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A DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT A Study on

Supply Chain Management

Article · April 2021

DOI: 10.23451/mjscm.v1i1.10

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 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT A Study on
Supply Chain Management

Aneeq Jamal

Abstract

The concept of this thesis is to know how the supply chain change the way things and what
changes is occurred in supply chain with the help of technology, we will also cover the
concept of digital transformation in supply chain and management

My thesis mainly consist on supply chain and digital transformation in supply chain and
management, as I am doing my masters in supply chain and management, it will help me to
understand how the supply chain and digital transformation in supply chain taking places.

I believe my research would help everyone to some extent, who wants to get basic knowledge
of supply chain and the digital transformation of supply chain in business.

1. Introduction

Background of the study

In the current competitive business environment, supply chain management is considered

imperative management tools that facilitate the organizations in the improvement of their
business operations. In present era, the foremost goal of the companies is the fulfillment of
customer demand with the profit maximization and the cost minimization. The companies are
striving for attaining sustained competitive advantage with the effective utilization of internal
resources. Organizations are struggling to reduce their transportation, warehousing, and
storage costs, the effective supply chain management can assist is curtailing such costs.
Moreover, the technological intervention in every field transforms the ways in which the
business operations were performed earlier. The supply chain is also not excluded from this
transformation and paradigm shift. The supply chain operations of the organizations are
improved by effective supply chain management. The inter-organizational relationships are
now changed and the competitions among organization are on the basis of value creation, the
strategic partnerships are now become crucial and the management of supply chain becomes
the essential element for profit maximization and cost reduction. Presently the supply chain
management needs to take into account the understanding of market dynamics, the
collaboration and integration with supply chain partners, effective communication throughout
the supply chain network in order to create the value for customers and to attain the
competitive advantage along with the maximization of profit.

It has been found from the review of existing literature that the research studies are
concentrated on the supply chain transformation through the factors such as information
sharing, collaboration, demand forecast software. But only a limited number of studies
focused on the emerging aspect of technology that can support the daily operations of supply
chain to improve the digitalization. Moreover, the industries on which the researches are
focused are manufacturing, service industries and other customer entered sectors. But the
scarcity of the findings is observed in the government and semi-government sectors
specifically. Thus, the current research study intends to explore the digital transformation in

i
terms of technology internalization in the practices of supply chain to enhance the supply
chain performance. Moreover, another important aspect is neglected in the literature which is
the integration of supply chain in organizational practices, so the study will discover how the
supply chain integration will assisted by the digital transformation in the improvement of
supply chain performance. In addition, in view of the penetration of the web and its beneficial
implications for the businesses, the current research study is focusing on determining how the
digital technologies that lead to e-procurement will assist the industry in improving its supply
chain performance. As it has been evidenced on the basis of resource-based view that supply
chain technologies need to internalized as it is unavoidable for the achievement of goals in
any industry. Earlier researches accentuated the fact that supply chain integration is important
for supply chain performance. In supplier and customer integration, supply chain integration
helps technology and innovation. It is also asserted that supply chain integration (SCI) and
supply chain technology (SCTI) both are the determinants of digital transformation and will
enable to enhance the cogency of supply chain which to be the main contribution to
organizations in government and semi-government sectors.

Therefore, in the current research, the investigation on the supply chain performance is
conducted through the integration of three variables in the research model which includes the
supply chain integration, supply chain technology internalization, and E-procurement. The
variables are incorporated based on the two major theories which include the socio-technical
system and the Resource based view. The primary focus of the Socio-technical system is on
the social and the technical aspects. In order to determine the productivity and performance
both the social and technical aspects need to be focused. While according to the Resource
Based View the internal resources of an organization leads to the sustained competitive
advantage. Thus, the study aims to analyze the impact of various internal resources in form of
technology and the policies on the supply chain performance. For this purpose, the study is
emphasized on investigating the impact of supply chain technology internalization, supply
chain integration and E-procurement on the supply chain performance in the construction
industry. The study is conducted with the quantitative research approach and the relationships
between the variables are determined with the utilization of regression analysis.

