for i in [100,200,300]:
  print(i)
(iii) for j in range(10,6,-2):
  print(j*2)
(iv) for x in range(1,6):
   for y in range(1,x+1):
    print(x,' ',y)
(v) for x in range(10,20):
   if (x == 15):
    break
print(x)
(vi) for x in range (10,20):
   if (x % 2 == 0) :
    continue
print(x)
10. Write the output of the following program on execution if x = 50:
if x>10:
   if x>25:
    print("ok")
   if x>60:
    print("good")
elif x>40:
Computer Science with Python–XII

   print("average")
else:
   print("no output")
11. What are the various ways of creating a list?
12. What are the similarities between strings and lists?
13. Why are lists called a mutable data type?
14. What is the difference between insert() and append() methods of a list?
15. Write a program to calculate the mean of a given list of numbers.
16. Write a program to calculate the minimum element of a given list of numbers.

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 17. Write a code to calculate and display total marks and percentage of a student from a given list storing
the marks of a student.
18. Write a Program to multiply an element by 2 if it is an odd index for a given list containing both numbers
and strings.
19. Write a Program to count the frequency of an element in a given list.
20. Write a Program to shift elements of a list so that the first element moves to the second index and second
index moves to the third index, and so on, and the last element shifts to the first position.
Suppose the list is [10,20,30,40]
After shifting, it should look like: [20,30,40,10]
21. A list Num contains the following elements:
3, 25, 13, 6, 35, 8, 14, 45
Write a function to swap the content with the next value divisible by 5 so that the resultant list will
look like:
25, 3, 13, 35, 6, 8, 45, 14
22. Write a program to accept values from a user in a tuple. Add a tuple to it and display its elements one by
one. Also display its maximum and minimum value.
23. Write a program to input any values for two tuples. Print it, interchange it and then compare them.
24. Write a Python program to input ‘n’ classes and names of their class teachers to store them in a dictionary
and display the same. Also accept a particular class from the user and display the name of the class
teacher of that class.
25. Write a program to store student names and their percentage in a dictionary and delete a particular
student name from the dictionary. Also display the dictionary after deletion.
26. Write a Python program to input names of ‘n’ customers and their details like items bought, cost and
phone number, etc., store them in a dictionary and display all the details in a tabular form.
27. Write a Python program to capitalize first and last letters of each word of a given string.
28. Write a Python program to remove duplicate characters of a given string.
29. Write a Python program to compute sum of digits of a given string.
30. Write a Python program to find the second most repeated word in a given string.
31. Write a Python program to change a given string to a new string where the first and last chars have been
exchanged.
32. Write a Python program to multiply all the items in a list.
33. Write a Python program to get the smallest number from a list.
34. Write a Python program to append a list to the second list.
35. Write a Python program to generate and print a list of first and last 5 elements where the values are
square of numbers between 1 and 30 (both included).
36. Write a Python program to get unique values from a list.
37. Write a Python program to convert a string to a list.
38. Write a Python script to concatenate the following dictionaries to create a new one:
d1 = {'A':1, 'B':2, 'C':3}
Review of Python Basics

d2 = {'D':4}
Output should be:
{'A':1, 'B':2, 'C':3, 'D':4}
39. Write a Python script to check if a given key already exists in a dictionary.

1.63
 40. Write a Python script to print a dictionary where the keys are numbers between 1 and 15 (both included)
and the values are square of keys.
Sample Dictionary
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81, 10: 100, 11: 121, 12: 144, 13: 169, 14: 196, 15: 225}
41. Write a Python script to merge two Python dictionaries.
42. Write a Python program to sort a dictionary by key.
43. Write a Python program to combine two dictionary adding values for common keys.
d1 = {'a': 100, 'b': 200, 'c':300}
d2 = {'a': 300, 'b': 200, 'd':400}
Sample output: Counter({'a': 400, 'b': 400, 'd': 400, 'c': 300})
44. Write a Python program to find the highest 3 values in a dictionary.
45. Write a Python program to sort a list alphabetically in a dictionary.
46. Write a Python program to count number of items in a dictionary value that is a list.
47. Consider the following unsorted list: 105, 99, 10, 43, 62, 8. Write the passes of bubble sort for sorting the
list in ascending order till the 3rd iteration.
48. What will be the status of the following list after the First, Second and Third pass of the insertion sort
method used for arranging the following elements in descending order?
28, 44, 97, 34, 50, 87
Note: Show the status of all the elements after each pass very clearly underlining the changes.
Computer Science with Python–XII

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