International Journal of Students’ Research In Technology & Management

Vol 3 (8), November-December 2015, Pg 440-444

ISSN 2321-2543, DOI: 10.18510/ijsrtm..2015.381

3D Printing; Hardware and Software for the

Consumer Market
Paul S. Heath
East Carolina University / Vidant Health
[email protected]
Article History: Received on 15th July 2015, Revised on 07th September 2015, Published on 05th November 2015

Abstract—3D printing is an older technology that is just revolutionizing the way products are produced by
making its way into the consumer market. The story of its manufacturers. With 3D printing, producing one item can be as
emergence into the consumer market is brought about through cheap as thousands, which is a game changer for manufacturing
the efforts of inventors who viewed this technology as a hobby. (Petrick & Simpson, 2013). The technology is cheaper to use,
Since the introduction of desktop 3D printers, the market has
easy to customize and prototyping can be fast tracked, cutting
exploded with newer and better models created each year.
There are many stories of what it can do, but little reason for months off the time line while drastically reducing cost all at
consumers to adapt to the technology. This paper discusses the the same time. The time efficiency also allows for more
emergence of consumer 3D printers into the market. It reviews modifications and testing. With traditional methods,
the history, technology and movements that made its existence modifications and testing can be very time consuming and
possible. It also looks at the technology involved, uses for the costly. The drawbacks of 3D printing in manufacturing is the
technology and how it is being introduced to consumers. speeds of the devices and their inability to keep up with
production lines, but as the technology continues to advance,
Keywords: 3D printing, Engineering, Maker Movement, DIY, 3D printers will likely be able to outpace the current production
Manufacturing, Hackerspaces
line. They will increase in speed all while eliminating some
I. INTRODUCTION steps or changing workflows in production, warehousing and
If one has been keeping up with trends in computing distribution of products (Chausovsky, 2014).
technology or shopping on a big box electronic retailing 3D printing is already being credited for bringing about the
site then one might notice what looks like some kind of third industrial revolution. (“The third industrial revolution,”
fancy microwave or microscope. This is no ordinary 2012). Employers are starting to demand that engineers have
contraption. This is a 3D printer. Since desktop printers 3D printing skills. Numbers released by Wanted Analytics
started being produced for the consumer market, they are “finds that the number of job ads requiring workers with 3D
beginning to show up in retail spaces around the globe. printing skills increased 1,834 percent in four years, and 103
In fact, shipments of 3D printers are estimated to double percent from August 2013 to August 2014” (“Changing
every year from 2015 to 2018. The rise in sales stems technologies, inc.,” 2014). The use of additive technology
from advances in the technology, cheaper prices and could lead to reduces in human labor as a means of production,
availability of the product, (Gartner.com, 2014). but the job market will gain in employees that can support and
The beauty of these machines is they allow one to innovate additive technology products. (Pîrjan & Petrosanu,
create customized objects or prototypes for future 2013).
products. Consumers are slow to adapt to this technology 3D printers made their way into the consumer market
but as prices have dropped and 3D printers are showing through efforts of the Maker Movement and their sponsored
up at schools, printer stores and libraries, consumers have hackerspaces (Laskow, 2014). The maker movement consists
had more opportunity to interact with the medium. All it of a number of like-minded DIY (Do it yourself) and DIT (Do
requires for use is for the individual to create an it together) enthusiasts that have an interest in science,
electronic design or secure a file online and send it to the engineering and/or technology. They work together to solve
printer. There are even companies like Shapeways that problems and create or innovate products that are already in
will let customers upload their designs in order to print existence or yet to be in existence. They use open source
and ship the completed item to them. Customers can hardware to invent or innovate products. They are like a
also take advantage of the Shapeways online market and research and development team for a company. The beauty of
sell their products and designs on the company website open source hardware is that technology is released to everyone
(Shapeways, 2015). Companies like UPS are even so that anyone can make improvements or solve problems
jumping into the 3D market and offering printing services associated with the product. Often these inventors will get
in some of their retail stores (Theupsstore.com, 2015). together in spaces or labs called hackerspaces or hackerlabs to
The technology for 3D printing has been around since pool their efforts together to work on a project (P2P
the eighties (3D Printing Industry, 2014a). It was Foundation, 2015). When one couples this with their ability to
originally designed for manufacturing and given the name raise money through crowdfunding campaigns on websites like
“additive manufacturing” (EOS e-Manufacturing Kickstarter, they have the technology and the capital to bring
Solutions, nd). It was labeled additive technology because products to market. Such was the case with the first 3D
it uses a printer to create 3D solid objects by layering desktop printers. They whole story was documented in the
successive strands of raw material (3E Printing.com, movie Print the Legend (Toutwine, Lopez, &Tweel, 2014). It
2015). The raw materials used with a 3D printer include spotlights two startup companies, Makerbot and Formlabs as
nylon, epoxy resins and powder materials (Larsson, they make their entry into the market of 3D printers. They
2013). 3D printing, a disruptive technology, is were the two small companies competing with two giant