Research Aim

The aim of the current research is to determine that what impact is created on the supply
chain performance, if the supply chain technology is internalized in the daily operations of
supply chain of the government and the semi-government sectors. Moreover, the current
research aims to investigate how E-procurement will impact the supply chain performance
and how the effectiveness in purchase decisions is achieved. In addition, the motive of the
study is to analyze what will be the impact of supply chain integration on the supply chain
performance.

Research objectives

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Based on the research questions and the identified literature gap along with the highlighted
need of the exploration of factors that can lead to digital transformation, the objective of the
current study are as follows:

1. To explore the impact of digital transformation in terms of supply chain technology

internalization.
2. To examine the impact of digital transformation in terms of e-procurement.
3. To determine the impact of digital transformation in terms of supply chain
integration.

Research Questions

Considering the highlighted importance of supply chain technology internalization, e-

procurement and collaboration in supply chain integration for the successful supply chain
performance, the current study is conducted to answer the following research questions:
1. What is the impact of digital transformation in terms of supply chain technology
internalization?
2. What is the impact of digital transformation in terms of e-procurement?
3. What is the impact of digital transformation in terms of supply chain integration?

Scope of Research

The practical, theoretical and methodological contributions of the study are discussed
below:

Practical Scope

The current research emphasizes the importance and need of supply chain technology
internalization in supply chain practices of an organization, as the detailed discussion over
the benefits and the findings will help the management and policy makers to effectively
utilize the supporting technologies that are available in the market for the facilitation of
supply chain practices and for the usage in the daily operations. The technology
internalization will ultimately help in the value creation. In addition, through the research
findings, the supply chain and the resource managers can develop the cost-effective
procurement policies with the utilization of e-procurement and its implementation in the
procurement practices for improving the supply chain performance. Moreover, the
suggestions over the critical importance of supply chain integration for enhancing the supply
chain performance will help the managers in the integration of supply chain practices to
effectively complete the projects and this will eventually enhance the chances of project
success and assist the company in improving its supply chain performance.

Study Structure

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The rest of the study is organized as follows. Following with the introduction, which
contains the background of the study, problem statement, research objectives, research
aims, definitions of the variables and the study contribution. The chapter 2 presents a
review of literature and presents background of theoretical framework along with the
discussion on earlier studies findings. While chapter 3 explains the methodology of the
research comprising research approach, research design, sampling design and details of
measurement scale, in chapter 4, findings and discussion of statistical results are
presented, whereas chapter 5 includes conclusion of the research along with managerial
implications and future recommendations.

2. Literature Review

This chapter includes the detailed review of literature on the factors of digital
transformation in supply chain management that lead towards supply chain performance.
Moreover, the existing literature over the importance of supply chain technology
internalization, E-procurement, supply chain integration that are the outcomes of digital
transformation is also included in the chapter. The purpose of this chapter is to get an in-
depth understanding about the existing conclusions over the importance of digital
transformation to enhance the supply chain performance of the firms.

Digitalization is changing the manner in which business is performed across all

enterprises, yet additionally its changing creates worth and organization points of interest.
Digitization affects compartment the executives in terms of upgrading flow and use of
holders, expanding framework unwavering quality, and expanding inventory network
straightforwardness. Innovation is quickly changing the scene of most customer situated
organizations in a crucial manner. Purchaser buying practices and solicitation plans are by
and large through and through impacted by high Internet penetration, all inclusive
information openness, and rapidly creating casual networks. This generally influences
purchaser arranged endeavors, for instance, music, circulating, purchaser contraptions,
retail and money related organizations. However, will this development gathering by
clients have any huge impact on the stock chains in standard ventures which continue
making real items? Will the usage of emerging headways in reserve chains, across
endeavors, help affiliations better fulfill the prerequisites of their customers?

