Biocapteurs et chaine instrumentation

Module 21H
M2 - BDA
Ines Bousnina
[email protected]
Course Outline 2

Chap. 1 : From MANET to the Internet of Things (IoT) : Evolution and

applications
Basic concepts : smart objects, global connectivity, sensors, etc.
IoT Applications
IoT Ecosystem and architecture
IoT challenges
Chap. 2 : IoT networks technologies
Connectivity models in IoT
Long range communications technologies for IoT
Short range communications technologies for IoT
Chap. 3 : WBAN
Chap 4: Biocapteurs
Reference 3

Ala Al-Fuqaha, Mohsen Guizani, Mehdi Mohammadi, Mohammed

Aledhari, Moussa Ayyash. Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling
Technologies, Protocols and Applications. IEEE COMMUNICATIONS
SURVEYS &AMP TUTORIALS. JANUARY 2015
1. From MANET to the Internet of Things
(IoT) : Evolution and applications
 Definition of Internet of Things 5

A set of concepts, paradigmes, not a

single technology, that has
repercussions on technology and
society

IoT is the extension of Internet to

things and locations of the physical
world. It can be considered as an
evolution of Internet where it can be
possible to connect to anyhing,
anywhere and anytime
Definition of Internet of Things 6

Machine to machine (M2M)

smartphones and tablets,
Any everyday objects and gadgets such as TV, heat and cooling
systems, appliances, smart electric meters, cars, medical surveillance
equipements, surveilliance cameras, industrial equipements, etc.
Importants key words
Sensors
Connected and smart objects
Machine to Machine communications (M2M)

Hanen IDOUDI
7
Some numbers … 8
IoT Applications 9
Smart cities 10

« In general, a smart city is a city that uses technology to provide

services and solve city problems. A smart city does things like
improve transportation and accessibility, improve social services,
promote sustainability, and give its citizens a voice. »

3 goals : Quality of life, economic competitiveness,

and sustainability

Technology can seed change in six urban domains: economy,

mobility, security, education, living, and environment.

Connectivity and the Internet of Things bring efficiencies in services

to make cities work smarter.

Hanen IDOUDI
Smart cities 11

Generally recognized subjects that combine to make a city smart:

• Mobility
• Healthcare
• Security
• Water
• Energy
• Engagement and Community
• Economic Development and Housing
• Waste

Hanen IDOUDI
Smart cities 12

Smart and automated services in a smart cities :

Intelligent waste collection systems
Environnement surveillance and data collection : weather station,
pollution, etc.
Urbain Surveillance
Entertainment : sports and cultural events, virtual tours, touristic
informations and services, etc
Smart Grid : Smart electric meters
Smart parking
Etc

Hanen IDOUDI
Smart cities 13
Smart cities
-- Examples of Smart cities : 14

Oslo :
Wide use of sensors to control lighting, heating, and cooling. The city’s
goal to cut emissions by 36 percent by 2020 and as much as 95
percent by 2030.
More than 2,000 charging stations for electric vehicles, whose owners
do not have to pay sales tax and are entitled free parking, charging,
and transport on ferries.
Norway has announced plans to build a sustainable smart city near
Oslo’s airport to develop technology-driven communities.
powered only with renewable energy, with excess being sold back into the
grid.
Sensor-based systems will operate automatic street and building lighting
along with waste management and security.
Only electric vehicles will be permitted, but planners eventually want self-
driving vehicles.
Smart cities
-- Examples of Smart cities : 15

New York :
Hundreds of smart sensors and a low-power wide area network are
deployed throughout several business districts.
Collected data help manage trash pickup; waste containers fitted with
sensors monitor when the cans are full and relay that information to
disposal crews.
Throughout the city, online charging kiosks are replacing public phone
booths to enable internet connectivity.

