CHAPTER 5: DEVELOPMENT

SECTION A a. The infant hears a difference

between the two sounds.
Answer all questions.
b. The infant does not ear a
1. Which of these characterizes a cross- difference between the two
sectional study of development? sounds.
a. Researches compare people from c. The infant prefers the sound ba.
several cultures. d. The infant prefers the sound boo.
b. Researches compare one group of
people at several times as they 5. Suppose a newborn sucks to turn on a
grow older tape recording of its father’s voice.
c. Researches compare people of Eventually the infant habituates and
different ages, at the same time. the sucking frequency decreases. Now
d. Researches examine many aspects the experimenters substitute the
of behavior, for one group of recording of a different man’s voice.
people at one point in time Which of the following results would
indicate that the infant detects a
2. Suppose a survey reports different difference between the two voices?
political learnings by older adults than a. The sucking rate increase
younger adults. A possible explanation b. The sucking rate decrease
is that people change their views as c. The sucking rate remains the same
they age. Another is that older people
have different priorities from younger 6. What evidence suggest that event 6-
people. What is still another to 8-month-old infants understand
possibility? object permanence?
a. Demand characteristics a. They reach around an opaque
b. A cohort effect barrier to grasp an unseen toy.
c. Zone of proximal development b. They ask for toys that they do not
d. Equilibration currently see
c. They stare longer at events that
3. Theoretically, which of the following would be impossible if unseen
drugs should produce effects similar objects continue to exist
to those of fetal alcohol syndrome, if a d. After they have repeatedly seen
mother takes them during pregnancy? one toy and habituated to it, they
a. Cocaine (which increases activity dishabituate when they see a new
at dopamine synapses) toy.
b. Anti-anxiety drugs (which
stimulates inhibitory synapse) 7. To demonstrate ‘’theory of mind’’,
c. Nicotine (which stimulates what must a child understand?
acetylcholine synapse) a. That someone else can have a
d. Caffein (which increases heart false belief
rate) b. That human mental abilities are
more advanced than those of
4. Suppose an infant habituates to the other species
sound ba, but when we substitute the c. That mental activity is inseparable
sound boo, the infant fails to increase from brain activity
the sucking rate. What interpretation d. That all mental activity requires
would be likely? sensory input

Nurul Salwa binti Sajali@Zaidi Faculty of Educational Psychology & Counselling

PhD candidate (Psychology) University of Malaya
CHAPTER 5: DEVELOPMENT

8. A child watches an experimenter hide 11. The strange situation is an effort to

a small toy in a small room, and then measure which aspect of behavior?
tries to find a larger version of the a. How well an adolescent can
same toy hidden ‘’in the same place’’ resists peer pressure
in a larger room. At what age can b. A child’s attachment to the
most children first succeed on this parents
task? c. How rapidly a child is progressing
a. 4 years old through Piaget’s stages
b. 3 years old d. A child’s anility to coordinate
c. It depends on how you ask the vision with action
question
d. It depends on the child’s interest 12. One explanation for adolescent
in the toy impulsivity is that the prefrontal
cortex, important for inhibiting
9. One year ago, Sarah did not seem to inappropriate behaviors, is still
understand conservation of number, gradually becoming mature during
volume, or mass. Today she does. this period. What evidence indicates
According to Piaget, Sarah has that this explanation cannot be the
progressed from which stage to which full answer?
other stage? a. People with damage to the
a. Preoperational stage to concrete prefrontal cortex tend to make
operations stage many poor and impulsive
b. Sensorimotor stage to decisions
preoperational stage b. 20-year-old rate many risky
c. Concrete operations stage to activities more acceptable than
formal operations stage young teenagers do
d. Formal operations stage to c. Most teenagers believe the ‘’
concrete operations stage personal fable’’ that they are
different from everyone else
10. Which of the following would be d. Adolescents make the same
evidence in favor of Vygotsky’s ‘’zone decisions regardless of peer
of proximal development’’? pressure
a. Most 3 years old can observe a
toy hidden in a small room and 13. In society where almost everyone
use it to locate a larger toy in a becomes a farmer, which of the
larger room, but 2 in half year old following would be most common?
cannot. a. Identity diffusion
b. It is possible to teach b. Identify moratorium
conservation of volume to many c. Identify foreclosure
6-year-olds but not many 4 years d. Identify achievement
old
c. Children in the stage of concrete
operations have trouble with 14. Terror-management theory deals with
abstract or hypothetical ideas. which psychological process?
d. Intellectual development varies a. How psychologists can control
from one culture to another violent people
b. How psychologists can treat post-
traumatic stress disorder