The proper reaction is an unequivocal yes. As there is a vital execution contrast among
customary and progressed supply chains. Ordinary stock chains rely upon a mix of
electronic and paper-based cycles and documentation. The definitive plan is as often as
possible depicted by utilitarian and geographic storage facilities which don't share
information clearly, therefore provoking tricky execution. Modernized inventory chains,
of course, have the limit with respect to expansive information availability, moreover,
enable pervasive collaboration and correspondence across automated stages achieving
improved constancy, agility and sufficiency. For instance, the U.S.- based land
transportation association J.B. Pursue started using sensor based development and Global
Positioning Systems (GPS) to improve detectable quality of shipments and improve fill-
rates. Convenient course of action, arranging and correspondence with drivers and
customers a similar helped J.B. Pursue to increase EBIT edge from 3% to over 11% inside
4 years occurring in a quintupling of its offer expense.

4
Today most affiliations work on cream stock organization models that solidify paper-
based and IT-maintained measures. As paper-based information is simply open locally,
legitimate arrangement is by and large established on neighborhood creation lines or
branches serving close by customers. Coordination besides, organization relies upon
neighborhood advantage centers which smooth out the show of a locale, country or branch
moreover, which consistently don't share information straightforwardly with other various
leveled units. Advantage center heads every now and again utilize strong progressive
power and hereafter applications are proposed to help close by cycles or functional
islands. These unique neighborhood cycles and IT applications lead to clashing and
abundance data at the corporate level and make a couple of inadequacies.

In overall relationship, there are as often as possible a couple hundred applications

supporting stock organization measures, inciting broad execution cycles and unnecessarily
high support costs. But these affiliations may use IT-enabled measure robotization, it
doesn't actually go past an unequivocal business work or a local forte unit, actually leaving
estimates limited. Unique IT systems in like manner get abnormality and reiteration

in data, making it problematic for top organization to get fundamental information, for
instance, overall pay across the relationship from a particular business assistant in a
particular month. It even makes internal benchmarking of operational data irksome.

Evidence from Earlier Studies on digital Transformation in the field of Supply chain
management

Today, supply chains are exceptionally perplexing business networks that should be
overseen cooperatively and streamlined all around the world. Also, worldwide business
scene is continually and quickly evolving. Vulnerability, developing rivalry, more limited
process durations, all the more requesting clients, and strain to reduce expenses are only a
couple attributes of the 21st century business climate. It has gotten basic to quantify,
foresee, track, and deal with the presentation of supply chain measures. Execution the
board identifies with use of cycles, techniques, measurements, and innovations to make a
reliable connection between supply chain system, arranging, usage, and controlling.

Supply chain necessitates that part organizations have the way to evaluate the exhibition of
the general inventory network to meet the prerequisites of the end client. Also, it is
important to have the option to survey the general commitment of individual part
organizations inside the inventory network. This requires an exhibition estimation
framework that can work at a few unique levels as well as connection or incorporate the
endeavors of these various levels to meet the goals of the supply chain (Green, Inman,
Sower, and Zelbst, 2019).
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Since the term supply chain was presented, there has been a lot of disarray about what it
really includes. It is broadly recognized that there has been generally little interest in
creating estimation frameworks and measurements for assessing production network
execution (Durach, Kembro, and Wieland, 2017). While a few supervisors and scientists
keep on utilizing it conversely with co ordinations, there is an expanding understanding
that supply chain management is considerably more than co ordinations. Continuously
SCM is being seen as the organization of key business measures across the association of
affiliations that deal the creation organization. It has been evidenced that the effective
management of the supply chain is the essential aspect which enhances the productivity of
the organization and ensures the efficiency in the utilization of resources. The performance
of supply chain is considered as the primary factor in meeting the demands of the
customers and fulfilling the organizational goals (Min, Zacharia, and Smith, 2019). There
are a few ramifications for experts and specialists. Maybe obviously, reactions of
estimation frameworks intended to assess the presentation of supply chains reflect those in
the more extensive execution the board writing. Heads should know that the effective
integration and the executives of key business measures across individuals from the store
network will decide the achievement of a venture. Generally dealing with the production
network is left to risk. Thus, heads for the most part are endeavoring to decipher and to
decide how to deal with the organization's inventory network organization, and along these
lines accomplish the capability of SCM (Pattanayak & Punyatoya, 2019).