The police department is introducing a system that uses historical crime

data, terrain modeling, and other information to predict and respond
to crime. The test produced a marked decrease in violent crime, and
now other city agencies are interested.
More examples on : https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/top-10-
growing-smart-cities
E-Health 20

E-helath in general stands for the use of ICT in health use cases :
Telemedecine, mobile-e-health, Electronic Health Records, Smart
Medical Things
WBAN : Wireless Body Area Networks
Smart Medical Things, Wearables

Uses :
Sports and wellness
Medical purposes
 Medical applications 21

Medical purposes :
Monitoring of patients in hospitals, disabled persons and elderly, monitiring of
Alzhaeimer patients etc
Example : medical sensors for automatic and periodic measurement of patients’
vital signs (cardigrams, etc)
 Medical applications 22

Diabetes : Smart continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

A Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) is a device that helps
diabetics to continuously monitor their blood glucose levels for
several days at a time, by taking readings at regular intervals.

Smart CGMs send data on blood glucose levels to an app on

iPhone, Android or Apple Watch, allowing the wearer to easily
check their information and detect trends. The FreeStyle LibreLink
app also allows for remote monitoring by caregivers, which could
include the parents of diabetic children or the relatives of elderly
patients.
Medical applications 23

Diabetes : Smart insulin pens

Smart insulin pens – or pen caps – have the ability to automatically

record the time, amount and type of insulin injected in a dose, and
recommend the correct type of insulin injection at the right time.

The devices interact with a smartphone app that can store long-
term data, help diabetes patients calculate their insulin dose, and
even allow patients to record their meals and blood sugar levels, to
see how their food and insulin intake are affecting their blood
sugar.
Medical applications 24

Intel deployed a 130-node network to monitor the activity of

residents in an elder care facility.
Patient data is acquired with wearable sensing nodes (a “watch”)

• Vital sign monitoring

• Accident recognition
• Monitoring/locating the
elderly
The IoT ecosystem : from the physical
33
connected object to the IoT service
A chain of innovation
Innovation in terms of physical design of smart objects : embedded design,
electronics, etc

New networking paradigmes

Middelwares, cloud plateforms for data gathering and processing

BigData solutions : data analytics, storage

New software architectures for services integration

New type of applications : contexte–aware services

Hanen IDOUDI
The IoT ecosystem : from the physical
34
connected object to the IoT service

Data acquisition Data collection and trasfert Data analysis

 IoT : Layered Architecture 35

Unlike the Internet, there is no standard/reference Architecture

model for IoT

There are several architeture models, most used ones are :

IoT : Layered Architecture 35

Unlike the Internet, there is no standard/reference Architecture

model for IoT
IoT : Layered Architecture 36
IoT = Challenges 39
Regul
Regulation

• Definition of Things and • Silos vs. Horizontal • Privacy Challenge

«Identity of Things» Application Domains • Ownership
Challenge • The revenue Challenge
• Complexity Challenge challenge • Security Challenge
• Communication • Per device • Easiness of Use
Paradigms Challenge • Connectivity Challenge
• Data Challenge • Data • Social Cooperation
• The Software Platform • The Value Chain Challenge
Challenge Challenge
• New Biz Model
Challenge
2. IoT networks technologies
Communication Protocols (Network layer) 40

Short Range protocols

• Home automation
• e-health
• Smart buildings

Long Range Protocols

• Smart cities
• V2X, ITS
• UAV
2. IoT networks technologies
2.1. Connectivity Models in IoT
Global Connectivity Model

42

transform an analog physical quantity into a digital signal

interface a specialized object network to a standard IP network (e.g. WiFi)

act of aggregating raw data, produced in real time, arriving in an unpredictable manner

ability to restore information in a way that is understandable to humans, with a means of

acting and/or interacting.
 IoT Connectivity Models

Device-to-Device Device-to-Cloud
42
- Allows two or more devices to connect directly
using protocols like Bluetooth, Z-Wave, or ZigBee. - involves an IoT device connecting directly to
- Commonly used in home automation to transfer an Internet cloud service
small data packets between devices, wearable - Can be used in tracking devices, monitoring a
IoT devices (e.g., heart monitors paired with cam or other devices remotely
smartwatches).
- Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is widely adopted
due to its low power consumption