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 International Journal of Students’ Research In Technology & Management
Vol 3 (8), November-December 2015, Pg 440-444
ISSN 2321-2543, DOI: 10.18510/ijsrtm..2015.381
companies to bring 3D printing technology to the Another technology which is pretty expensive but coming
consumer market. Makerbot changed their management down and worth mentioning is Selective Laser Sintering (SLS).
style from open source to propriety and was eventually Selective Laser Sintering allows the use of various powder
purchased by the giant in industrial 3D printer substances which is melted down and fused together. This can
manufacturing, Stratasys. (Toutwine, Lopez & Tweel, be anything from wax to metal (Barnatt, 2014).
2014). Formlabs was the other firm that was F. Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
documented in the film. It was started with crowdsource
Similar to SLS with the difference between SLS technology
funding by some young former MIT students in
and SLM technology being that instead of fusing powders
Cambridge, Massachusetts (Toutwine, Lopez & Tweel,
together, it fully melts the substance and produces a solid piece
2014). It is still in production and operating
out of the raw material (Barnatt, 2014).
independently to get its product in the hands of
consumers (Formlabs, 2015). The price of 3D printers continues to come down. One can
get a novice printer for about 600 dollars, but one gets what one
II. TYPES 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES
pays for (Baguley, 2015). Some of the best 3D printers range
A variety of technologies are used in 3D printing in price from 1500 to 3000 dollars, depending on what guide
processes: one reads (10 TopTen Reviews, 2015).
A. Stereolithography (SLA) To get started with a 3D printer a design and an appropriate
Stereolithography (SLA) is one of the most popular file format for 3D printing is needed. The system takes
means of 3D printing. It was discovered and patented by numerous file formats, but the standard is the STL file. A new
Charles W. Hull in 1986 (Uvp, Inc., 1986). It uses liquid file format recently released by Microsoft called 3MF was
photopolymer and a laser to harden and print the object. announced this year. This file format will be available with new
The process involves a stage for the object to rest on and operating systems. The file is designed specifically for additive
a perforated pad for the liquid polymer to extrude. The manufacturing and will be able to carry more information
laser traces the first cross section of the design causing it (Krassensein, 2015).
to harden and then another layer is traced and hardened Designs can be created using many software packages that
until you have the solid object (Barnatt, 2014). range in price from free to thousands of dollars. This software
B. Digital Light Processing (DLP) falls into one of three categories: CAD Tools, Freeform
Digital Light Processing (DLP), which is also referred Modeling Tools and Sculpting tools (3D Printing for Beginners,
to as Vat Polymerization. In DLP processing, a vat of 2015). CAD tools are most often used by engineers and
liquid is exposed to the light of a DLP projector architects and are based on geometric shapes (3D Printing for
replicating the image of the solid object to be produced. Beginners, 2015). CAD tools can be difficult to use for some
The object is then hardened by the DLP projector and the consumers (Makethingsnow, 2015).
rest of the liquid is drained away to reveal the object. FreeForm modeling tools have the most flexibility and allow
The process is faster and has good resolution (Walker, a user to freeform shapes. (“3D Modeling For Beginners”,
2014). 2015). With freeform modeling tools one can get a more
C. Material Jetting Printing or Polyjet Matrix realistic, organic model (Geomagic Freeform Plus, 2015). It is
ideal for customizing and adding surface detail or freeform
Material Jetting Printing or Polyjet Matrix, This curves to the object (Yares, 2012).
technology uses a multi-nozzle print head to distribute a
liquid polymer on to a surface. The surface is sprayed Sculpting tools are a way for users to create designs by using
hard by the UV light before loading another layer and pinch and pull clicks to design objects (“Modeling for
solidifying that layer. The process continues until the Beginners”, 2015). It is easier to use than CAD software and
solid object is formed. The benefit of this technology is allows more automation in a design than freeform modeling
that it can produce hard objects with rubber-like parts. does. Sculpting tools are much like sculpting with clay. You
This is accommodated by the jets being able to distribute start with an object and pinch and pull it to make a design
multiple types of materials at the same time (Barnatt, (Yares, 2012).
2014). There are other options for getting files for 3D printers
D. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). without having to create them oneself. One can subscribe and
take advantage of the many open source and free websites that
This technology uses a print head to drop beads of allow designers to upload their designs to be shared with
liquid to produce the design. The process starts with a others. Thingiverse is one of these sites. It started as part of
thermoplastic that is heated to a semi liquid form and the maker movement and includes 3D designs (MakerBot
distributed on to a plate (“FDM Technology”, 2015). Thingiverse, 2015). There are also repositories online that
This technology is often referred to by other names allow one to purchase or sell original designs. Cubify is one
including thermoplastic extrusion, plastic jet printing, such website and app that allows designers to sell designs and
fused filament method or fused filament fabrication. others to purchase designs. One can even upload a picture of
FDM offers a lot of flexibility in allowing the user to oneself and make a figurine (Geek: Figurines & Collectibles,
