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20 views

Chapter 1 Converted

Uploaded by

Nazmul hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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POSITION

Suppose four a,b,c,d are seating in a row equidistant


from their neighbors
from left to right as shown
• Position of b with respect to
a is immediate right
• c is immediate left
• d is second to the left
• Thus position is relative which varies
according to the reference point.
a b c Left to
d right
Relative and Absolute Position

North
In the figure position of B with respect to A is AB in East
Respect to Cis CB North East.
• Thus position of a particular point can vary with
different points
• This is known as Relative Position .
• But in order to consider all points in one frame we
need to consider one point as a absolute referral point an
position of all other points with respect to
that point will be their Absolute Position. For example
consider O as a absolute point then position of all other
points with respect to O will be their absolute position for B
is OB in North East. Similarly A is OA North West and
So On.
East
west

south
D

Note :- 1. We can take any point as absolute according to our


convenience.
2. Direction as well as distance both is required to know
ones position.

Illustrative Problem
North

A
4M B
• Questions: 1. What is the position of E with respect to
D? 2. What is the position of O with respect to B?
What is the position of B with respect to E? 4. Find the
absolute position of all points Considering O as
absolute
point? 5. Find the absolute position of all points
considering A as absolute
Point?
3m

West
East

3m

4m

South

.Concept of Rest and Motion


• Rest: A body is said to be in rest if its position does
not vary with respect
to a given referral point as time passes.
• Motion: A body is said to be in motion if there is a
continues change in its
position with respect to a given referral as time passes.
• Concept of rest and motion is related to referral
change in position so a
single object can be at rest or motion same time with
different referral points.
• If we consider a single object as referral point and
consider it as rest, as a
absolute point any object which is at rest with respect
to that point is
considered at rest and same case with motion.
• In general we consider Earth as absolute point
considering it at rest,
Although It is in motion with respect to Sun and other
planets
Eixation) point

Direction of passenger's motion


Relative motion
SCALER AND VECTOR

-
B
в
AB is a line segment of length I. AB has no specified
direction. AB is a Scalar with magnitude ! Also AB=BA
BA is a directed line segment directed from B to A. The
length of BA is I that is its magnitude is I. Thus BA is a
vector
AB is a directed line segment directed from A to B. The
length of AB is that is its magnitude is I. Thus AB is a
vector

Note :- Vector BA is not equal to Vector AB as their


directions are different although they are equal in
magnitude. For two vectors to be equal both direction
and magnitude should be equal. Since the both vectors
are equal in magnitude but just opposite in directions.
We can write vectorAB= -Vector BA

Distance And Displacement

Distance
Displacement

The actual path covered during motion of The Change


in position made during a body
motion of a body is known as
displacement It is needed not to be the shortest path It
is the shortest path between initial and between two
points
final position

It is the Scaler quantity as It does not have any


particular direction
It is a vector quantity as it is always directed.
Illustrative Examples: Distance D
Distance

Displacement

In the figure there can be various paths, but the


shortest path denotes actual change in position from
Initial point A to final point B which we call as
displacement
Illustrative Example:

If path taken between A and B is through arc it is

X= ir

B
Displacement is d = 2r

Suppose a boy running on the track, he starts from A and


after completing one round his distance is 21tr But his
position remains same thus displacement is zero.
Concept of Rate:

.Rate is defined as ratio of change in two quantities


.Rate is of two types :

Average Rate of quantity A with respect to B


net change in A\net change in B .Instantaneous Rate
is rate at an Instant that is for very short interval of time.
.Speed, Velocity and Acceleration are examples of
Rate.
Chapter 1: Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
Concept MAP BLM 1.2-1

Characteristics of Speed
Speed

can be

defined

Constant spoed v
Changing speed
Distance travelled
tha object
can be
per

Travels the same distanco


Average | spied av
Instantaneous speed
Umi

Per

| Read from
Total distance travelled
Unit

divided
by
Speedometer

Elapsed
time
example

example
oxample)
- 60 komma
v=60 km/h
]

Copyright O 2002 Pearson Education Canada Inc.


Chapter 1: Displacement, Velocity. and Acceleration
Goncept MAP BLM 1.2-2

Characteristics of Velocity
Velocity

can be
can be

defined
Constant velocity
Changing velocity
Displacement
Lavelled
can be
the object travels
PXCI

Equal displacements
Average velocity V..
InstantaneoUS velocity v
Unit time
Total displacement
instantaneous
speed
Equal times

divided
by
a direction

Elapsed பாம்
Example

example
v-60 km/h [N]

40 m [W ]
5s 8 m/s [W
=
]
Copyright O 2002 Pearson Education Canada Ine.

