DYNAMIC CHART

- TĂNG (v) increase, rise, climb, jump, grow, go up + to (tới)/ by (thêm)

(n) an increase, a rise, a climb, a jump, a growth, an upward trend + to (tới)/ of (thêm)

- GIẢM (v) decrease, decline, fall, drop, go down + to (tới)/ by (mất)

(n) a decrease, a decline, a fall, a drop, a downward trend + to (tới)/ of (mất)

- DAO ĐỘNG (v) fluctuate, oscillate, vary + in the range from…to…(trong khoảng) = hover around…
(n) a fluctuation, an oscillation, a variation
- PHỤC HỒI (n) bounce back

- KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI: (v) remained unchanged/stable = leveled off

- ĐẠT ĐỈNH: reached a peak of…= hit a high of…peaked at…

- CHẠM ĐÁY: reached a low of…= hit a trough of…

- MẠNH (adj) significant, drastic, dramatic, considerable, sharp

- NHẸ (adj) slight, moderate, marginal, negligible

- DẦN DẦN (adj) gradual, steady, consistent

- ƯỚC LƯỢNG: about, around, roughly, approximately, just under, nearly, shy of, south of, just over, north of

- TƯƠNG TỰ: similarly, likewise, a similar trend was seen in (trend = pattern, progression, development, seen = witnessed, observed, experienced)

- NGƯỢC LẠI: however, on the other hand, in contrast, an opposite trend was seen in

- VÀO ĐẦU GIAI ĐOẠN: At the beginning of the period >< at the end of the period (period = timescale)
- the remainder of the period, exhibited a different pattern
A tăng mạnh trong năm 2000
Describe a trend
 A increased drastically in 2000
 There was a drastic increase in A in 2000 160gr
 A saw a drastic increase in 2000
 The year 2000 saw a drastic increase in A
 A drastic increase was seen in A in 2000 140gr

Cách viết 2-3 trend trong 1 câu

100gr

 S + V, before (prior to) Ving/Noun 1990 1995 2000

 After Ving, S + V
the consumption of butter
 S + V, followed by Noun
 S + V, but then V
 S started at…, after which it experienced a…., before ending the period at…
 Data…hoặc S + V, with a subsequent …and a final…
 Describe a trend
Cách so sánh với dây khác
160gr
 A similar trend was seen in the figures for…, which V
 The figures for…saw similar changes, Ving

140gr

100gr
1990 1995 2000

the consumption of butter

 STRUCTURE
INTRO (Paraphrase with more details)

OVERVIEW (Trend + Order)

Giả sử
- A,B,C tăng, C tăng mạnh nhất + D giảm
- A có số liệu cao nhất

 Overall, A, B, and C increased by varying degrees, with the most pronounced rise being seen in C,
whereas a decrease was seen in D . In addition, A had the highest figures

BODY 1 + 2

Looking first at + các đối tượng mình muốn nói ở body 1, A commenced the period with…… Thereafter,
…..Similarly, B and C also…., from…to and from…to…, respectively. As for D, ….

Turning to…/In contrast,…..Finally,..

WRITING SAMPLES
The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a
European country between 1979 and 2004.

The line graph illustrates how much chicken, beef, lamb, and fish was
consumed in a European country over the course of 25 years, starting
from 1979.

Overall, the consumption of chicken increased significantly while that of

the others decreased, with lamb witnessing the most dramatic
downward trend. In addition, chicken surpassed beef from 1989
onwards to become the most popular kind of meat among the four
examined.

Looking first at beef and chicken, the former started the period at
around 230 grams per week, which was about 80 grams higher than the
latter. Thereafter, people consumed much less beef, with consumption
plummeting to about 100 grams in the final year, losing its first place to
chicken from 1989 onwards. In contrast, chicken consumption surged to
about 250 grams at the end of the period.

Turning to the other types of meat, lamb consumption began at about

150 grams per week, followed by a remarkable decline of two-thirds by
the last year, marking the most pronounced change. A similar but much
more modest decrease was observed in fish consumption, which fell
gradually from about 60 grams to just shy of 50 grams between 1979
and 2004, remaining the least favored kind of meat throughout the
period.
 The table illustrates how many people visited six Australian World Heritage
The table below gives information on visitor statistics for 1996, sites in 1996, 1998, and 2000.
1998, and 2000 for various World Heritage sites in Australia.
Overall, the number of visitors to Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve and
Macquarie Island decreased, whereas those of the other examined
attractions increased by varying degrees, with the most pronounced rise
being seen in the Great Barrier Reef, and this site was also the most popular
throughout.

Looking first at the destinations whose visitor numbers rose, the Great
Barrier Reef commenced the period with nearly 1,700,000 people visiting it.
Thereafter, its tourist numbers doubled to 3,200,000 travelers by 2000.
Similarly, the Blue Mountains and Tasmania Wilderness also welcomed
more visitors over the period, from 526,000 to 581,000 and from 450,000
to 483,000, respectively. As for Shark Bay, its visitor numbers slightly
increased to 89,000 by the end of the period, after peaking at 102,000 in
1998.

