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Deflection of Beams (3)

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29 views

Deflection of Beams (3)

Uploaded by

snyhper1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Deflection of Beams

Dr. Paul O. Awoyera


Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun
State
Email: [email protected]
Introduction
• An associated problem is the determination of the deflections of
beams caused by different loads. In addition to strength, a beam must
possess sufficient stiffness so that excessive deflections do not have
an adverse effect on adjacent structural members.

• In many cases, maximum allowable deflections are specified by


Codes of Practice in terms of the dimensions of the beam, particularly
the span; typical values are quoted.
Introduction
• It is observed that when a beam or a cantilever is subjected to some type of
loading it deflects from its initial/original position. The amount of
deflection depends upon its cross-section and bending moment. In general,
strength and stiffness are the two main design criteria for a beam or a
cantilever.

• According to the strength criterion of the beam design, the beam should be
adequately strong to resist shear force and bending moment. In other
words the beam should be able to resist shear stresses and bending stresses.
Introduction contd.
• But according to stiffness (being mathematically calculated as
W/
Where W is the applied load and  is the maximum deflection
or sag) criterion of the beam design, which is equally
important, the beam should be adequately stiff to resist
deflection.

• In other words, the beam should be stiff enough not to deflect


more than the permissible limit.
Overview on deflection of beam
• When a load is placed on a beam the beam tends to deflect or
sag as shown Figs. a and b.

• Deflection plays a significant role in the design of structures


and machines, If floor beams or joists deflect too far, the
plaster on the ceiling under them may crack. Although no
damage to the structure may result, the appearance on the
ceiling may be ruined.

Also, a floor supported by such beams may be so out of level


that its usefulness for machinery may be impaired.
• Under load the neutral axis becomes a curved line and is called the elastic curve. The
deflection ‘y’ is vertical distance between a point on the elastic curve and the unloaded
neutral axis.

Fig. a Fig. b
Relationship between, slope, deflection and radius
of curvature
• Fig. c shows a small portion AC of a beam bent into an arc.

• Fig. c
• From the geometry of the Fig. C, we can derive that
• The radius of curvature, R of the deflected beam is generally given by,

• The radius of curvature will be constant if is constant.

Note: that the above equation is based only on bending moment (effect of
shear force, being very small, has been neglected)
Sign convention
• To find out the slope and deflection of a centre line of a beam at any
point, proper sign conventions will have to be taken into account, the
following sign conventions will be used:

• 1. x is positive when measured towards right.


• 2. y is negative when measured downwards.
• 3. M (bending moment) is negative when hogging.
• 4. Slope is negative when the rotation is clockwise.
Slope and deflection at a section
• The important methods used for finding out the slope and
deflection at a section in a loaded beam are discussed as follows :
1. Double integration method.
2. Moment area method.
3. Macaulay’s method.

• Note:
• The first two methods are suitable for a single load, whereas the last one is
suitable for several loads.
• “Moment area method” is more useful as compared to double integral
method because many problems which do not have a simple mathematical
solution can be simplified by the bending moment area method.
Double integration method
• Cantilevers:
Case I. Cantilever beam–concentrated load at free end:

• The fig below shows a cantilever beam with a concentrated load W acting at
free end.

• Let the moment of inertia (I) of


the section of the cantilever about the
neutral axis be I. Consider a section
XX at a distance x from the fixed end A.
• Thus,
• To obtain the deflection, integrating eqn. (i) above, we get
Case II. Cantilever beam of length l carrying a concentrated load W at distance
a from the fixed end:

• From the Fig. below, consider a section XX at a distance x from the


fixed end A.
• Mx = – W (a – x)
• Therefore,

• As there is no load on the portion BC there will be no B.M. in that


portion and the portion will not bend; it shall be straight. Thus,
• Contd.
• But from the Fig.,
• Yc = BD and B’D = DC’ tanϴc = BC x ϴc (Since C is small, therefore tan C = C)
Case III. Cantilever of length l carrying uniformly distributed load
w per unit run over whole length :

• Consider a section XX at a distance x from fixed end A of a beam shown below.


• Thus,
• Still,
• Thus,
Case IV. Cantilever of length l carrying uniformly distributed load of w per
unit run for a distance a from the fixed end.
• Consider a section XX at a distance x from fixed end A of the beam shown
below:
• Hence,
• Also,
• Still,
Example 1
• A cantilever 1.5 m long carries a uniformly distributed load over the entire
length. Find the deflection at the free end if the slope at the free end is
1.5o.
Example 2
• A 250 mm long cantilever of rectangular section 40 mm wide and 30
mm deep carries a uniformly distributed load. Calculate the value of w
if the maximum deflection in the cantilever is not to exceed 0.5 mm.
Take, E = 70 GN/m2.
• Thus,
Simply supported beam
• Case I. Simply supported beam of span l carrying a point load at mid
span:
The fig. below shows shows a simply supported beam AB of span l carrying a
point load W at the mid span C.

Since the load is symmetrically applied the maximum deflection (ymax) will
occur at mid-span.
• So,
• Still,
• Case II. Simply supported beam of span l carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run over
the whole span:

The fig. below shows a simply supported beam AB of span l carrying a


uniformly distributed load w per unit run over the whole span. Each
vertical reaction equals wl/2.

• Consider a section XX at a distance x from the end A.


• Still,
• Further,
• Also,
Example 3
A girder of uniform section and constant depth is freely supported over a span
of 3 metres. If the point load at the mid-span is 30 kN and I = 15.614 × 10–6 m4,
XX

calculate:
(i) The central deflection.
(ii) The slopes at the ends of the beam.
Take : E = 200 GN/m2
• Here,
Practice questions
1. A cantilever of 3 metres length and of uniform rectangular cross section 150 mm wide and 300 mm
deep is loaded with a 30 kN load at its free end. In addition to this it carries a uniformly distributed
load of 20 kN
per metre run over its entire length, Calculate:
(i) The maximum slope and maximum deflection.
• (ii) The slope and deflection at 2 metres for the fixed end. Take, E = 210 GN/m2

2. A 2 meters long cantilever made of steel tube of section 150 mm external diameter and 10 mm
thick is loaded as shown in the fig. below (a). If E = 200 GN/m2 calculate:
(i) The value of W so that the maximum bending stress is 150 MN/m2.
(ii) The maximum deflection for the loading.
3. A steel girder of 6m length acting as a beam carries a uniformly
distributed load w N/m run throughout its length. If I = 30 × 10–6 m4 and
depth 270 mm, calculate:
(i) The magnitude of w so that the maximum stress developed in the
beam section does not exceed 72 MN/m2.
(ii) The slope and deflection (under this load) in the beam at a distance
of 1.8 m from one end.
Take : E = 200 GN/m2

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