Speed and Velocity

• Average speed = total distance travelled/total time


taken
• Instant speed = speed during a very small interval of
time
• Average Velocity= Net Displacement /total time taken
• Instant velocity= velocity during a very small interval
of time
• Velocity is related to displacement and thus is a
vector quantity.
Acceleration
• Acceleration = Rate of change of velocity with respect
to time
• Same as velocity there is a concept of Instant and
average
acceleration
• Acceleration is a vector quantity.
• Acceleration is related to change in velocity. Therefor
change of
velocity in terms of magnitude or direction both can be
regarded as accelerated motion.
velocity
In this case, the direction of velocity is keep on changing, but
the magnitude is constant. Such kind of motion is also an
example of accelerated motion.
centripetal acceleration
direction of motion

Uses of Graphs:
A Graph is a pictorial representation which denotes
relation between two quantities. In general we take X axis as
Independent quantity for example we take time as X axis as
time is keep on going at its own rate independent of
any other factor.

Y +ve X -ve
Y +ve X +ve

Y-ve
Y-ve X -ve
X +ve
Concept of Slope in Graph:
• Slope of any graph represents its rate.
Linear Graph: constant Rate
Y y2
y2-y1
y1
X2-X1

(0,0)
In this case slope M=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1) which is constant
through out. Considering distance as Y axis and time as X axis
we came to know slope is speed. M represents Average Speed
between two points.

1
x1
x2

Ax+By+C=0 Y=(-C-Ax)/B= -C/B-Ax/B= Mx+c Here M is the slope


of Graph M=-A/B and c is Y Intercept. This is the graph of linear
Equation in which we represent how y varies with respect to x.
Thus slope is constant.
In this diagram, motion of three objects A, B and C is shown.
We can see they have different speeds The speed is slope of
graph which is represented by angle made By graph on time
axis. Slope =tano Roughly in this case we can say since 03 > 02 > 01
Speed of c is greater than B which is greater than of A
distance

03 02
01
time
NON LINEAR GRAPH: When

Average and instantaneous Speed:


d. Rate is not constant

01 represents instant speed at point A

02 represents instant speed at point B


Distance
As

03 represents average speed during Its motion from A to C

-
A
83
At
tan 03 = As/At=average speed A and C tan 02 = speed at
B tan 01 = speed at A

H1

A2

time
Distance Time Graph:

• Considering Motion in Straight Line:


Situation 1: A person moving from his house consider it
point A. He travels in a straight road for 5 second with a
constant Speed of 1m/s for 4 seconds and reaches B. He
stops their for 5 second and again started moving in
same direction for 4 seconds and reaches point C.

4m
4m

Note:

• In this case
• Total distance travelled = 8m
• Total time taken= 12 second
• Average speed= total distance/total time =
8m/12sec=0.67m/sec
• Total position displaced=total displacement=8m
• Average velocity=0.67m/sec from A to C
1
23
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 lt
2013
time

Graph showing Distance Time Relation according to situation 1


Distance time graph of situation 2

distance
1
2
3
4
7
8

time
Velocity Time Graph:
• Velocity time graph represents how velocity will vary
in accordance with time.
• Slope of velocity time graph represents acceleration.
• Area under velocity time graph represents distance
and displacement.
• If we consider distance we add all areas under curve,
in displacement we subtract
those areas that is below time graph.
• Distance = A+B Displacement = A-B
01 and 82 represents acceleration at point X And Y
respectively.

03 represents average Acceleration between x and y

velocity
X
03

A1

time

UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION:


• Uniform motion: Equal distance travelled at equal
interval of time

• Non Uniform motion: Unequal distance at unequal


interval of time

distance
distance
distance
time
time

time

Uniform Motion
Non Uniform Motion
UNIFORMALY ACCELERATED MOTION:

• It is the motion with constant acceleration


1. 24 = x +a At 1* Equation of Motion
• Such motions are governed by three equations of
motion
2 Equation of Motion which can be proved using
velocity time graph.
3. 245 = v} --> 30 Equation of Motion where y, is the
bod's final velocity
is the body's initial velocity a is the acceleration of the
body At is the time interval/taken between the initial
and final states S is the displacement
Equations of motion Start with a=v-u - dafination of
+ acceleration From v= utat-0.
-
Velocity
C Area under the graph
A5= (u +V)+<
Sutitutes into B ts=[a+(u+a+)] +
ts=uf+bat From @ multiply v2u2+ 2as_
v ta= as
From o
v-u= at

Timet

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