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Mechanics
Lab report
Date: 30-5-2022

Group A4
Group members:

(i) Muhammad Zeeshan Ayyub Khan

(ii) Muhammad Asad Saeed
(iii) Mian Muhammad Bilal
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Experiment no.1: Kirchhoff’s rule

Abstract:
The purpose of this lab will be to experimentally demonstrate Kirchhoff’s Rules for electrical
circuits.

Equipment needed:
I. AC/DC Electronics Lab Board: Resistors, Wire Leads
II. 2 D-cell Batteries
III. Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Procedure:
I. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 7.1a using
any of the resistors you have except the 10 Ω one.
Use Figure 7.1b as a reference along with 7.1a as
you record your data. Record the resistance
values in the table below. With no current flowing
(the battery disconnected), measure the total
resistance of the circuit between points A and B.

II. With the circuit connected to the battery and the

current flowing, measure the voltage across each
of the resistors and record the values in the table below. On the circuit diagram in Figure
7.1b, indicate which side of each of the resistors is positive relative to the other end by
placing a "+" at that end.

III. Now measure the current through each of the resistors. Interrupt the circuit and place the
DMM in series to obtain your reading. Make sure you record each of the individual
currents, as well as the current flow into or out of the main part of the circuit, LT

Data
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Analysis:
Resistance (Ω) Voltage (V) Current (mA)
R1 = 331 V1 = 1.3 I1 = 0.14

R2 = 985 V2 = 0.13 I2 = 0.14

R3 = 267 V3 = 0.03 I3 = 0.09

R4 = 270 V4 = 1.4 I4 = 0.09

R5 = 266 V5 = 1.43 I5 = 5.24

VT = 1.43 IT = 5.47

 Determine the net current flow into or out of each of the four “nodes” in the circuit.

According to the Kirchhoff’s current rule:

“The total current entering a circuit’s junction is exactly equal to the total current
leaving the same junction.”
In simple words,
∑I=0

Thus, to determine the net current flow, consider the following table:
Nodes Current IN (mA) Current OUT (mA)
A IT = 5.47 I1 + I3 + I5 = 0.14 + 0.09 + 5.24 =
5.47
B I2 + I4 + I5 = 0.14 + 0.09 + 5.24 = IT = 5.47
5.47
C I1 = 0.14 I2 = 0.14
D I3 = 0.09 I4 = 0.09

 Determine the net voltage drop around at least three (3) of the six or so closed loops.
Remember, if the potential goes up, treat the voltage drop as positive (+), while if the
potential goes down, treat it as negative (-).

According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

“The Voltage around a loop equals the sum of every voltage drop in the same loop for
any closed network and equals to zero.”

In simple words,
∑V=0

Thus, to determine the net voltage drop, consider the following table:
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LOOP Voltage OUT (V)

1. -V1 - V2 + V5 = 1.53 - 1.3 - 0.13 = 0
2. V3 + V4 - V5 = 0.03 + 1.4 – 1.43 = 0

Result and Conclusion:

From the above results, we can conclude that:
I. All the currents flowing towards a point are equal to the currents flowing away from
that point
II. The Sum of Voltages in any of the loops is equals to zero. The above two points hold
due to the reasons that Charges and Energy are conserved. These results prove
both the laws of Kirchhoff i.e., KCL and KVL.

______________________

Experiment no.2: R-C circuits

Abstract:
The purpose of this lab is to determine how capacitors behave in R-C circuits.

EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
▪ AC/DC Electronics Lab Board:
1.Capacitors 2. Resistors 3. Wire Leads
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▪ D-cell Battery
▪ Stopwatch or timer with 0.1 sec resolution.
▪ Vacuum Tube Voltmeter (VTVM) or Electrometer

Procedure:
I. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 8.1, using a 1000Ω resistor and a 330 µF capacitor.
Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 8.1. Connect the VTVM so the black “ground”
lead is on the side of the capacitor that connects to the negative terminal of the battery
and set it so that it reads to a maximum of 1.5V DC.

II. Start with no voltage on the capacitor and the switch off. If there is remaining voltage on
the capacitor, use a piece of wire to “short” the two leads together, draining any
remaining charge. Do this by replacing the voltage source with a wire at points B and C
III. Now close the switch by pushing and holding the button down. Observe the voltage
readings on the VTVM, the voltage across the capacitor.
IV. If you now open the switch by releasing the button, the capacitor should remain at its
present voltage with a very slow drop over time. This indicates that the charge you placed
on the capacitor has no way to move back to neutralize the excess charges on the two
plates.
V. Connect a wire between points A and C in the circuit, allowing the charge to drain back
through the resistor. Observe the voltage readings on the VTVM as the charge flows
back.
VI. Repeat steps 3-5 until you have a good feeling for the process of charging and
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discharging of a capacitor through a resistance.

VII. Replace the 330 µF capacitor with a 100 µF capacitor. Repeat the same process of
charging and discharging for this capacitor. Note the time of and plot the graph for both
capacitors.

Data Analysis:
Capacitance 330 μF 100 μF
Resistance 348 Ω 12.3 kΩ 348 Ω 12.3 kΩ
Tc 2.3 s 21.2 s 4.07 s 14.53
Tdc 2.01 s 20.8 s 4.3 s 14.2

Tc Time required to charge the capacitor

Tdc Time required to discharge the capacitor

Conclusion:
Table shows that either the capacitor of low or high resistance connected with the resistance of
high value takes greater time to be charged & discharged and vice versa.