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Addis Ababa University Research Methods and Thesis Guidelines

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Addis Ababa University Research Methods and Thesis Guidelines

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This Addis Ababa University document outlines research methods and thesis guidelines. It details various
knowledge sources, comparing common sense with the scientific method, and defining research itself.
Different research classifications are explored (e.g., basic vs. applied, qualitative vs. quantitative). The
text then guides proposal writing, covering topics like problem statements, literature reviews, and
sampling methods. Finally, it emphasizes ethical considerations in research, including informed consent
and the role of review boards, before concluding with effective communication strategies for reporting
research findings.

Prepare 100 question with details answer in page 5 -40

It appears that the provided sources contain a lot of information that can be used to generate questions
and answers. Based on your request, here are 100 questions and detailed answers, drawing from the
provided text, focusing on the material between pages 5 and 40 of the document.

1. What is the primary purpose of scientific research?

The primary purpose of scientific research is problem-solving, which can be either of immediate
practical value or theoretical in nature. Research aims to answer questions and acquire new knowledge,
serving as a primary tool in science to expand knowledge.

2. What are the four main uses of research?

●
Research is frequently used for description, explanation, prediction, and control.

3. Explain the purpose of descriptive research.

Descriptive research aims to give a pictorial account of the phenomenon being studied. It's the first step
in research, providing a basis for further exploration. It seeks to answer questions like "what," "who,"
and "where".

4. What is the focus of explanatory research?

Explanatory research focuses on exploring the reasons or causes behind certain behaviors or events,
seeking to understand cause-and-effect relationships. It seeks to answer the question "why".

5. How is prediction used in research? * Research uses generalizations to predict future events, often
employing a conceptual framework or theory to make these predictions.

6. What does the 'control' aspect of research involve? * Control in research involves influencing or
changing a particular event or condition for different purposes. It allows researchers to intervene and
observe expected results based on their predictions.

7. What is the purpose of comparing phenomena in research? * Comparison in research explores

whether two or more groups are similar or different regarding the occurrence of a certain event.

8. What are some limitations of the scientific method? * The scientific method cannot answer all
questions. It cannot capture the full richness of the individual and the environment, and measurement
devices always have some degree of error.

9. What is the difference between common sense and science? * The sources do not explicitly define
common sense, but they imply that science is a structured and rigorous method of knowing, whereas
common sense is not.

10. What is the goal of scientific research? * The goal of scientific research is to develop theories that
predict future occurrences and to be objective and logical.

11. What are the major modes of delivery and assessment for the topics discussed in Unit One? *
Brainstorming sessions, group discussions, and lectures are the major modes of delivery, while students
are assessed through group assignments and individual tests.

12. What are some of the key concepts covered in Unit Two? * Unit two focuses on classifying research,
describing differences between basic and applied research, identifying links between them,
discriminating between descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory research and defining qualitative and
quantitative research.
13. How is research classified based on its goal? * Research is classified into basic and applied research,
based on whether the goal is theoretical or practical problem solving.

14. What is the purpose of applied research? * The purpose of applied research is to test theories and
apply them to real situations, aiming to solve practical problems. It focuses on developing methods and
systems for solving real-life situations.

15. What kind of questions do applied scientists typically try to answer? * Applied scientists look for
answers to specific questions that help humanity, such as medical or environmental questions.

16. What does basic research aim to do? * Basic research aims to acquire new knowledge without
looking for immediate practical benefits.

17. How do basic and applied research relate? * Applied research often tests theories that were
generated from basic research.

18. What is exploratory research? * Exploratory research is less formal and sometimes unstructured,
focusing on gaining background information to better understand and clarify a problem. It can be used
to develop hypotheses and questions to be answered.

19. What is the main aim of explanatory research? * Explanatory research aims to establish cause-and-
effect relationships between variables.

20. What is descriptive research focused on? * Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a
population or phenomenon.

21. When should exploratory research be used? * Exploratory research should be used when a
researcher is starting a new project.

22. What does exploratory research rely on? * Exploratory research often relies on secondary research
such as reviewing available literature, informal discussions, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and case
studies.

23. What is the primary use of exploratory research results? * The results of exploratory research are
not usually useful for decision-making by themselves but provide significant insight into a given
situation.

24. Can qualitative research results tell us "how often" something occurs? * No, although qualitative
research can give some indication as to the "why," "how," and "when" something occurs, it cannot tell
us "how often" or "how many".

25. What does quantitative research attempt to do? * Quantitative research attempts to test hypotheses
or statements with a view to infer from the particular to the general. It concentrates on measuring or
counting and involves collecting and analyzing numerical data and applying statistical tests.
26. What methods do quantitative researchers favor? * Quantitative researchers favor methods such as
surveys and experiments.

27. What kind of framework do quantitative studies claim to use? * Quantitative research is claimed to
be undertaken in a value-free framework.

