Scribd
Upload
5 views

Final PE

Uploaded by

Azmat Ameen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Final PE

Uploaded by

Azmat Ameen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

11111111111

2015

Pulse-Width Modulated
Inverters
IC 034 Power Electronics

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering,NIT T

1. Pragyaditya Das 2. Prateek Agrawal


(110113062) (110113065)

1
2
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

IC 034 Power Electronics


PULSE-WIDTH MODULATED INVERTERS

Objectives:
Study of Pulse-Width Modulated Inverter and study its characteristics using
MATLAB

Introduction:
Inverters- They convert a dc input to a symmetric ac output voltage of desired
magnitude and frequency.
In some cases, fixed(or non-controllable) input dc voltage is available and a
variable ac output is desired. This can be attained by varying the gain of the
inverter and is accomplished mostly by Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) control
within the inverter.

Pulse width modulation control- In this method, a fixed dc input voltage is


given to the inverter and a controlled ac output voltage is obtained by
adjusting the on and off periods of the inverter components. This is the most
popular method of controlling the output voltage and this method is termed as
pulse-width modulation (PWM) control.

Inverters can be broadly classified into two types:


(a) Single phase inverters.
(b) Three phase inverters.
Ideally, the inverter output should be sinusoidal. But, in practical inverters the
output is nonsinusoidal and contains certain harmonics.

A) Single Phase Inverters:


A.1) Principle of Operation:
The principle can be explained with Fig.(1a). Inverter ckt consists of 2
choppers. When transistor Q1 is turned on for time To/2, the instantaneous
voltage across load vo is Vs/2. If transistor Q2 only is turned on for time T0/2,
3
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

Vs/2 apperas across the load. The logic circuit should be designed such that Q1
and Q2 should not be turned on at the same time. This inverter requires a
three-wire dc source, and when a transistor is off, its resistive voltag is V s
instead of Vs/2. This inverter is known as half bridge inverter.

The rms output voltage V0

The instantaneous output voltage v0

where, ω=2πf0 is the frequency of output voltage in rads per second.


For n=1,
Vo1 = 0.45
Vs

Fig.(1) Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter


4
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

A.2) Performance Characteristics:


1) Total Harmonic Disortion(THD)- It is the measure of closeness in shape
between a waveform and its fundamental component.

2) Distortion Factor(DF)- THD gives total harmonic content, but it does not
indicate the level of each harmonic component. The DF indicates the amount
of HD that remains in a particular waveform after the harmonics of that wave
have been subjected to a second-order attenuation (i.e. divided by n2). Thus.
DF is a measure of affectiveness in reducing unwanted harmonics without
having to specify the values of a second order load filter. It is defined as

The DF of an individual (or nth) harmonic component is defined as

5
5
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

B) Single Phase Bridge Inverters:


Inverter ckt consists of 4 choppers. When transistor Q1 and Q2 are turned on
simultaneously, the input voltage Vs appears across the load. If the transistors
Q3 and Q4 are turned on at the same time, the voltage across the load is
reversed and is -VS

 Rms Voltage-

 Instantaneous Voltage-

for n=1, V1= 0.90VS

(a) Circuit

Fig.(2) Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter


6
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

B) Three Phase inverters:


They are normally used for high power applications. It consists of three single
phase bridge inverters connected in parallel. The gating signal of single phase
inverter should be advanced or delayed by 120⁰ w.r.t. each other to obtain
three phase balanced (fundamental) voltages.
If the output voltages of single phase inverters are not perfectly balanced in
magnitudes and phases, the three phase output will also be unbalanced.

Fig.(3): Circuit Diagram of Three Phase Inverter at 180⁰ conduction

Fig.(4): Output Waveform of Three Phase Inverter at 180⁰ conduction


7
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS
8
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

Fig.(5)
9
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

MATLAB Simulation:
Simulation done using SIMULINK.

Fig.(6) Single Phase Bridge Inverter with THD

Fig.(7)Waveform of Single Phase Bridge Inverter with THD


10
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

Fig.(8) Block Diagram of Sinusoidal PWM inverter

Fig.(9) Waveform of Sinusoidal PWM inverter


11
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

Fig.(10) Block Diagram of 3-Phase Inverter at 180⁰ conduction mode

Fig.(11) Waveform of 3-Phase Inverter at 180⁰ conduction mode


12
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

Description of the commonly used blocks in simulation:


1. Powergui:
The Powergui block allows you to choose one of the following methods to
solve your circuit:

 Continuous, which uses a variable step solver from Simulink


 Ideal Switching continuous
 Discretization of the electrical system for a solution at fixed time steps
 Phasor solution

The Powergui block is necessary for simulation of any Simulink model


containing SimPowerSystems blocks. It is used to store the equivalent Simulink
circuit that represents the state-space equations of the model. There are three
types of Powergui models named as discrete, continuous and phasor. We
select each on the basis of our application.

2. IGBT/Diode:
The IGBT/Diode block is a simplified mode of an IGBT (or GTO or
MOSFET)/Diode pair where the forward voltages of the forced-commutated
device and diode are ignored.

3. PWM Generator:
The PWM Generator block generates pulses for carrier-based pulse width
modulation (PWM) converters using two-level topology. The block can be used
to fire the forced-commutated devices (FETs, GTOs, or IGBTs) of single-phase,
two-phase, three-phase, two-level bridges or a combination of two three-
phase bridges. The pulses are generated by comparing a triangular carrier
waveform to a reference modulating signal. The modulating signals can be
generated by the PWM generator itself, or they can be a vector of external
signals connected at the input of the block. One reference signal is needed to
generate the pulses for a single- or a two-arm bridge, and three reference
signals are needed to generate the pulses for a three-phase, single or double
bridge. The amplitude (modulation), phase, and frequency of the reference
13
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

signals are set to control the output voltage (on the AC terminals) of the bridge
connected to the PWM Generator block. The two pulses firing the two devices
of a given arm bridge are complementary. The following figure displays the
two pulses generated by the PWM Generator block when it is programmed to
control a one-arm bridge.

Conclusion:

Widely used in industries as variable speed ac motors drives, induction heating,


standby power supplies, and uninterrupted power supplies.

 Typical single phase outputs are 120 V at 60 Hz, 220 V at 50 Hz, 115V at
400 Hz.
 For high power three phase systems, it is 220 to 380 V at 5 Hz, 120 to
208 at 60 Hz, 115 to 200 V at 400 Hz.

References:

 MUHAMMAD H. RASHID, Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices and


Applications, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, Inc, New Delhi 2004
 P.S. BIMBHRA, Power Electronics, 4th Edition, Khanna Publishers, Delhi
2006
 Official MATLAB website: in.mathworks.com
 For Images: Google.
14
IC 034 POWER ELECTRONICS, PWM INVERTERS

Thank You

You might also like