Device-to-Gateway Backend Data Sharing

- IoT devices basically connect to an - extends the single device-to-cloud

intermediary device to access a cloud service communication model so that IoT devices and
- The application software might take the form of sensor data can be accessed by authorized
an app that pairs with the IoT device and third parties
communicates with a cloud service. - users can export and analyze smart object data
- Gateway devices can also potentially bridge from a cloud and send it to other services for
the interoperability gap between devices that aggregation and analysis.
communicate on different standards
Global Connectivity Model 43
Communications in IoT networks -
44
Challenges

To reduce energy consumption of devices

Easiness of deployment and (self)configuration
Reduced costs
Scalability
To reach/cover larger distances → larger range
Connectivity Model– Short Range 45

Easy to deploy +low cost + low energy consumption

Rely on the smartphone
Réseau
Cellular cellulaire
Network
Hanen IDOUDI

Liaison
Cellularcellulaire
link or Wifiou WiFi

Smartphone

Liaison Bluetooth, BLE, NFC,…

Objet connecté
Connected device
Connectivity Model– Short Range 46

low cost + low energy consumption

Gateway installation and configuration may be difficult
Gateway may have limited range

Box ADSL
WiFi
Passerelle
Gateway
6lowPan
Zigbee
Thread,…
Sensor
Senseur
Connectivity Model– Short Range 47

low cost
Wifi sensor : faisability (high energy consumption, computation
ressources)

Box ADSL

WiFi

Sensor
Senseur
Connectivity Model– Long Range 48

Important Range of the Gateway (several kilometers)

+ low cost
+ low energy consumption Gateway LPWA
Low data rates

LPWA / 3GPP

Senseurs
Sensor
2. IoT networks technologies
2.2. Long Range communication protocols
Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWA) 50

New networks (cellular or not) dedicated to outdoor communications of

connected objects.
Goal : disseminate simple sensor and location information to object
management platforms, in the cloud or on private networks.
These networks are based on communication protocols aiming at:
Very low energy consumption (for a battery lifetime of 5 to 10 years)
Very long communication distance (several km)
Good coverage inside buildings
Tackling very high density of connectable objects
Low operating costs
Cons: Limited data rates
LPWA Solutions (dedicated networks) : LORA, SigFox, etc
3GPP standards for Low Power Mobile IoT Networks (mobile operators) : LTE-M,
NB-IoT

** 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) : standardisation organisation for cellular networks
LPWAN Technologies 51
Mobile IoT deployment 52

Statistics of 2020
Source : https://www.gsma.com/iot/deployment-map/
LTE-M (Long Term Evolution, category M1) 53

3GPP Solution
Easy to deploy : updgrade of existing 4G networks infrastructures
Low energy consumption
Interoperable
Data rates up to 1 Mbps
Up to 11 km of coverage radius
Licenced frequency bande (700 – 900 Mhz)
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT ) 54

3GPP Solution
Improvment of LTE-M (LTE-M2)
Low consumption and long range technology (LPWAN) validated in June 2016 which can
operate in three different ways:
On the 200 kHz frequency band, allocated to GSM network (scarcely used nowadays)
Within LTE network which allocates ressources for NB-IoT
Within and independant and dedicated network

NB-IoT allows download or upload speeds of 20 to 250Kbit / s with a latency of less than about 10
seconds. The latency will depend on the quality of the communication chip, the network, the
quality of reception and the distance to the nearest antenna.
Arround 11 km of coverage radius (slightly better than LTE-M’s coverage)
Requires less ressources (processor and memory) than LTE-M
NB-IoT is based on 4G existant infrastructure. It inherits number of functionnalities. It is hence
compatible with international mobility : roaming capability.
NB-IoT is 5G ready
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT ) 55