To accomplish required inventory network readiness and adaptively, it is important to

utilize wise innovations and devices which empower observing and assessment of supply
chain performance (Centobelli, Cerchione, and Ertz, 2020; Holmström, Holweg, Lawson,
Pil, and Wagner, 2019). To be serious, organizations need to use business knowledge (BI)
innovations and apparatuses to more readily deal with their organizations and envision
what's to come. Blend of business insight and execution the executive’s frameworks can
improve supply chain productivity and responsibility and diminish costs with enhanced
dynamic cycle dependent on observing of the key execution pointers. Moreover, these
frameworks should empower more unsurprising execution the board by giving noteworthy
data to the correct chiefs. The subsequent expanded interest for business knowledge
implies that organizations should zero in on the objective of furnishing all partners with the
perfect data at the perfect time with the correct devices. Accomplishing this target requires
the utilization of BI arrangements and applications for following, breaking down,
demonstrating, gauging, and conveying data on the side of execution the executives and
dynamic cycles (Ivanov, Dolgui, and Sokolov, 2019).

The present innovation has broad ability with regards to staying with a's creation on target,
foreseeing and fixing mix-ups, and making alterations that ensure a top quality item (Shi,
Dong, Zhang, and Zhang, 2019). Each connection in the supply chain can be observed all
the while, and robotized warning frameworks are particularly important for sending a
solitary message to numerous players through an assortment of media channels.
Mechanized delivery and following, and electronic invoicing, are likewise center parts of a
cutting edge production network the executives framework that is intended to keep clients
fulfilled (Dehgani and Navimipour, 2019).The blossoming exhibit of production network
related applications and highlights for advanced cells and other cell phones is adding
gigantic versatility to production network the board. With their durable battery life, console
abilities, standardized tag filtering, great advanced cameras and discourse acknowledgment
highlights, tablet PCs and PDAs give astounding usefulness to distribution center tasks.
This is particularly valid for handheld gadgets that have been "ruggedized," or explicitly

6
intended to withstand cruel conditions and likely harm from being dropped or slammed (da
Silva, Kovaleski, and Pagani, 2019). The versatility, adaptability and comfort of remote
gadgets mean store network administrators can facilitate measures at each connection in
the chain, paying little mind to their actual area (Dolgui and Ivanov, 2020). Also,
representatives, merchants and other production network accomplices can assume dynamic
jobs in guaranteeing productivity—for instance, transporters can utilize GPS-prepared
gadgets to quickly report transportation catches that may disturb measures further along the
production network. Moreover, Programming projects and distributed computing have
incredibly upgraded the following of materials and items, with continuous notices
accessible at the hint of a catch. They likewise permit organizations to change creation
timetables and stock levels on the fly. As the quantity of organizations understanding the
advantages of inventory network the executives innovation builds, a few worldwide
associations keep on standing apart as innovators and pioneers in the field. From reducing
expenses to lessening creation mistakes and upgrading client care, innovation is giving a
record of supply chain advantages to organizations across all businesses (Ivanov, Dolgui,
Das, and Sokolov, 2019). Also, mechanical headways presently empower organizations to
assemble start to finish production network arrangements that accelerate measures and stay
away from bottlenecks in the supply chain. Strangely, ongoing or close to constant data is
the vital factor supply chain management. Production network the board programming is
intended to oversee and upgrade the trading of data of across different key inventory
network accomplices to accomplish such results as in the nick of time acquirement,
decrease of stock, increment of assembling effectiveness and to address client issues in an
ideal design. As a rule, these innovation arrangements empower organizations to achieve
some degree of on-request or mass customization in the creation cycle (Mostafa, Hamdy,
and Alawady, 2019)

The internalization of technology in the supply chain practices is facilitating multiple

economic sectors. Among which construction sector is the one where the integration of
technology can enhance efficiency and will result in overall efficient performance.