In contrast, the number traveling to the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve

declined slightly, from 810,000 in 1996 to 770,000 in the last year. Despite
this, the site remained the second most popular destination. Finally,
Macquarie Island was by far the least preferred among the six places
surveyed, attracting between 310 and 350 visitors per year.
The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by local authorities in Someland
in 1980, 1990 and 2000.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

The pie charts illustrate how the Someland local government allocated/distributed their
budgets for various sectors in 1980, 1990, and 2000.

Overall, proportionally, more funds were allocated to higher education, transportation, and
environmental services over time, whereas the other categories saw decreases. It is also
reported that education, particularly tertiary education, was the most generously funded
throughout.

Looking first at the most funded areas, in 1980, about one-third of the local government's
expenditure went to university education, while the figures for K-12 schooling and
transportation were lower, at 25% and 16%, respectively. Thereafter, the government had
increased their budget allocation for higher education to 45% by 1990, followed by a 5%
decrease 10 years later. In contrast, K-12 education saw a fairly steady decline in its share,
finishing at 18%. As for transportation, the allocation for this sector had risen to 22% by the
last year, despite falling by two-thirds in 1990.

Turning to the remaining categories, 14% of government spending went on health and
human resources in the first year examined, and its share fell by 4% at the end of the
period, after peaking at 20% in 1990. Meanwhile, environmental services experienced its
proportion of funding double from 4% to 9% over the period. Finally, other, unspecified
spending witnessed the most pronounced change, with its share dropping precipitously
from 6% to only 1% in the final year.
The chart below shows the state of dissertations done by students in a UK
university in 1990, 2000, and 2010. The bar chart illustrates how many students at a UK university
completed their dissertations either on time, late, failed to complete,
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and or had to rewrite them in the years 1990, 2000, and 2010.
make comparisons where relevant.
Overall, the number of students who failed to submit their
dissertations saw a sharp decline, whereas those of the rest increased
significantly. In addition, students submitting on time consistently
outnumbered those in the other categories across all three years.

Looking first at the numbers completed on time and late, the former
started the period with 150 dissertations, which was six times higher
than the corresponding figure for the latter, at 25. Thereafter, the on-
time submissions experienced a drastic rise, finishing at its highest
level of about 350 dissertations. Similarly, the number of late
submissions had doubled to 50 by 2010.

In contrast, there was a constant decline in failed dissertation numbers,

which commenced at just north of 50 and then dropped precipitously
to a mere 10 at the end of the period. Finally, the number of these
requiring rewrites witnessed the most pronounced change, rising
fourfold from just shy of 10 in 1990 to around 40 two decades later,
after peaking at nearly 50 in 2000.
 The bar chart illustrates how many people were imprisoned in Great
The diagram below shows the figures for imprisonment Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the US, and Canada every ten years
in five countries between 1930 and 1980. from 1930 to 1980.

Overall, while the number of inmates/ prisoners in Australia, New

Zealand, and Canada declined by varying degrees, the other two
countries saw prisoner numbers increase, with the US ending up being
the country with by far the most prisoners.

Looking first at the countries whose prison populations increased,

the US commenced the period with the second highest number of
inmates, at 100,000, while the figure for Great Britain was by far the
lowest, standing at about 30,000. Thereafter, the numbers being in
prison in the former country finished at their highest level of nearly
140,000 prisoners, despite slight falls between 1940 and
1970. As for Great Britain, it saw the most significant rise in prisoner
figures, and by 1980, their numbers had reached just over 80,000
individuals.

In contrast, both Australia and New Zealand had their prisoner

numbers halving by 1950, but they generally bounced back
afterwards. Nevertheless, these countries brought down the
number of people in jails, from about 70,000 in 1930 to 45,000 in
1980 and from 100,000 to 85,000, respectively. Finally, Canada, after
starting with the highest number of prisoners, at 120,000, showed
considerable falls, reaching a low of roughly 90,000 in the final year.
 The table below shows daily oil production in 4 countries from 2000 to 2004.

The table illustrates how much oil was produced on a daily basis in Nigeria, Chad, Congo, and Somalia over the course of 4 years, starting from 2000.

Overall, Nigeria, Chad, and Somalia produced more oil over time, with Chad witnessing the most pronounced rise, while a downward trend was seen in
Congo. In addition, by 2004, Nigeria had surpassed Congo to become the largest oil producer among the four countries examined.

Looking first at Chad and Somalia, it was not until 2003 that the former started to produce oil, with 8,000 barrels per day, surging to 50,000 by the final
year. A similar, albeit at a lower rate, trend was observed in Somalia, with its oil production increasing tenfold from just 5,000 barrels between 2000 and
2004. Despite this, Somalia remained one of the lowest oil producers alongside Chad at the end of the period.