Several applications use cases for IoT and IIoT (Industrial Internet Of
Things).
Objects for intelligent measurement such as electricity, gas or water
(water meter) for example
Monitoring systems such as alarms or fire alarms
Connected cities or smart cities applications, for example, street
lighting, trash filling monitoring, etc.
Measuring personal health data using connected objects
Monitoring the status of some industrial machines that do not require
real-time operation
…
LoRa (1/5) 56

First massive deployments in 2017

Uses an open communication protocol managed by the LoRa
Alliance, which allows users to create their own internal network (eg an
industrial site) or to use national and international operators networks.
Long range (2 – 15 km, up to 40 km in rural area)
Robusteness against signal noises
Low energy consumption
Adaptative data rates
Bidirectionnal communication
Supports high mobility
Supports geolocalisation
Secure data exchange
LoRa (2/5) 57

LoRa defines 3 profiles of devices

Class A (All)
Autonomous battery-powered objects programmed for sending
informations towards the network.
Asynchrone sendings, optional reception after sending. The object
stays at listen mode after sending data for a given duration.
Usage: autonomous object programmed for sending data.
Example: a humidity sensor programmed to sending a reading every
2h.
LoRa (3/5) 58

Class B (Beacon)
Battery-powered objects. Synchronised sending and reception.
Periodically, the device leaves idle state, listens/sends data then
returns to idle state.
Use case: autonomous object programmed to send/receive data
periodically.
Example: irrigation system : receives activation order at fixed hours to
maintain soil humidity
LoRa (4/5) 59

Class C (Continuous)
Powered objects. Asynchronous data sending and reception
Object react immediately for network requests.
Use case : almost time-real communication for a continiuous
monitoring of an object
Example: Public lightening monitoring in a Smart City which can be
controled by citizens through their smartphones.
LoRa (5/5) 60

LoRa – use cases

Smart Metering (intelligent electric/gaz meters)
Tracking and localisation of objects, supply chains
Emergency and security services : intrusion detection sensors, fire
detctors, etc
Optimising vehicules routing for supply chain : waste collection, mail
distribution, etc
2. IoT networks technologies
2.3. Short Range communication protocols
Introduction 62

LwPAN : Low power Personal Area Networks

Low communication range :from 1m to few dozens of meters
Small networks in general

Applications : indoor applications

Smart Building, home automation
E-health
Sport
Smart shops
Etc
Major LwPAN standards 63
DATA BANDWIDT NETWORKING
STANDARD COVERAGE RATES FREQUENCY H POWER TOPOLOGY SECURITY
AES block
11 and 2.4 GHz and Infrastructure cipher and 32
Wi-Fi 100 m 54 Mbps 5 GHz 20 MHz High (point-hub) bit CRC
64 and 128 bit
Mediu Ad hoc, very encryption and
Bluetooth 10 m 1 Mbps 2.4 GHz 1 MHz m small network 16 bit CRC
AES block
100–500 3.1–10.6 cipher and 16
UWB 10 m Mbps GHz ≥500 MHz Low Point-to-point bit CRC
Ad hoc, peer- 128 AES with
Very to-peer, star or application
ZigBee 70–100 m 250 Kbps 2.4 GHz 2 MHz low mesh layer security
AES with
extensible
1–75 Infrastructure authentication
WiBro <2 miles Mbps 2.3–2.4 GHz 8.75 MHz Low mesh protocol
Wireless 480 3.1–10.6
USB 10 m Mbps GHz 528 MHz Low Point-to-point AES 128
IR <10 m with
wireless LOS 4 Mbps 16 KHz 2.54 MHz Low Point-to-point Very secure
IEEE standards for LwPAN 64

IEEE
Communication
protocols for
LwPAN

IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.3 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.6

(Bluetooth) (UWB) (Zigbee) (wBAN)
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 65

