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6024Methods Units 1 and 2 Exam Notes

Mathematical Methods- Unit 2 (High School - Australia)

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MATH METHODS UNITS 1&2 EXAM NOTES SHEET Quadratics 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓 −1 = 𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑓, 𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑓 −1 = 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓
Unit 1 Turning point form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 If 𝑓(𝑥) is not one-to-one, the domain and range of inverse cannot be simply
Linear Equations Turning point: (h, k) swapped and equated.
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑏 𝑏2 Cubic and Quartic Functions
Gradient of a line between 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ): 𝑚 = Turning point for general form: (− ,− + 𝑐)
𝑥2 −𝑥1 2𝑎 4𝑎 Cubic function (general form) 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
General equation of straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 Discriminant: Δ = b2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Cubic function (turning point form) 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)3 + 𝑘
Equation of line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ): 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Discriminant meanings: Point of inflection (h, k)
Angle line makes with x-axis: 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑚 Δ = 0 → 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ ′𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 ′ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Quartic function (general form) 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 +
Perpendicular gradient of m: ′
𝑚 =−
1 Δ > 0 → 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
𝑚
Quartic function (turning point form) 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)4 + 𝑘
Distance between two points: 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 Common Graphs
𝑎 Turning point (h, k)
Midpoint of line joining two points: 𝑀=(
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
, ) Hyperbola 𝑦= +𝑘
2 2
𝑥−ℎ Remainder/Factor Theorem
Matrices Asymptotes 𝑥 = ℎ, 𝑦 = 𝑘 If 𝑃(𝑥) is a polynomial, the remainder of polynomial division of 𝑃(𝑥) by
𝑎
Matrix Dimensions dim(𝐴) = 𝑚 × 𝑛, m = rows, n = columns Truncus 𝑦 = (𝑥−ℎ)2 + 𝑘 𝑏
linear factor (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), is 𝑃 (− )
Matrix Multiplication 𝑎

For any two matrices 𝐴 and B, product AB only defined if Asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑏

If 𝑃 (− ) = 0, then 𝑃(𝑥) has linear factor (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑎
Dim(𝐴) = 𝑚 × 𝑛 and dim(𝐵) = 𝑛 × 𝑟. Sqrt function 𝑦 = 𝑎√𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑘 𝑏
Squared factor (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 → 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −
Inverses Asymptote 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑎
𝑏
For square matrices A, B of the same dimension, if AB=BA=I, A is the Circle (general) (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 Cubed factor (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 → 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −
𝑎
inverse of B and B is the inverse of A. The inverse of any square matrix A Center (h, k) Sums and Differences of Cubes – Identity
is denoted 𝐴−1 . The inverse of a square 2 × 2 matrix is defined:
Circle (alternate) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2ℎ𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
𝑎 𝑏 −1 1 𝑑 −𝑏
[ ] = [ ] Complete square for general form 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 Semicircle 𝑦 = √𝑟 2 − (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 Quick Expansion Reference
Determinants: For a square 2 × 2 matrix 𝐴 = [ ] , det(𝐴) = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 Center (h, k) (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏3 (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 − 𝑏3
A matrix is singular if no inverse exists, i.e. determinant = 0 Functions, Domains & Ranges Probability
A matrix is regular if its inverse exists, i.e. determinant <> 0 Ordered pair A pair with 2 elements (𝑥, 𝑦) Random Experiment An experiment for which outcome
Solution of Simulaneous Equations is uncertain
Relation ),
Set of ordered pairs {(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), … }
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑐 Sample Space Set of possible outcomes for an experiment
{ ⇔ [ ] [ ] = [𝑓 ] Domain The set of x values for which relation defined
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑐 𝑑 𝑦 I.e. for rolling n sided dice, {1, 2, 3 . . . 𝑛}
Range The set of y values for which relation defined
Manipulation of Matrix Equations Event An final result of one or more experiments
1-to-1 function A function for which every x has unique y
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑋 ⇒ 𝐴−1 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴−1 𝑋 ⇒ 𝐼𝐵 = 𝐵 = 𝐴−1 𝑋 I.e. y-values do not repeat Simple event Consist of one outcome, i.e. ‘rolling a six’
When multiplying by inverse, multiply both sides from same direction Function A function with one y-value for every x-value Compound event More than one outcome, i.e. ‘even number
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶 ∴ 𝐴−1 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴−1 𝐶 ⇐ (𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡, 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕) Co-domain A set that contains the range of a function # 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴
Experimental Probability Pr(𝐴) =
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶 ∴ 𝐴−1 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐴−1 ⇐ (𝒘𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒈, 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕) usually ℝ unless explicity specified. 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
IMPORTANT: SOLVE VENN DIAGRAMS USING ALGEBRA, not plain
Transformations/Dilations/Reflections with Matrices Transformations
REASONING
Translation of h units in the x-dimension and k units in the y-dimension for
Translation of a units in x-dimension and b units in y-dimension ′ (𝑥) (Simultaneous equations will work to find unknowns!)
the function 𝑓(𝑥): 𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘
𝑥′ 𝑥 𝑎 Karnaugh Maps/Probability Tables
[ ] = [𝑦] + [ ] Dilations
𝑦′ 𝑏
Vertical dilation by factor a of 𝑓(𝑥): 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥), 𝑎 > 0 𝐴 𝐴′
Dilation by factor a in x-dimension and b in y-dimension
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑥, 𝑎𝑦) 𝐵 𝑃𝑟(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃𝑟(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃𝑟(𝐵)
𝑥′ 𝑎 0 𝑥
[ ′] = [ ][ ]
𝑦 0 𝑏 𝑦 Horizontal dilation by factor a of 𝑓(𝑥): 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑥
= 𝑓( ),𝑎 > 0 𝐵′ 𝑃𝑟(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′) 𝑃𝑟(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′) 𝑃𝑟(𝐵′)
𝑎
Reflection: Muliply by: (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑎𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑃𝑟(𝐴) 𝑃𝑟(𝐴′) 1
−1 0
[ ] to reflect across y-axis (𝑥, 𝑦) → (−𝑥, 𝑦) Reflections
0 1
1 0 Reflection in the x-axis 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) Addition Rule
[ ] to reflect across x-axis (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑥, −𝑦)
0 −1 Reflection in the y-axis 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) Pr(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = Pr(𝐴) + Pr(𝐵) − Pr(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
0 1 When we say a ‘reflection in the something axis’, we mean that we ‘flip’ all Conditional Probability
[ ] to reflect across y=x (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑦, 𝑥)
1 0 points of a relation ‘across’ the line defined by that axis, i.e. reflect in x-axis Pr(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
0 −1 Pr(𝐴|𝐵) =
[ ] to reflect across y=-x (𝑥, 𝑦) → (−𝑦, −𝑥)  flip everything over the x-axis, y-values get negated. Pr(𝐵)
−1 0
Function Inverses Multiplication Rule
For any one-to-one function 𝑓(𝑥), there exists 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) such that Pr(𝐴|𝐵) × Pr(𝐵) = Pr(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
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Unit 2 General Solutions of Trigonometric Equations Definite Integrals