28. What are some typical data collection methods in qualitative research? * Typical data collection
methods include participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and introspection.

29. What are some typical data collection methods in quantitative research? * Typical data collection
methods include laboratory observations, questionnaires, schedules, or structured interviews.

30. How are questions and answers formulated in qualitative research? * Qualitative research uses
open, loosely specified questions and possible answers, with questions and answers exchanged in two-
way communication between the researcher and participant.

31. How are questions and answers formulated in quantitative research? * Quantitative research uses
closed questions and answer categories that are prepared in advance.

32. How are respondents selected in qualitative research? * In qualitative research, information
maximization guides the selection of respondents, and every respondent may be unique.

33. How are respondents selected in quantitative research? * In quantitative research, respondents are
selected to be representative of the population, with sample size determined based on assumptions
about distribution in the population, and respondents should be directly comparable.

34. When is the analysis conducted in qualitative research? * Analysis is conducted parallel with data
collection.

35. When is the analysis conducted in quantitative research? * Analysis is conducted after data
collection.

36. Are standard methods of analysis commonly used in qualitative research? * Standard methods of
analysis are rarely used in qualitative research, with methods of analysis formulated during the data
collection process.

37. What is the ultimate goal of research in quantitative research? * The ultimate goal of quantitative
research is to develop a body of knowledge in the form of generalizations that will hold over time and in
similar contexts.

38. What is the aim of inquiry in qualitative research? * In qualitative research, the aim of inquiry is to
develop a body of knowledge that is unique to the individual being studied and that can be used to
develop hypotheses about the individual.

39. Do qualitative studies typically use larger or smaller samples compared to quantitative research? *
Qualitative research typically employs smaller samples than quantitative research.
40. What are some characteristics of surveys? * Surveys gather data on a one-shot basis, represent a
wide target population, generate numerical data, provide descriptive, inferential, and explanatory
information, manipulate key factors and variables, and present material uncluttered by specific
contextual factors.

41. How can surveys be distinguished? * Surveys can be distinguished as cross-sectional and
longitudinal, with longitudinal surveys further classified as trend studies, cohort studies, and panel
studies.

42. What does a researcher need to determine when doing exploratory research? * A researcher needs
to determine the best research design, develop hypotheses, develop questions, understand how to
measure a variable, determine data collection method, and determine selection of subjects.

43. Why is exploratory research considered a precursor to a more formal study? * Exploratory research
helps save time and resources by providing initial insight and a better understanding of the problem
before conducting a more formal study.

44. What are the key objectives for students after completing the unit on research types? * Students
should be able to classify research, describe the difference between basic and applied research, identify
the link between them, and discriminate among descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research.

45. What are the major modes of delivery and assessment for the topics discussed in Unit Two? * Group
discussions and lectures are used for delivery; assessments are through written tests and group
assignments.

46. What are the major steps in research proposal development that students should know?

Students should know how to identify a research topic, identify a research problem, formulate a
research question/hypothesis, set objectives, develop a research design, prepare a literature review, cite
references, prepare a work plan, identify resources and budget, and produce a complete proposal.

47. What is the purpose of a research proposal? * A research proposal is a detailed plan of study that
outlines the specific course of action to be followed in a research project. It presents a focused and
scholarly presentation of a research problem and plan.

48. Why is the research proposal important? * It is the most important aspect of the research project
and should be carefully considered by the researcher. It promotes critical and analytical thinking and
ensures focused research effort.

49. What should a research proposal describe?

●
A research proposal should describe what will be done, why it should be done, how it will be done, and
what is expected to result.

50. What can a vague research proposal lead to? * A vague, weak, or fuzzy proposal can lead to a long,
painful, and often unsuccessful research writing exercise.

51. How does a good research proposal help the research process?

A clean, well-thought-out proposal forms the backbone for the research itself, making the process more
efficient.

52. What is needed to get a good idea for a research proposal?

Getting a good idea hinges on familiarity with the topic, which requires a preparatory period of reading,
observation, discussion, and incubation.

53. What should students do before starting a research proposal?

Students should research previous work, learn about the area, and find out if there’s a specific format
for the proposal.

54. What are the three main criteria for a well-thought out proposal?

It should be adequate to answer the research questions, be feasible, and provide enough detail for
another investigator to replicate the study.

55. What are some important things to remember when preparing a research proposal? * You should
know your area of expertise, play to your strengths, research previous work, and be a scholar.

56. What is the logical order of components of a research proposal? * The logical order is: Title page,
Summary/Abstract, Introduction/Background, Statement of the problem, Literature review,
Hypotheses/Questions, Conceptual framework, Objective/Aim of the study, Research methods,
materials and procedures, Work plan, Budget, References, and Appendices/Annexes.

57. How should a research title be? * A title should be concise, give a definite indication of the study,
and state the topic exactly in the fewest possible words.