E-acquirement is the utilization of web and innovation to supplant manual exercises in the
obtainment cycle. As per Nawi et al. (2016) e-acquirement is the mechanization of an
association's obtainment measures utilizing electronic applications [1]. When taking a
gander at the attire business, clothing configuration, assembling, and exportation can be
considered as parts of one of the greatest assembling ventures in Sri Lanka, which assumes
a significant job in the progression of economy. Pushed by globalization, the attire business
should adapt to high requesting clients. Purchasers in the present market request items to
be created at a serious cost with the quickest turnaround time conceivable. Material and
clothing sourcing organizations, thusly, must be sufficiently deft to react immediately to
changing shopper inclinations and worth added exercises. This exploration centers around
actualizing e-obtainment in clothing store network and explains factors influencing its
usage, challenges in executing e-acquisition and the effect of e-acquirement methodologies
on the presentation of the attire store network (Jayawardhena and Jayaratne).

The exploration has been led on Kenya Airways PLC being a worldwide carrier is at
present confronting enormous rivalry in both the neighborhood and the global courses. The
production network area inside the organization handles enormous volumes of merchandise
buys including buys from abroad providers just as those neighborhood providers.
Receiving a powerful and effective production network is of embodiment to the
organization during these tough situations. The investigation sets up the impact of e-

7
acquisition rehearses on production network execution at Kenya aviation routes. The paper
utilized a work area study survey system. Past examinations on e-acquisition were
basically and insightfully contemplated and the outcomes identified with the aircraft
business. A basic survey of experimental writing is directed to distinguish primary topical
ideas of the paper. From exact examinations, it was set up that e-acquirement rehearses are
key to the presentation of store network the board. Similarly, Kenya Airways may
endeavor to modernize their obtainment administrations by coordinating e-acquirement in
the inventory network frameworks. The suggestions of the examination center the subject
of the investigation which is the Kenya Airways. The investigation suggests that Kenya
Airways should focus in creating e-acquisition stage to upgrade inventory network
execution. E-obtainment rehearses have exceptionally solid impact on inventory network
execution. E-request preparing, data sharing and E-provider evaluation unequivocally
impact inventory network execution. The aircraft firm should grasp the e-obtainment
practices to upgrade the organizations store network execution which thusly lead to benefit
expansion (Mutangili, 2019).

The exploration is directed by Faheem and Siddiqui (2019) and the reason for their
examination is the investigation of the relationship in the midst of the acts of electronic
obtainment and its effect on production network execution. We investigated four prime
acts of e-acquirement that known as electronic plan, electronic sourcing, electronic
exchange, and electronic assessment. Information was gathered from 239 respondents
doing tasks identified with inventory network the board utilizing the Likert scale
Questionnaire that was received from writing. The information was investigated utilizing
Structural Equation Modeling just as Confirmatory Factor examination. The outcomes
recommended that electronic plan and electronic assessment demonstrated a positive and
critical effect on inventory network execution while, electronic exchange and electronic
sourcing didn't show a huge effect on production network execution. Thus, the discoveries
suggest that contrast with electronic sourcing and electronic arrangement, electronic plan,
and electronic assessment has more impact on store network execution. The organization
should zero in more on electronic plan and electronic assessment than electronic sourcing
and electronic arrangement. Moreover, the investigation advocates reconciliation among
inventory network individuals is similarly significant as to zero in on joint learning practice
since it prompts increase the store network execution. Moreover, the examination
advocates that electronic acquirement is along the edge of the contribution of the store
network framework, consequently, it is more significant for the business to build up an
inventive and viable cycle that fulfills all the requirements of the authoritative production
network.