print various items. The range is based on materials and 2015).
can be anything from food related delicacies like cheese
and chocolate to building materials like concrete (Barnatt, III. ADOPTION
2014). The majority of desktop 3D printers use FDM According to the Gartner Hype Cycle consumer 3D printing
technology (Krassensein, 2014). is still some five to ten years away from being adapted in the
E. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) consumer market (Lean, 2015). More specifically consumer
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 International Journal of Students’ Research In Technology & Management
Vol 3 (8), November-December 2015, Pg 440-444
ISSN 2321-2543, DOI: 10.18510/ijsrtm..2015.381
printing has reached the cycle’s peak of inflated customers personalize items for their homes (Gustafson, 2015).
expectations and is descending into its trough of Even the US Postal Service is banking on 3D printing to
disillusionment. This is typically the point where increase their amount of deliveries to the tune of 485 million
consumers begin to realize the differences between fact dollars annually. They estimate the need for 3D printing
and fiction as far as all the tales that have been spun supplies and increases due to the printing and shipment of items
about 3D printing (Lean, 2015). Gartner predicts being a perfect match for their vast distribution channels (U.S.
shipments of 3D printers will exceed 200, 000 in 2015 Postal Service Office of Inspector General, 2014).
(Gartner, 2014). The list of companies capitalizing on 3D technology
A study of 3D printing trends examined how continues to grow as 3D printers and services are being made
individuals were using 3D printers. The study grouped available and incorporated into the consumer market. Further
these users based on their uses and backgrounds (3D product innovation will also play a part in expanding the
Hubs, 2015). Professionals were composed of product market for 3D printers. The next generation will have features
designers or engineers and were 57% of consumer 3D that make it more consumers friendly. Some will sport such
printing. They divided their uses for 3D printing as features as plug and play, Ethernet and Wifi, cameras, as well
prototyping (85%), research (32%) and product as smartphone and tablet compatibility (Kickstarter, 2013).
production (18%). The second largest groups were Some models will also have dual heads and print multiple
described as makers and were comprised of people that materials and colors. This generation of 3D printers will also
produce their own designs. They made up 34.9% of be faster, easier to use and cheaper to purchase (Baya and
people using 3D printers. Following this group were Earls, 2014). Consumers will be able to print anything from
pioneers which were using the technology while using food to wearables (Kepczyk, 2015). Developers are already
mostly external sources for designs. This group made up creating software that is more user friendly for the consumer
21.7% of the group studied. The remainder of the people market (Gilpin, 2015). There are even tools like 3D mobile
3D printing was students and researches which made up apps that will allow the user to make 3D models of people,
8.5% of the group and mostly used 3D printing for their works of art or loved ones. The files can then be saved, edited
course work or personal projects (3D Hubs, 2015). or sent to a 3D printer for printing. (“ETH zurich; your
These numbers will continue to shift as people smartphone as a 3D scanner,” 2013). Image a world where one
discover 3D printing and what can be done with it. Many can have a replica of an admired piece of art or the bust of a
companies are jumping on board to push out the loved one.
technology to consumers where they can learn about and V. CONCLUSION
become more comfortable with it. MakerBot has been an 3D printing is the way of the future. It is capable of
innovator in marketing 3D printers. They began with a creating customized items with less tools and less waste (3D
partnership with Sam’s Club. They originally started
Printing Industry, 2014b). It has made its way into the
with a deal to put the MakerBot Replicator Mini Compact
manufacturing market and now it is trickling down to the
3D in 300 of Sam’s Club locations but after only three
consumer market. There is much discussion and
short months amended the agreement to extend
communication about how it will be incorporated into society,
distribution of MakerBot Replicator to all 600 stores.
but it is has been embrace by hardware manufacturers, software
Many of these locations will offer in-store displays where
developers and the President of the United States of America.
customers can test out the technology (Renfrow, 2015).
Crowdfunding sites are saturated with 3D fundraising
They have also gone the extra mile to work with the campaigns and the media is flooded with stories of 3D
public to put a 3D printer in every school. Through innovation. As the software becomes easier to use, the printers
crowdsource funding, they hope to make this a reality become faster and the technology becomes cheaper we should
(Makerbot Academy, 2015). In addition to school efforts, see more rapid adaption of 3D printing in the consumer market.
Makerbot is targeting older students as well by putting There is a great deal of hype about how it will be used, but
resources into their Innovation Centers which they have mostly what has been written about is very positive. Everyone
established at several universities (Gilpin, 2015). can participate in the next revolution whether investing in the
In getting the technology in the hands of schools they companies that produce the technology, setting up a small
are not only expanding the market of 3D printers, they are business or learning new skills. 3D printing is for everyone.
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