58. What should be included on the title page? * The title page should include the title, name,
department, advisor's name(s), and date of delivery.
59. Should titles contain abbreviations?

Titles should almost never contain abbreviations.

60. What is the abstract? * The abstract is a mini-version of the proposal that summarizes the thesis
proposal.

61. What should an abstract include? * The abstract should show why the topic is important, how the
work fits into existing knowledge, the new contribution, the question to be answered, and how the
question will be answered.

62. What should not be included in an abstract? * Information not in the main text, references, figures,
or tables should not be included in the abstract.

63. When should an abstract be written? * The abstract should be written last, after the rest of the
proposal is complete.

64. What are the key points to address in the introduction? * The introduction should include sufficient
background, acknowledgement of previous work, references for readers to understand the context, and
focus on the research question.

65. What should the introduction explain? * The introduction should explain the scope of the work,
what will and will not be included, and a "road map" guiding the reader.

66. What should the introduction contain? * The introduction should contain a rationale for the
research, placed within the context of existing research or experience. It should also demonstrate
knowledge of the literature and identify gaps in research.

67. How should a research problem be defined? * A problem is defined as an issue in literature, theory,
or practice that leads to a need for the study.

68. What question should a researcher ask themselves when identifying a problem? * The researcher
should ask if there are unanswered questions about the problem.

69. What should a problem statement describe? * The problem statement should describe the context
for the study and identify the general analysis approach.

70. What should an effective problem statement answer?

An effective problem statement answers the question "Why does this research need to be conducted?".

71. What happens if a problem statement is not well-articulated? * If a researcher is unable to answer
this question clearly, the problem statement will come off as ambiguous and diffuse.
72. What is the purpose of a literature review? * The purpose of a literature review is to indicate the
theoretical knowledge the researcher possesses about the prospective research.

73. What does a literature review use as its database? * A literature review uses reports of primary or
original scholarship.

74. What types of scholarship might be used in a literature review?

The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature.

75. What does a literature review seek to do with primary reports?

A literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify, and/or integrate the content of
primary reports.

76. What is the first stage of a literature review?

The first stage of a literature review is defining the problem or area that is to be addressed.

77. How does a literature review narrow the scope of research? * Having a purpose for the literature
review will narrow the scope of what one needs to look for when reading.

78. What types of materials are relevant in a literature review?

Relevant materials include books, articles from journals, reports, and other materials.

79. How should the appraisal of research materials be done? * Appraisal should be based on authority,
accuracy, and content analysis.

80. What questions should you ask to appraise the content of research material?

Questions should include: Is the writer addressing a scholarly audience? Do the authors review the
relevant literature? Are the views based on facts rather than opinions? Is the research design sound?
What is the relationship to other material you have reviewed?.

81. What is one way to organize the discussion of your sources?

●
One way to organize the discussion is chronologically, especially if views have changed over time.

82. How else can the discussion be organized? * It can also be organized thematically or
methodologically.

83. What should the conclusion of a literature review do? * The conclusion should summarize the major
contributions, evaluate the current position, and point out flaws in methodology, gaps in the research,
contradictions, and areas for further study.

84. What are some things a literature review must do? * A literature review must be organized around
and related to the research question, synthesize results into a summary, identify areas of controversy,
and formulate questions that need further research.

85. Should a literature review discuss studies contrary to your perspective?

Yes, the researcher should cite and discuss studies contrary to their perspective.

86. What are hypotheses and questions linked to? * Hypotheses and questions are linked to the
speculative proposition of the problem statement and can be inferred from the conceptual framework
of a study.

87. When is a hypothesis subject to test? * The hypothesis is subject to test, i.e., to confirmation or
rejection on empirical grounds.

88. When are questions most often used in research? * Questions are most often used in qualitative
inquiry, but their use is becoming more prominent in quantitative inquiry.

89. When are hypotheses typically used? * Hypotheses are typically used only in quantitative inquiry and
are relevant to theoretical research.

90. What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis? * A research question poses a
relationship as a question, while a hypothesis represents a declarative statement of the relationship
between two or more variables.

91. What are hypotheses? * Hypotheses are tentative statements that should be acknowledged or
rejected through research.

92. When can hypotheses be formulated? * Hypotheses can only be formulated after the researcher has
gained sufficient knowledge regarding the nature, extent, and intensity of the problem.

93. What is a conceptual framework? * A conceptual framework is a set of broad ideas and principles
from relevant fields used to structure a presentation and aid in making meaning of findings.

94. What is the purpose of the objectives in a study? * The objectives of a research delineate the ends or
aims that the researcher seeks to bring about as a result of completing the research.
95. What are the general characteristics of research objectives? * Objectives should be simple, specific,
stated in advance, and use specific action verbs that can be measured.

96. What is the relationship between general and specific objectives? * Specific objectives are smaller
portions of the general objectives and are logically connected to each other.

97. What is the ‘heart’ of the research proposal? * The methods or procedures section is the heart of the
research proposal.