Another investigation is led to examine the connection among e‐procurement and

production network execution. The two meetings with rehearsing supervisors and an exact
examination were directed in this investigation. Meetings with four rehearsing supervisors
were led to assemble the reasonable bits of knowledge of the hypothetical structure.
Observational information were gathered from 108 Taiwanese endeavors. The paper found
that accomplice connections, data sharing, and store network coordination can speak to the
cycles through which e‐procurement adds to store network execution. Production network
coordination has the most noteworthy normalized complete impact on production network
execution. Future examinations could all the more methodically break down the
connections among e‐procurement, store network mix and store network execution.

8
Cross‐level examination is likewise deserving of examination while considering the impact
of technology‐usage qualities. Contrasted with accomplice connections and data sharing,
production network joining has more effects on inventory network execution (Chang, Tsai,
and Hsu, 2013)

Another examination is directed to investigate e-acquirement in little and medium-sized

undertakings (SMEs) and its relationship with top administration uphold, IT hindrances
and vital buying and the impact of e-obtainment on execution (acquisition execution and
business execution). The speculations were tried utilizing an example of 199 supervisors
from SMEs in assembling. The outcomes demonstrated a critical connection between e-
obtainment in SMEs and top administrations uphold IT obstructions and vital buying.
Additionally, the creators found a positive connection between e-acquirement and
obtainment measure execution and business execution. The discoveries stress to SME
supervisors, the need to focus on top administration uphold, IT impediments and vital
buying while executing e-obtainment. Additionally, it gives proof of the advantages of e-
acquisition on obtainment measure execution and business execution. This examination
fills a hole in the writing with respect to e-acquisition in SMEs and its effect on execution.
SMEs establish a huge piece of the present economies and e-acquisition can fundamentally
affect the exhibition of these associations (Sánchez-Rodríguez, Martínez-Lorente, and
Hemsworth, 2019).

Likewise the exploration is directed to evaluate the impact e-acquirement on viable

inventory network the board cycle in energy area in Kenya. The study apply the
examination plan where both subjective and quantitative methods was utilized. The
examination targets gathering and gathering data from the respondents. The investigations
utilize separated irregular inspecting method in thinking of test size of 152 respondents
from an aggregate of 246 objective populace in the energy area. The surveys were flowed
to all the respondents with the assistance of specialist. The examination utilized Slovin's
formula: n=N/(1+e2) in inspecting while Semi-organized poll was utilized to gather
information. Pilot study was completed to build up the dependability and legitimacy of the
examination instruments. The information were coordinated, altered, investigated and
deciphered utilizing engaging and inferential insights with the assistance of factual bundle
for sociologies rendition 21. The information was investigated and introduced through a
type of tables, figures, pie outlines and bar diagrams followed by the introduction,
understanding and conversation of the discoveries. All the factors, that is, electronic
information exchange, e-offering, production network reconciliation were found to have
impact on viable production network the board cycle on energy area. The examination
suggested that a comparative exploration should be directed with a target researching the
impacts of e-obtainment on store network the board cycle with different factors or of
different firms in different areas, remembering the items business for the Kenyan market
(Ngeno and Kinoti, 2017).

Organizations need to improve their techniques to have an expansion in their exhibitions.

One the most significant and most exorbitant exercises in organizations which causes a lot
of legitimate costs for the organizations is obtainment technique. Hence, the point of this
examination was to explore the job of e acquirement through store network reconciliation
on the exhibition of inventory network. The current examination was done on sapco
vehicle parts creation organizations which have grade an in their items. This investigation
is a clear co relational examination. The examples under scrutiny have been chosen
through non-arbitrary examining. The information accumulated in this investigation

9
 through change at al (2013) poll. To test the theory, primary condition displaying has been
utilized. The aftereffect of this exploration indicated that e acquirement has a compelling
part in progress of execution of supply chains under scrutiny (Bahambari and Kelidbari).