Less than 10 meters of range

1 Mbits/s data range
Operates on the unlicenced ISM frequency band
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 67

NOKIA product
BLE 4.0 in 2010
BLE 5.0 in 2017

Open Technology based on Bluetooth

Compatible
Same data rate but only 1/10 of energy consumption
Integration in new types of equipements such as watches, medical
surveillance devices or sensors for sports

Bluetooth 5
Double of data rate
4 x range
IEEE 802.15.4 – Low energy operation 74

Use of a superframe to control transmission periods

Effective duty cycling
Nodes can be in Sleep mode for several periods

Active Period

inactive period

15ms *2SO
0 =< SO =< 14
15ms *2BO
SO =< BO =< 14

SO = Superframe Order
BO = Beacon Order
allows competitive access

IEEE 802.15.4 – Superframe structure 75

GTS 3 GTS 2 GTS 1

Cont ention Acc essPeriod Contention Free

(CAP) Period(CFP)
Slot 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

15ms *2n
where 0 =<n =<
14
Transmitted by the PAN coordinator. Contains network information,
Beacon
superframe structure information and notifications on buffered messages for nodes

Beacon
Extension if many waiting packets to be sent by the coordinator
extension

CAP Nodes use CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)
Allows competitive access

TDMA - Selected Nodes will be allocated to Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS).

GTS 7 GTS can be allocated at maximum
Suitable for critical and delay constrained applications
 What Is the ZigBee Alliance? 76

■ An organization with a mission to define reliable, cost-effective, low-power,

wirelessly networked, monitoring and control products based on an open global
standard
■ Alliance provides
◗ Upper layer stack and application profiles
◗ Compliance and certification testing
◗ Branding
■ Result is a set of interoperable solutions recognizable in the market

■ Eight promoter companies

◗ Ember, Freescale, Honeywell, Invensys, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Philips and
Samsung

■ A rapidly growing list (Over 120 participants) of industry leaders worldwide

committed to providing ZigBee-compliant products and solutions
◗ Companies include semiconductor manufacturers, wireless IP providers,
OEMs, and end-users

Recently rebranding as « Connectivity Standards Alliance » CSA

https://csa-iot.org/
 77

Application Customer
◗ “the software”
API
◗ Network, Security & Application
Security layers
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption ZigBee ◗ Brand management
Alliance
Network
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree

MAC IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE ◗ “the hardware”
PHY 802.15.4 ◗ Physical & Media Access Control
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz layers
IEEE 802.15.6 - Goals 78

IEEE 802.15.6: a standard model specifically designed for WBAN-

base e-health communications

To provide an international standard supporting:

Low complexity,
Low cost,
Ultra-low power consumption,
And extremely reliable wireless communication for short range,
Traffic differentiation
 IEEE 802.15.6 – Data Rates and frequencies 80
Up to 2 Mb/s From 110 kbs/s to 27.24 Mb/s

From 50 kbits/s to 970 kbits/s

- HBC (Human Body Communication)

- MICS (Medical Implant Communication Service)
- WMTS (Wireless Medical Telemetry Service)
- ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical)
 IEEE 802.15.6 - Topologies
Two-hop extended star
One-hop star topology
topology
81

Relay-
capable
node

Hub Communications flow

Direct communication
Node

- Low latency - Increased network range

- Ease of maintenance - Reduced energy consumption
- Easy deployment - Felexibility
- Dependancy on the central node - High latency
- Very short range - Complex management
- High load on the central node - Dependancy on intermediate nodes
IEEE 802.15.6 – MAC Layer
Beacon mode with beacon periods
82
(MAP) (MAP)

Beacon Period

Period Periodicity Data rate

Regular traffic Scheduled access
MAP Unscheduled and improvised access On-demand
(Polling/Posting)
EAP Urgent high priority traffic only
RAP Random traffic (urgent or classic) Contention access