Logarithmic and Exponential Functions sin 𝑥 = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)𝑛 sin−1 𝑎
Logarithm Rules 𝑏
cos 𝑥 = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± cos −1 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 × 𝑦)
𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 𝑎 → 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 + tan−1 𝑎 𝑎
log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 ( )
𝑦 Identities This gives the area under the graph 𝑓(𝑥) from a to b
log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑝 log 𝑎 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1 (Pythagorean Identity)
log 𝑐 𝑏 Kinematics
log 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
log 𝑐 𝑎 tan 𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Displacement given by 𝑠(𝑡), 𝑠(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Sums and differences of squares identities
Equations involving 𝑙𝑜𝑔 can be simplified by taking logarithm of both sides. (1 − sin 𝜃)(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 1 − sin2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 Velocity given by 𝑣(𝑡), 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠 ′ (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑎(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
(1 − cos 𝜃)(1 + cos 𝜃) = 1 − cos2 𝜃 = sin2 𝜃
Exponential Graphs of the form 𝑎 𝑥
Acceleration given by 𝑎(𝑡), 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣 ′ (𝑡)
- Have asymptote 𝑥 = 0 Calculus
- Have y-intercept (0, 1) Differential Combinatorics
Differentiation by first principles
Logarithmic Graphs of the form log 𝑎 𝑥 If we have 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓′(𝑥) is given as follows: Addition Principle – If a choice is to be made from a set of alternatives that
- Have asymptote 𝑦 = 0 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) is mutually exclusive, the total number of choices is equal to the sum of the
- Have x-intercept (1, 0) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim number of alternatives.
ℎ→0 ℎ
Circular Functions Note: lim MUST be included on EVERY line until limit is evaluated to
ℎ→0 Multiplication Principle – If successive or simultaneous independent choices
Quick reference gain full marks! are to be made, and there are m ways of making the first choice and n ways
θ sinθ cosθ tanθ of making the next, the total number of possible choices is given by 𝑚 × 𝑛
0 0 1 0 Differentiation Rules
𝜋/6 1/2 √3/2 1/√3 Two events are mutually exclusive if Pr(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋/4 1/√2 1/√2 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Two events are independent if Pr(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = Pr(𝐴) × Pr(𝐵)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝜋/3 √3/2 1/2 √3 (𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Law of Total Probability: Pr(𝐴) = Pr(𝐴|𝐵) × Pr(𝐵) + Pr(𝐴|𝐵 ′) × Pr(𝐵 ′ )
𝜋/2 1 0 undefined 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Chain Rule: = × Factorials: 𝑛! = 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × (𝑛 − 2) × … × 2 × 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 ′ (𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
Quadrant signs: All, Sine, Tangent, Cosine → ASTC (All Students Take Shortcut Chain Rule: 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓
𝑑𝑥 Note that 0! = 1
Coffee) 𝑑
Product Rule: 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)−𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)
Permutations The number of permutations possible of n objects in groups of
Trigonometric Identities Quotient Rule: = size r is given by:
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)2
sin(𝜋 ± 𝜃) = ± sin 𝜃 cos(𝜋 ± 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 tan(𝜋 ± 𝜃) = ± tan 𝜃
sin(2𝜋 ± 𝜃) = ± sin 𝜃 cos(2𝜋 ± 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 tan(𝜋 ± 𝜃) = ± tan 𝜃 Tangents and Normals 𝑛!
=𝑛𝑃𝑟
sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 cos −𝜃 = cos 𝜃 tan −𝜃 = − tan 𝜃 (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
Equation of tangent to 𝑓(𝑥) at (𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑦 − 𝑏 = 𝑓′(𝑥)(𝑥 − 𝑎)
Trigonometric Equations Combinations The number of combinations possible of n objects in groups
Sine 1 of size r is given by:
General Form: Equation of normal to 𝑓(𝑥) at (𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑦 − 𝑏 = − (𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑛(𝜃 − 𝑘) + 𝑐 𝑛!
Integral Calculus =𝑛𝐶𝑟
2𝜋
Has amplitude 𝑎, period . Translated by 𝑘 units in + direction of x-axis 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
𝑛 Indefinite Integrals
and c units in + direction of y-axis
If we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), 𝑓(𝑥) is defined as ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Permutations of Groups of Repeated Objects
Cosine IMPORTANT: All indefinite integrals have a constant term 𝑐 at the end.
The number of ways of arranging n objects in a row when there are p of one
General Form: 𝑐 MUST BE WRITTEN for full marks. If we have a coordinate, we may kind, q of another, r of another, etc. is given by
𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑛(𝜃 − 𝑘) + 𝑐 solve for c.
2𝜋 𝑛!
Has amplitude 𝑎, period . Translated by 𝑘 units in + direction of x-axis Integration Rules
𝑛
and c units in + direction of y-axis 1 𝑝! 𝑞! 𝑟!
∫ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑐
𝑛+1 Circular Permutations
Tangent ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
General Form:
The number of ways of arranging n objects in a circle is given by:
𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑛(𝜃 − 𝑘) + 𝑐
Is dilated in y-axis by factor a, Translated by 𝑘 units in + direction of x- 𝑛!
axis and c units in + direction of y-axis = (𝑛 − 1)!
𝑛

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