Organizations have profited by the advancement of data and correspondence advances by

utilizing electronic apparatuses and answers for build up the buying movement. In fact, e
procurement has gotten a significant vital decision for the improvement of inward and
between hierarchical cycle productivity (Hunga and al., 2013). The e-acquisition idea
alludes to the coordination of obtainment measure, which incorporates activities, for
example, arrangement, requesting, receipt, and post-buy audit (Croom and Brandon-Jones,
2005). Most of exploration identified with this issue zeroed in on the monetary advantages
of e procurement by lessening costs and expanding productivity. Some examination has
inspected the impact of e-acquirement in association execution (measure proficiency, deals
execution and consumer loyalty, and so forth) (Chang and Wong, 2010). Other exploration
has investigated the effect of e-acquirement framework on inventory network execution by
allowing the associations to work with their accomplices in a synergistic and economical
climate (Pearcy and al., 2008). This investigation dissects the impacts of the execution of
e-acquirement on the presentation of the buying cycle. Concerning the Market-Based
View of procedure hypothesis (Bain, 1968), we look at the elements influencing the
degree of e-obtainment use as far as broadness and profundity. The broadness is the scope
of the e-obtainment functionalities utilized and the profundity is how much the association
depends on e-acquirement (Hassan and al., 2017). The principle objective of this
examination is to extend the information regarding the matter by building up a calculated
model to see how the accomplishment of the execution can expand the individual and
value-based advantages of the buying cycle. These two last ones make it conceivable to
improve the hierarchical execution of the organization. For the approval preliminaries on
our applied model, we completed a field concentrate in France. Information were gathered
through a poll directed electronically. The populace test comprised of 150 purchasers who
have a place with French firms. We utilize factorial examinations and underlying
condition mode ling to test our speculations (Benzidia and Makaoui, 2018).

3. Methodology

The chapter includes the discussion on the followed research design on which the research is
based. Moreover, the sampling design is discussed which comprises of the details about
population and sampling, the determination of sample size, the procedure of sampling and the
selected sampling technique. In addition, the unit of analysis is discussed along with the
method of data collection. Likewise, the methods through which the collected data is
analyzed are also discussed.

3.1 Design of research

The research design includes the type of study, it determines the research question, the
hypotheses of research, the inclusion of variables and the method through which the data is
collected.

10
In the present study, the research deign is co relational through which the relationship
between two or more variables can be explored. It determines the degree of relatedness
among the variables through the co relational analysis. The design is selected as the research
intends to answer the stated research questions. This research design is aligned with the
qualitative research approach.

3.2 Sampling Design

In the research, the sampling design incorporates the details about the target population, the
selected sample and the chosen sampling technique. In includes the discussion about the
determination of the sample size and the procedure of sampling.

3.2.1 Population and Sampling

The research population is the comprehensive group of people who possess the characteristics
in which the researcher is interested. Likewise, the sample is drawn from the population and
it is the specific segment of the population and also called the subset of the population.

In the current research study, the employees of government and semi-government firms are
the population.

3.2.2 Sampling Procedure

The data has been collected from the Karachi city only. The employees who are working in
government and semi-government companies in Karachi were approached for the data
collection. A total of 25employees were targeted.

3.2.3 Technique of sampling

The non- probability sampling is used for this research in which all the members in the
population does not have an equal opportunity to be selected. In addition, the research
respondents are selected through the convenience sampling as the ease of access to approach
the employees in the selected construction companies is the priority. This approach is utilized
due to Covid-19 restrictions the movement is difficult and physical access to the respondents
is also risky in view of safety precautions, thus the respondents are approached with the ease
of access and availability.

3.3 Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis comprises of the individual, organization, case or any entity on which the
research is being carried out. In the case of current research, the unit of analysis are the
employees who are currently employed in the government or the semi government sector.