CAP Regular traffic only

EAP : Exclusive Access Phase

RAD : Random Access Phase
MAP : Managed Access Phases
CAP: Contention Access Phase
 IEEE 802.15.6 – Traffic differentiation 83
Priority User Traffic CSMA/CA
class Priority designation CWmin CWMax
Differentiation mechanisms to
Low 0 Backgroud (BK) 16 64 guarantee a good QoS
1 Best effort (BE) 16 32 especially for emergency traffics
Average 2 Excellent effort 8 32 A priority management system
(EE) based on 8 priorities
3 Video (VI) 8 16 Different data rates are defined
4 Voice (VO) 4 16 for each UP (User Priority)
High 5 Medical data or 4 8 Other mechanisms of service
network control differentiation are also defined
High-priority
for contention access
6 2 8 depending on the selected
medical data or access mechanism (slotted
network control CSMA/CA or slotted aloha)
7 Emergency or 1 4 Definition of an EAP period for
medical implant exclusively intended to urgent
event report traffics.
Wireless Sensor Networks 84

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of base stations (also

called Sink) and a number of wireless sensors (nodes).
Usually, the goal of sensors is to collect data, then cooperate to
send their measures towards the sink (Many to one communication
scheme).
WSN Applications 85
WSN define nowadays one of the important infrastructure for many Internet of
Things (IoT) applications

Home automation
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, security, lighting, and the control of objects.
Industrial
detecting emergency situations, monitoring machines
Automotive
automotive sensing, such as tire pressure monitoring;
Agriculture
sensing of soil moisture, pesticide, herbicide, and pH levels.
Environment
Forest fires surveillance, wild and endangered animals tracking, weather monitoring etc.
E—helath
Patients’ vital signals monitoring, athletes’ performances measurements, etc

Nearly anything you can imagine !

 Sensors samples - environment sensors 86

Senseurs environnementaux Senseurs environnementaux

 Sensors samples – movement sensors 87

Senseurs de mouvements Senseurs de mouvements

WSN characteristics 88

Lifetime is crucial and relies on power supply

Nodes are battery-powered
Batteries are in most cases non rechargeable

To save energy:
Sleep as much as possible.
Acquire data only if indispensable.
Use data fusion and compression.
Transmit and receive only if necessary. Receiving is just as costly as
sending.
WSN characteristics 89

Scalability and Reliability

WSNs should
self-configure and be robust to topology changes (e.g., death of a
node)
maintain connectivity: can the Base Station reach all nodes?
ensure coverage: are we able to observe all phenomena of
interest?
Data-dissemination (Routing) in WSN 90

Conventional Methods

Direct communication with the base station

Sensor nodes communicate with the base station directly.

Energy consuming.

Multi-hop Scheme

Transmit through some other intermediate nodes.

Large scale WSN
Energy consuming.
Exercice 91

Nous voulons concevoir une solution complète d’aide au parking dans une ville intelligente.
Chaque parking de la ville sera équipé de capteurs qui détectent automatiqueme nt l’état de
chaque emplacement (libre ou occupé). Une application mobile devra offrir à chaque
conducteur des informations sur le nombre de places libres dans les parkings les plus proches de
lui.
Proposez une conception de la solution complète par un schéma d’architecture logique et
physique global.
Indiquez les composants matériels et logiciels de votre architecture ainsi que les choix des
protocoles de communication qui peuvent intervenir à chaque niveau de votre architecture.
Outre un schéma global de votre architecture montrant tous les composants physiques/logiques
de la solution, expliquez le rôle de chaque composant proposé.
Il s’agit plus précisément de spécifier :
Les composants physiques et leurs rôles
L’architecture réseau et le type de connectivité (technologies réseaux, protocoles impliqués,
architecture, etc) les plus adéquats à chaque niveau/couche de l’architecture physique
proposée.
Les différentes couches logicielles intervenantes le cas échéant.