Turning to the other countries, Congo commenced the period as the leading oil producer with 275,000 barrels per day, slightly higher than Nigeria’s
205,000. Thereafter, Congo’s production steadily decreased to 203,000 barrels in 2004, losing its top position to Nigeria, whose oil output grew to 213,000
in the same year, after hitting a low of 190,000 in 2002.
The graph below shows the amount of money spent on books in Germany,
The line graph illustrates how much money was spent on
France, Italy and Austria between 1995 and 2005. books in Germany, France, Italy, and Austria over a 10-year
period, starting from 1995.

Overall, all four countries experienced an increase in their

spending on books, with Austria witnessing the most
significant rise. Additionally, Germany consistently remained
the biggest spender throughout the period.

Looking first at Germany and Italy, the former started with

the highest expenditure at 80 million dollars, which was
significantly more than the latter’s 30 million dollars.
Thereafter, Germany's spending continued to rise to 90
million in 1999, followed by a slight decrease of 5 million
before recovering to around 95 million by the final year.
Similarly, Italy saw its spending increase steadily to just over
60 million in 2005, despite a slight dip of 5 million between
1997 and 1999, maintaining its position as the second-
highest spender.

Turning to the other countries, France began the period with

an expenditure of around 55 million dollars on books, which
surged to approximately 75 million by the end of the period.
A similar upward trend was observed in Austria, where
spending rose from 30 million in 1995 to 40 million by 1999,
remaining steady until 2001. However, by 2005, Austria's
spending had sharply increased to just over 70 million
dollars, representing the most pronounced growth and
surpassing Italy from 2003 onwards to claim third place.
The bar chart below shows the percentage of government spending on roads and transport in 4 The bar chart illustrates how the governments in
countries in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005. Italy, Portugal, The UK, and the USA allocated their
money to traffic infrastructure in 1990, 1995, 2000,
and 2005.

Overall, spending on road and transport

infrastructure in the UK increased, while the other
countries showed a decline. In addition, Portugal
consistently remained the largest spender across
all four years, in contrast to/as opposed to the UK,
which spent the least.

Looking first at Portugal and The USA, the former

commenced the period with around 27%, more
than double the latter's 12%. Over time, Portugal
gradually reduced its spending to about a fifth by
2005, while the USA saw an increase to 15% in the
final year, despite a minor dip of around 2% in
1995.

Turning to the other countries, Italy allotted about

23% of its budget to roads and transport, followed
by a decrease to shy of 20% in the last year after
peaking at around 24% in 2000. A similar trend
was observed in the UK, where expenditure fell
from just a fifth to around 7% at the end of the
period, after experienceing a temporary rise to
12% in 2000.
The bar charts illustrate Australian employment, categorized by
gender and age group, in 1984, 2001, and 2014.

Overall, except for 15-19 males, whose employment rate decreased,

the other categories either experienced increases or remained
unchanged. In addition, more males were employed than females,
proportionally, and the 35-44 age group of both genders was the
most employed during the surveyed period.

Looking first at the figures for men, those aged 35-44 consistently
had the highest employment rate, with 80% having jobs in all three
years. The rates of the younger males were lower, at 60% for the first
two years, prior to a fall of nearly 10% in 2014. In contrast,
employment of their 60-64 counterparts increased to just north of
60% at the end of the period, after remaining at 40% in 1984 and
2001.

Turning to women, the highest employment rates were in the 15-19

and 35-44 age groups, with the former's rate remaining unchanged
at 60% throughout while that of the latter steadily rose from
approximately 60% to 80% in 2014. Finally, women aged 60-64
consistently had the lowest rates, although their employment
witnessed the most significant rise, quadrupling from 10% to about
40% in 2014.
The table below shows population figures for four countries for
The table provides demographic information about Argentina,
2003 and projected figures for 2025 and 2050.
Indonesia, Italy, and the Republic of Korea in 2003, as well as
predictions about how their populations will have changed by
2025 and 2059.

Overall, the forecasts indicate that all countries’ populations will

increase, with the exception of Italy, whose numbers will
decrease slightly. In addition, Indonesia is forecasted to remain
by far the most populous country among the four countries
examined.

Looking first at Indonesia and Argentina, the former had the

highest population of 238 million in 2003, whereas that of the
latter was the lowest, at only 34 million. By 2050, the
Indonesian population will have reached 312 million;
meanwhile, Argentina’s resident numbers will have doubled to
62 million, marking the most significant change among the
countries.

In contrast, Italy is the only country projected to undergo a

- according to the predictions/forecasts/projections, S will V decline in population, decreasing from 54 million in 2003 to 45
- the forecasts indicate that S will V million by 2050. Finally, there were 48 million people residing in
- S is expected/forecasted/projected/anticipated to V the Republic of Korea in 2003, and this number is projected to
- S will have Vpp by + năm increase to 52 million by 2025 and level off/stabilize at that level
- S will reportedly V until 2050.