98. What should the methods section describe? * The methods section should describe in detail how the
stated objectives will be achieved, including the new data needed, and how it will be collected and
processed.

99. What should the methods section allow the reader to assess?

The methods section should allow the reader to assess the believability of the approach and allow
another researcher to replicate the experiment.

100. What should you be aware of when designing the method? * Be aware of possible sources of error
that your design exposes you to, and attempt to overcome them or take them into account.

These questions and answers are based on the text provided and should help provide a deeper
understanding of the research process as outlined in the document.

Prepare 100 multiple choice with details answer Unit 1-2

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Prepare 100 multiple choice with answer uunit 1-2

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Prepare 100 multiple choice with details answer Unit 1-2

Okay, here are 100 multiple-choice questions covering Units 1 and 2 of the provided research methods
material, along with detailed answers.
Unit 1: The Concept of Research

1.

Which of the following best describes common sense knowledge? a) Knowledge gained through
systematic observation and experimentation b) Knowledge based on personal experiences and
interactions c) Knowledge derived from logical reasoning and deduction d) Knowledge obtained from
scientific publications Answer: b) Common sense knowledge is primarily based on everyday experiences
and interactions with the world.

2.

What is a key difference between science and common sense? a) Science is subjective, while common
sense is objective b) Science relies on planned observation, while common sense relies on everyday
observation c) Common sense uses theories to predict the future, while science does not d) Science is
not concerned with validation, while common sense is Answer: b) Science distinguishes itself through its
systematic and planned approach to observation, unlike the casual observations of common sense.

3.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of scientific research? a) Striving to be objective and
logical b) Applying tests to validate procedures c) Primarily based on personal experiences d) Aiming to
predict future occurrences Answer: c) Scientific research aims to move beyond personal experiences to
establish objective, validated knowledge.

4.

What is the primary goal of scientific research? a) To confirm existing beliefs b) To solve problems and
acquire new knowledge c) To promote personal opinions d) To maintain the status quo Answer: b)
Scientific research is fundamentally about problem-solving, whether of theoretical or practical nature,
and expanding the frontiers of knowledge.

5.

According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the ways research is used? a) Description b)
Explanation c) Control d) Intuition Answer: d) Research is primarily used for description, explanation,
prediction, and control, not intuition.

6.

What does research aim to do by exploring the question "why?" a) To predict the future b) To compare
different groups c) To understand the causes of events d) To describe what is happening Answer: c)
Asking "why?" helps researchers to investigate the causes behind phenomena, aiming at explanation.

7.
What does "prediction" refer to in the context of scientific research? a) Describing past events b)
Influencing a particular event or condition c) Using theories to foresee future events d) Comparing two
or more groups Answer: c) Prediction in research involves using existing theories to anticipate what
might happen in the future.

8.

In research, what does "control" refer to? a) Describing past events b) Influencing or changing a
particular event or condition c) Predicting future events d) Comparing different groups Answer: b)
"Control" in research refers to the ability to influence or change events for a specific purpose.

9.

What is the purpose of "comparison" in research? a) To describe a single event b) To predict future
events c) To explore if two or more groups are similar or different d) To influence a particular condition
Answer: c) Comparison in research is used to examine similarities and differences between groups in
relation to a particular event.

10.

What is the purpose of seeking solutions to practical or theoretical problems? a) To complicate existing
knowledge b) To discover the relationship between seemingly unrelated events c) To reduce the
complexity of problems d) Both b and c Answer: d) The purpose of seeking solutions is to reduce
complexity and discover relationships between events.

Unit 2: Types of Research

11.

What are the two broad classifications of research based on the goal of research? a) Qualitative and
quantitative b) Basic and applied research c) Descriptive and explanatory d) Exploratory and
experimental Answer: b) Research is broadly classified into basic and applied research based on whether
the goal is theoretical or practical problem-solving.

12.

What is the focus of basic research? a) Solving immediate practical problems b) Building a theory or
expanding knowledge c) Describing a phenomenon d) Controlling variables Answer: b) Basic research
primarily aims at building theories and expanding fundamental knowledge.

13.

What is the main focus of applied research? a) Developing theoretical frameworks b) Solving immediate
and practical problems c) Exploring abstract concepts d) Conducting statistical analysis Answer: b)
Applied research focuses on solving real-world, practical problems.

14.
What is the primary aim of explanatory research? a) To gain background information b) To describe a
phenomenon c) To establish cause-and-effect relationships d) To generate numerical data Answer: c)
Explanatory research is designed to uncover and establish causal relationships between variables.

15.

What is the main purpose of exploratory research? a) To establish cause-and-effect relationships b) To

confirm hypotheses c) To gain background information and clarify a problem d) To generalize findings to
a population Answer: c) Exploratory research is used to gain a better understanding of a problem, and is
often a precursor to a more formal study.

16.