Nurul Salwa binti Sajali@Zaidi Faculty of Educational Psychology & Counselling

PhD candidate (Psychology) University of Malaya
CHAPTER 5: DEVELOPMENT

c. How people cope with their fear c. A longer history of communist

of dying government in southern China
d. How people learn to deal with d. A higher level of education in
abusive relationships southern China

15. One reason why nearly all the best 18. Suppose you want to test the effect of
chess players are men is that more birth order on intelligence by
boys than girls start playing chess. Of comparing firstborn children to
the following what is another thirdborn children. To do the study
plausible explanation? properly, which of the following is
a. Males have greater abilities than most important?
females do at mathematics and a. Use only firstborn children who
anything related to mathematics are unrelated to the thirdborn
b. Males are more likely than children
females are to devote themselves b. Include only those firstborns who
to a single interest come from a family of at least
c. The male brain has many three children.
structural differences from the c. Include an equal percentage of
female brain on average males and females in each group
d. Chess is played only in cultures d. Get results from any first or third
that give females few educational born child who volunteers to
opportunities. participate.

16. Which of the following studies 19. If we want to determine whether

suggests a cultural influence on a children resemble their parents
child’s interest in boy’s and girl’s toys? because of genetic influences or
a. Girls exposed before birth to because of social influences, which of
higher testosterone levels show the following would be the most
greater interest boy’s toys later. helpful kind of information?
b. Boys exposed before birth to a. Compare monozygotic and
chemicals that interfere with dizygotic twins
testosterone show decreased b. Examine the amount of similarity
interest in boy’s toy later between adopting parents and
c. Children who watch a commercial their adopted children
showing just boys playing with a c. Compare children’s similarity to
toy assume it is only for boys their mother and their father
d. Male monkeys show more interest
in boys’ toys than female monkeys 20. According to the evidence so far, what
do. can be expected of children who are
reared by a gay or lesbian couple?
17. A “collectivist” attitude is more a. Most have psychological
common in southern China than in adjustment problem in childhood,
northern China. What is apparently although they are normal in
responsible for this difference? adulthood
a. Greater prevalence of b. Most seem normal during
Confucianism in southern China childhood, but they keep develop
b. A history of rice farming in problems during adulthood
southern China

Nurul Salwa binti Sajali@Zaidi Faculty of Educational Psychology & Counselling

PhD candidate (Psychology) University of Malaya
 CHAPTER 5: DEVELOPMENT

c. Most have psychological 2. List and describe Erikson’s

adjustment problems during both psychosocial stages.
childhood and adulthood
d. Most develop about normally, Stage Main Questions Issues
about the same as those reared conflict
by a heterosexual couple.

SECTION 2

Provide short answer.

1. List and describe Piaget’s stages of

cognitive development.

Stage Age Activity & Limitation

Achievement

Nurul Salwa binti Sajali@Zaidi Faculty of Educational Psychology & Counselling

PhD candidate (Psychology) University of Malaya
CHAPTER 5: DEVELOPMENT

3. When an infant is________________,

Their mother is a base of exploration.
They show DISTRESS when she leaves.

4. When an infant is being____________,

they show happy and angry responses,
and they cling/cry.

5. When an infant is being____________,

they do not stay near their mother.

6. When an infant is being ___________,

they do not even notice their mom.

7. Children of ____________ parents

tend to be most self-reliant and
cooperative.

8. Children of____________ parents

tend to be obedient but also
distrustful and not very independent.

9. Children of ______________parents
are frequently socially irresponsible.

10. Children of___________ parents tend

to be impulsive and hard to discipline.

authoritative permissive disorganized

uninvolved authoritarian avoidant
securely stranger anxious
attached anxiety attached

Nurul Salwa binti Sajali@Zaidi Faculty of Educational Psychology & Counselling

PhD candidate (Psychology) University of Malaya