11
3.4 Data Collection Method/Procedure

For the collection of research data, the questionnaire is based on an interview survey. The
online platform was used for the collection of data as the restrictions and the safety
conditions in the city does not allow the physical contact and the visit to the companies are
also restricted for official purposes only. So the designed survey is sent through the emails,
and through the utilization of other communication mediums such as WhatsApp and
Telegram. The interview was conducted through the video calls. Through this online
interview method, the information is collected in short time period, also the cost is saved
related to travel and printing material. Also, the obtained results can be quantified in an easier
manner.

3.5 Summary

The chapter of methodology summarizes the overall research selection in terms of

methodological choice. It reflected upon on the research design, research approach and the
sampling procedure. Moreover, the details about the data collection method and the
procedure are discussed along with the discussion of methods and techniques utilized for the
data analysis.

4. Findings of Results

The results obtained from the analysis of the interview responses are included in the
discussion. It has been observed that the employees of the chosen have the same opinion
regarding the role and importance of digital transformation in the field of supply chain
management. It has been said by the respondent that:

“Through the digital transformation technologies, the processes of my company are

improved in a profound manner, we have observed efficiency and effectiveness in multiple
supply chain operations. The way we procure, the way we distribute and the way we reach
our customers is totally changed with the supply chain transformation backed by the
technology”.

Moreover, it has been said by the other group that” Supply chain transformation assisted in
becoming more profitable organization as it reduces the number of expenses that lead tpo
reduction in profits”

Other results indicated that: “supply chain transformation is the factor which is major in
enhancing supply chain performance and maximize the profits with the minimization of
costs”.

Moreover, the results showed that “Today, supply chains are exceptionally perplexing
business networks that should be overseen cooperatively and streamlined all around the
world. Also, worldwide business scene is continually and quickly evolving. Vulnerability,
developing rivalry, more limited process durations, all the more requesting clients, and
strain to reduce expenses are only a couple attributes of the 21st century business climate.

12
 It has gotten basic to quantify, foresee, track, and deal with the presentation of supply chain
measures. It has been said that the with the use of cycles, techniques, measurements, and
innovations to make a reliable connection between supply chain system, arranging, usage,
and controlling”.

In addition , it has been also said by the respondents that: “Today, supply chains are
exceptionally perplexing business networks that should be overseen cooperatively and
streamlined all around the world. Also, worldwide business scene is continually and
quickly evolving. Vulnerability, developing rivalry, more limited process durations, all the
more requesting clients, and strain to reduce expenses are only a couple attributes of the
21st century business climate. It has gotten basic to quantify, foresee, track, and deal with
the presentation of supply chain measures. Execution the board identifies with use of
cycles, techniques, measurements, and innovations to make a reliable connection between
supply chain system, arranging, usage, and controlling”.

In addition, the respondents said that: “Supply chain necessitates that part organizations
have the way to evaluate the exhibition of the general inventory network to meet the
prerequisites of the end client. Also, it is important to have the option to survey the general
commitment of individual part organizations inside the inventory network. This requires an
exhibition estimation framework that can work at a few unique levels as well as connection
or incorporate the endeavors of these various levels to meet the goals of the supply chain.”

5. Conclusion

The study is focused on the digital transformation of the supply chain management and is
relied on the technologies that is enhancing the supply chain performance and will help the
organization in enhancing the supply chain effectiveness; the results were explored
through the interview that has been conducted from the supply chain managers of
government and semi-government sectors organizations. The results indicated that the
integration of technologically transformed software and applications are necessary for the
effective management of supply chain as it ensures the success in every supply chain
operation.

Moreover, the current research emphasizes the importance and need of supply chain
technology internalization in supply chain practices of an organization, as the detailed
discussion over the benefits and the findings will help the management and policy makers
to effectively utilize the supporting technologies that are available in the market for the
facilitation of supply chain practices and for the usage in the daily operations. The
technology internalization will ultimately help in the value creation. In addition, through
the research findings, the supply chain and the resource managers can develop the cost-
effective procurement policies with the utilization of e-procurement and its
implementation in the procurement practices for improving the supply chain performance

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