How does exploratory research approach the subject matter? a) Highly structured and formal b) Less
formal, sometimes unstructured c) Focused on numerical data d) Focused on cause and effect
relationships Answer: b) Exploratory research is characterized by its less formal, and sometimes
unstructured approach.

17.

Which type of research is less structured and focuses on gaining background information? a) Descriptive
research b) Explanatory research c) Exploratory research d) Applied research Answer: c) Exploratory
research is less formal and is used to gain an initial understanding of a topic.

18.

Which type of research aims at describing the characteristics of a population or phenomenon? a)

Exploratory research b) Explanatory research c) Descriptive research d) Applied research Answer: c)
Descriptive research focuses on portraying the characteristics of a population, situation, or
phenomenon.

19.

What is a key characteristic of quantitative research? a) Focus on in-depth understanding b) Emphasis

on numerical data and statistical tests c) Small sample sizes d) Use of unstructured data collection
methods Answer: b) Quantitative research uses numerical data, statistical tests and attempts to test
hypothesis with an aim to generalize findings.

20.

Which research approach is typically considered to be value-free by its proponents? a) Qualitative

research b) Quantitative research c) Exploratory research d) Descriptive research Answer: b)
Quantitative research is often claimed to be value-free by its proponents.

21.
What is the primary data collection method used in qualitative research? a) Surveys and experiments b)
Laboratory observations c) Participant observation and semi-structured interviews d) Structured
questionnaires Answer: c) Qualitative research primarily uses methods like participant observation and
semi-structured interviews to collect data.

22.

Which research approach uses closed questions and pre-determined answer categories? a) Qualitative
research b) Quantitative research c) Exploratory research d) Descriptive research Answer: b)
Quantitative research uses closed questions with pre-determined answer categories.

23.

How are respondents typically selected in qualitative research? a) Based on representativeness of a

population b) Using random sampling techniques c) Based on information maximization and unique key
persons d) Using large sample sizes Answer: c) Qualitative research selects respondents based on their
unique perspectives and potential for maximizing information.

24.

How are respondents typically selected in quantitative research? a) Based on information maximization
b) Based on representativeness as a proportion of the population c) Using non-probability sampling d)
Based on convenience sampling Answer: b) Quantitative research emphasizes selecting a sample that is
representative of the larger population.

25.

When is data analysis usually done in qualitative research? a) After data collection b) Parallel with data
collection c) Before data collection d) After the study is completed Answer: b) Qualitative research often
involves data analysis that is done parallel with the collection of data.

26.

When is data analysis usually done in quantitative research? a) Parallel with data collection b) After data
collection c) Before data collection d) During the study design Answer: b) Data analysis in quantitative
research is typically performed after all the data is collected.

27.

What is the goal of quantitative research in terms of knowledge development? a) To develop a body of
knowledge unique to the individual b) To develop a body of knowledge in the form of generalizations c)
To develop a non-numerical data d) To use humans as primary data-gathering instruments Answer: b)
Quantitative research aims to develop generalizations that apply across similar contexts and over time.

28.
What is the goal of qualitative research in terms of knowledge development? a) To generalize findings b)
To test hypotheses c) To develop a body of knowledge unique to the individual d) To develop a value-
free body of knowledge Answer: c) Qualitative research focuses on developing knowledge that is specific
to the individual being studied.

29.

What type of data collection methods does qualitative research typically use? a) Structured data
collection methods b) Unstructured data collection methods c) Numerical data collection methods d)
Experiments and surveys Answer: b) Qualitative research uses unstructured methods of data collection.

30.

What is a key characteristic of data collection in quantitative research? a) The use of humans as the
primary data-gathering instrument b) The use of non-human measuring instruments c) The use of
unstructured data d) The focus on subjective data Answer: b) Quantitative research uses measurement
instruments rather than humans as data gathering tools.

31.

Which research approach emphasizes the use of intuitive insights? a) Quantitative research b)
Qualitative research c) Explanatory research d) Descriptive research Answer: b) Qualitative research
tends to emphasize the use of intuitive insights.

32.

What are surveys useful for? a) Exploring individual experiences b) Generating numerical data c)
Analyzing documents d) Conducting in-depth interviews Answer: b) Surveys are useful for generating
numerical data and providing descriptive, inferential and explanatory information.

33.

What type of data do surveys primarily collect? a) Qualitative data b) Numerical data c) In-depth
experiences d) Unstructured data Answer: b) Surveys are designed to collect numerical data.

34.

What type of information do surveys provide? a) Subjective and value-laden b) Descriptive, inferential,
and explanatory c) Exploratory and informal d) Based on researcher's intuition Answer: b) Surveys
provide descriptive, inferential, and explanatory information.

35.

What does it mean to say surveys are economical and efficient? a) They require a lot of time and
resources b) They gather data on a one-shot basis c) They are unstructured and informal d) They are
difficult to analyze Answer: b) Surveys are economical and efficient as they collect data at one point in
time.
36.

What type of population does a survey typically represent? a) A limited and specific target group b) A
wide target population c) A selected group of key persons d) A unique group Answer: b) Surveys are
often used to represent a broad range of a target population.

37.

What is a defining characteristic of surveys? a) They manipulate key factors and variables b) They rely on
qualitative data c) They gather data in a non-systematic way d) They gather data over an extended
period Answer: a) Surveys manipulate key factors and variables to derive frequencies.

38.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of survey research? a) Gathers data on a one-shot basis b)
Generates numerical data c) Presents material which is cluttered by specific contextual factors d)
Represents a wide target population Answer: c) Surveys are characterized by presenting data
uncluttered by contextual factors.

39.

What is a key feature of cross-sectional surveys? a) They are conducted over a long period b) They are
conducted at a single point in time c) They focus on the same group over time d) They emphasize
qualitative data Answer: b) Cross-sectional surveys are conducted at a single point in time.

40.

What is a key feature of longitudinal surveys? a) They are conducted at a single point in time b) They are
economical and efficient c) They study the same individuals or groups over time d) They focus on
individual cases Answer: c) Longitudinal surveys study the same subjects or groups over time.

41.

What is a "trend study" in longitudinal research? a) The same people are studied over time b) Different
people are studied over time, but from the same population c) Individuals are tracked for several years
d) Case studies are analyzed Answer: b) Trend studies examine changes within a population over time,
but not necessarily the same individuals.

42.

What is a "cohort study" in longitudinal research? a) The same people are studied over time who share a
defining characteristic b) Different people are studied over time, but from the same population c)
Individuals are studied at a single point in time d) Case studies are analyzed Answer: a) A cohort study
follows a specific group of people who share a common characteristic over time.

43.
What is a "panel study" in longitudinal research? a) Different people are studied over time, but from the
same population b) The same individuals are studied at multiple points in time c) The entire population
is studied at one point in time d) Case studies are analyzed Answer: b) Panel studies follow the same
individuals over multiple time points.

44.

What does exploratory research help to do? a) Test a hypothesis b) Develop a hypothesis c) Confirm
existing theories d) Manipulate variables Answer: b) Exploratory research can help to develop
hypotheses.

45.

What kind of research is often a precursor to a more formal study? a) Explanatory research b)
Descriptive research c) Exploratory research d) Applied research Answer: c) Exploratory research is often
conducted before a more formal study to refine research questions and methods.

46.

What type of research is generally less formal and sometimes unstructured? a) Quantitative research b)
Explanatory research c) Exploratory research d) Descriptive research Answer: c) Exploratory research is
less formal and sometimes unstructured.

47.

What is a typical approach in exploratory research? a) Measuring or counting variables b) Formal

discussions with consumers c) Testing a hypothesis d) Manipulating key variables Answer: b) Exploratory
research often uses approaches such as discussions with consumers to gather information.

48.

What does exploratory research often rely on? a) Statistical tests b) Numerical data c) Secondary
research and qualitative approaches d) Randomized controlled trials Answer: c) Exploratory research
frequently relies on secondary research, informal discussions, in-depth interviews and case studies.

49.

What kind of research uses approaches like in-depth interviews and focus groups? a) Quantitative
research b) Exploratory research c) Explanatory research d) Descriptive research Answer: b) Exploratory
research utilizes methods like in-depth interviews and focus groups.

50.

What is one benefit of conducting exploratory research? a) It provides results useful for decision-making
b) It is conclusive c) It saves time and resources d) It determines casual relationships Answer: c)
Exploratory research can help to save time and resources by clarifying a problem.
51.

What can the results of qualitative research indicate? a) How often something occurs b) How many
times something occurs c) Why, how, and when something occurs d) Numerical data Answer: c)
Qualitative research can provide insights into why, how, and when something occurs.

52.

What is one thing qualitative research CANNOT tell us? a) Why something occurs b) How something
occurs c) How often something occurs d) When something occurs Answer: c) Qualitative research does
not typically provide information on how often something occurs.

53.

What is the focus of qualitative research in regards to data? a) Numerical data and statistics b) In-depth
and detailed understanding c) Large samples and generalizations d) Structured data collection methods
Answer: b) Qualitative research seeks in-depth understanding of experiences and perspectives.

54.

What is the focus of quantitative research? a) In-depth understanding b) Generating numerical data c)
Unique cases d) Individual knowledge Answer: b) Quantitative research is focused on generating
numerical data and statistical analysis.

55.

In what framework is quantitative research often undertaken? a) Value-bound framework b) Value-free

framework c) Subjective framework d) Intuitive framework Answer: b) Quantitative research is often
considered to be value-free by its proponents.

56.

Which approach emphasizes measuring or counting? a) Qualitative research b) Quantitative research c)

Exploratory research d) Descriptive research Answer: b) Quantitative research emphasizes measuring
and counting to obtain numerical data.

57.

What kind of data is collected in quantitative research? a) Non-numerical data b) Numerical data c)
Subjective data d) Unstructured data Answer: b) Quantitative research focuses on collecting and
analyzing numerical data.

58.

Which approach favors methods such as surveys and experiments? a) Qualitative research b)
Quantitative research c) Exploratory research d) Descriptive research Answer: b) Quantitative research
uses surveys and experiments to collect data.
59.

What does quantification mean in research? a) The process of data collection b) The process of
measuring or counting c) The process of generating hypotheses d) The process of qualitative analysis
Answer: b) Quantification is the process of measuring or counting data.

60.

What does "information maximization" mean in the context of selecting respondents for qualitative
research? a) Selecting respondents based on population representativeness b) Selecting respondents
who are easily accessible c) Selecting respondents to obtain unique perspectives and in-depth
information d) Selecting respondents at random Answer: c) "Information maximization" means selecting
respondents for their unique insights.

Unit 1 & 2 Combined

61.

What is the primary purpose of research according to the text? a) Confirming personal beliefs b)
Problem-solving and knowledge expansion c) Maintaining the status quo d) Promoting subjective
opinions Answer: b) According to the text, research is primarily for solving problems and increasing
knowledge.

62.

What role do theories play in scientific research? a) They are not important in research b) They are used
to explain past events only c) They are used to predict future occurrences d) They are not applicable to
research Answer: c) Theories are helpful in scientific research to predict future occurrences.

63.

What is a key characteristic of scientific research methodology? a) It is unstructured and flexible b) It is

objective and logical c) It is subjective and value-based d) It is based solely on personal experience
Answer: b) Scientific methodology is characterized by objectivity and logic.

64.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between basic and applied research? a) They are
completely independent of each other b) Basic research often informs applied research c) Applied
research precedes basic research d) There is no connection between them Answer: b) Basic research
often provides the theoretical basis for applied research.

65.

Which type of research is more suitable for exploring new areas? a) Descriptive research b) Explanatory
research c) Exploratory research d) Quantitative research Answer: c) Exploratory research is best for
exploring new or ill-defined areas.
66.

Which approach uses open questions and two-way communication between researcher and research
participant? a) Quantitative research b) Qualitative research c) Explanatory research d) Descriptive
research Answer: b) Qualitative research uses open questions and promotes two-way interaction.

67.

What role does logic play in scientific research? a) It plays no role in scientific research b) It is used to
validate procedures, data, and conclusions c) It is not relevant in research process d) It is only used in
applied research Answer: b) Logic is used as a way to validate the research process.

68.

What is a primary task of a researcher after identifying causes of an event? a) To predict an outcome b)
To build generalizations c) To control an event d) To compare groups Answer: b) Researchers aim to
build generalizations after identifying the causes of an event.

69.

In scientific research what does the term generalization refer to? a) To describe past events b) To make
prediction about the future c) To manipulate variables d) To compare two groups Answer: b) In
research, generalization is used to predict future occurrences.

70.

What is the goal of researchers who seek to control a phenomenon? a) To describe b) To explain c) To
influence d) To predict Answer: c) Researchers aim to influence or change a specific condition.

71.

What is an important consideration when selecting a research topic? a) Its complexity b) Its feasibility c)
Its popularity d) Its length Answer: b) Feasibility is a critical factor when selecting a research topic.

72.

What must researchers do when conducting research with humans or animals? a) Do not need ethical
approval b) Get ethical approval from their institution c) Only need approval from peers d) Do not need
approval for observation Answer: b) Researchers must obtain ethical approval when conducting
research on human subjects or experimental animals.

73.

Which of the following is a criterion for selecting a research topic? a) It must be easy to study b) It must
be of interest to the researcher c) It must be popular d) It must be lengthy Answer: b) The topic must be
of interest to the researcher to maintain motivation.
74.

What does it mean to say a research topic should be relevant or significant? a) It should be simple b) It
should be complex c) It should address an important issue d) It should be of interest to the public
Answer: c) A research topic should be relevant and address a significant issue.

75.

What is "avoidance of duplication" in selecting a research topic? a) Repeating an existing study b)

Selecting an unpopular topic c) Selecting a topic that has not been extensively studied d) Selecting a long
and complicated topic Answer: c) Researchers should avoid duplicating research to provide new insights.

76.

Why is "urgency of data needed" important in selecting a research topic? a) The need for quick results in
a short period of time b) To provide a lengthy timeframe for research c) To conduct a more complicated
research d) To conduct a simple research Answer: a) The timeliness of the study is an important
consideration in selecting a research topic.

77.

What does the "applicability of results" criterion refer to when choosing a research topic? a) The
complexity of the results b) The practical use of the results c) The popularity of the results d) The length
of the results Answer: b) The research results should have practical use and applicability.

78.

What is the meaning of ethical acceptability when choosing a research topic? a) The use of a complex
method b) The need for a popular research area c) The need to adhere to ethical guidelines d) The
simplicity of the research Answer: c) Ethical considerations should guide the selection of a research
topic.

79.

What is a research proposal considered as? a) A final research report b) An initial plan of study c) A
completed study d) A theoretical framework Answer: b) A research proposal is an initial plan for the
intended study.

80.

What is the first step in a research undertaking, according to the text? a) Developing a literature review
b) Defining the research problem c) Selecting the methods d) Developing a hypothesis Answer: b)
Defining the research problem is the first step in research.

81.
Which of the following should not be included in the abstract of a research proposal? a) Summary of the
research problem b) Summary of methods c) References d) How the work fits into existing knowledge
Answer: c) Abstracts should not contain references.

82.

When is the abstract of a research proposal usually written? a) Before the introduction b) At the
beginning of the research project c) After the main text of the research proposal is written d) While the
literature review is being done Answer: c) The abstract is usually written last, after the main text is
complete.

83.

Which section of a research proposal should explain the context and significance of the research
question? a) Abstract b) Introduction c) Literature Review d) Methods Answer: b) The introduction
provides the necessary context.

84.

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a good research title? a) It is a complete sentence b) It is
a lengthy description of the research c) It is concise and specific d) It contains abbreviations Answer: c) A
good title should be concise and provide a clear indication of the study.

85.

What should the introduction section of a research proposal include? a) Detailed results b) Sufficient
background information c) Specific methods d) Budget details Answer: b) The introduction should
provide sufficient background information.

86.

What should be acknowledged in the introduction of a research proposal? a) Only original ideas b) The
previous works that the study is building upon c) Only negative findings d) Only theories that support
the study Answer: b) The introduction should acknowledge previous work upon which the research is
building.

87.

What should a well-written research introduction contain? a) A general overview of the research area b)
A detailed explanation of research methods c) A "road map" or "table of contents" d) Only the
researcher's personal experience Answer: c) A good introduction includes a "road map" of the proposal.

88.

What is the purpose of the problem statement in a research proposal? a) It is a general introduction to
the topic b) It outlines the methods and procedures c) It encapsulates the research question d) It is a
summary of the findings Answer: c) The problem statement defines the question the research is trying
to answer.

89.

What does a literature review help to do? a) To define the problem to address b) To generate numerical
data c) To prove a hypothesis d) To analyze documents Answer: a) The literature review helps to define
the problem to be addressed.

90.

What should a literature review be organized around? a) Personal experiences b) The researcher's
opinions c) The research questions d) Complex theories Answer: c) A literature review should be
organized around and directly related to the research question.

91.

What does a literature review do by assessing sources? a) Just listing and summarizing items b)
Discussing strengths and weaknesses c) Stating personal opinions d) Ignoring contrary findings Answer:
b) A literature review should assess the strengths and weaknesses of the sources.

92.

What should a literature review identify? a) Only the studies that agree with the researcher's views b)
Areas of controversy in the literature c) Studies that are completely error-free d) Only studies that
confirm the researcher's hypothesis Answer: b) A literature review should identify areas of controversy
and disagreement.

93.

What does a literature review formulate? a) Statistical formulas b) Questions that need further research
c) Results that will be obtained d) Personal opinions Answer: b) A literature review should formulate
questions that require further research.

94.

What do hypotheses and research questions do? a) They are not important for data analysis b) They are
only for quantitative studies c) They are linked to the problem statement d) They are not linked to each
other Answer: c) Hypotheses and questions are derived from the problem statement.

95.

When are hypotheses typically used in research? a) Qualitative inquiry b) Quantitative inquiry c) Both
qualitative and quantitative d) When there is no conceptual framework Answer: b) Hypotheses are
primarily used in quantitative research.

96.
What is a research hypothesis? a) A final conclusion b) A testable declarative statement of the relations
between variables c) A question that needs to be answered d) A non-testable statement Answer: b) A
hypothesis is a declarative statement that can be tested empirically.

97.

What does the conceptual framework provide for research? a) A structure for statistical analysis b) A set
of broad ideas and principles c) A rigid set of rules d) A final result Answer: b) A conceptual framework
provides broad ideas and principles to guide research.

98.

What are research objectives? a) Unrelated to the problem statement b) The means of carrying out
research c) What is to be achieved by the study d) The final results Answer: c) Research objectives are
statements of what is to be achieved by the study.

99.

What are action verbs used for in formulating research objectives? a) To make them more complex b) To
make them vague c) To make them specific and measurable d) To make them flexible Answer: c) Action
verbs are used to make objectives specific and measurable.

100.

What do research methods/procedures describe? a) What results will be achieved b) How the objectives
will be achieved c) What is already known d) The limitations of the research Answer: b) Research
methods explain how the objectives will be achieved and how research questions will be answered.

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