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exp no 10 CMM

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10 views

exp no 10 CMM

Uploaded by

Rishabh Jha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO 10

OBJECTIVE: To study the principle and the working of a CMM.


MACHINE REQUIRED: Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
THEORY:
Co-ordinate Measuring Machines are built rigidly and are very precise. They are equipped
with digital readout or can be linked to computers for online inspection of parts. These
machines can be placed close to machine tools for efficient inspection and rapid feedback for
correction of processing parameter before the next part is made. They are also made more
rugged to resist environmental effects in manufacturing plants such as temperature variations,
vibration and dirt.
Important features of the CMMs are :
(i) To give maximum rigidity to machines without excessive weight, all the moving
members, the bridge structure, Z-axis carriage, and Z-column are made of hollow
box construction.
(ii) A map of systematic errors in machine is built up and fed into the computer
system so that the error compensation is built up into the software.
(iii) All machines are provided with their own computers with interactive dialogue
facility and friendly software.
(iv) Thermocouples are incorporated throughout the machine and interfaced with the
computer to be used for compensation of temperature gradients and thus provide
increased accuracy and repeatability
WORKING PRICIPLE:

Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) refers to determine the 3D (x y and z) dimensions


of objects with the help of probe contacts. The basic principle of CMM is putting the objects
which need to be tested in the working range of the system.

It allows you to get the measurement of the object's coordinate either automatically (with the
help of software) or with manual configuration. Thanks to software technology which helps
in visualizing and analyzation of recorded data.

Then various mathematical calculation techniques are utilized for getting the shape, position
tolerance, and other related features of the considered object.

Though advanced coordinate measurement machine provides various other features, however,
the dimensional measurement is still the most fundamental application of CMMs.

COMPONENTS
A CMM consists of four main elements :
Main Structure The machine incorporates the basic concept of three coordinate axes so that
precise movement in x, y, and z directions is possible. Each axis is fitted with a linear
measurement transducer. The transducers sense the direction of movement and gives digital
display.
Accordingly, there may be four types of arrangement :
Cantilever
The cantilever construction combines easy access and relatively small floor space
requirements. It is typically limited to small and medium sized machines. Parts larger than the
machine table can be inserted into the open side without inhibiting full machine travel. Figure
8.1 shows a cantilever structure.

Figure 8.1 Cantilever Structure


Bridge Type The bridge arrangement over the table carries the quill (z-axis) along the x-axis
and is sometimes referred to as a travelling bridge. It is claimed that the bridge construction
provides better accuracy, although it may be offset by difficulty in making two members
track in perfect alignment. This is by far the most popular CMM construction. Figure 8.2
shows a bridge structure.

Figure 8.2 : Bridge Structure


Column Type
The column type machine is commonly referred to as a universal measuring machine rather
than a CMM. These machines are usually considered gage room instruments rather than
production floor machine. The direction of movements of the arms are as shown in Figure 8.3.
The constructional difference in column type with the cantilever type is with x and y-axes
movements.

Figure 8.3 : Column Structure


Gantry
In a gantry type arrangement, arms are held by two fixed supports as shown in Figure 8.4.
Other two arms are capable of sliding over the supports. Movements of the x, y and z-axes
are also as shown in Figure 8.4. The gantry type construction is particularly suited for very
large components and allows the operator to remain close to the area of inspection.

Figure 8.4 : Gantry Structure


Horizontal
Figure 8.5 shows the construction of a horizontal structure. The open structure of this
arrangement provides optimum accessibility for large objects such as dies, models, and car
bodies. Some horizontal arm machines are referred to as layout machines. There are some
horizontal machines where the probe arm can rotate like a spindle to perform tramming
operations. Tramming refers to accurate mechanical adjustment of instrument or machine
with the help of tram.
Figure 7.5 : Horizontal Structure

ADVANTAGES

CMM has got a number of advantages. The precision and accuracy given by a CMM is very
high. It is because of the inherent characteristics of the measuring techniques used in CMM.
Following are the main advantages that CMM can offer :
Flexibility
CMMs are essentially universal measuring machines and need not be dedicated to any
particular task. They can measure almost any dimensional characteristic of a part
configuration, including cams, gears and warped surfaces. No special fixtures or gages are
required. Because probe contact is light, most parts can be inspected without being clamped
to the table.
Reduced Setup Time
Part alignment and establishing appropriate reference points are very time consuming with
conventional surface plate inspection techniques. Software allows the operator to define the
orientation of the part on the CMM, and all subsequent data are corrected for misalignment
between the parts-reference system and the machine coordinates. Single Setup Most parts can
be inspected in a single setup, thus eliminating the need to reorient the parts for access to all
features.
Improved Accuracy
All measurements in a CMM are taken from a common geometrically fixed measuring
system, eliminating the introduction and the accumulation of errors that can result with hand-
gage inspection methods and transfer techniques.
Reduced Operator Influence
The use of digital readouts eliminate the subjective interpretation of readings common with
dial or vernier type measuring devices. Operator “feel” is virtually eliminated with modern
touch-trigger probe systems, and most CMMs have routine measuring procedures for typical
part features, such as bores or centre distances. In computer assisted systems; the operator is
under the control of a program that eliminates operator choice. In addition, automatic data
recording, available on most machines, prevents errors in transcribing readings to the
inspection report. This adds upto the fact that less skilled operators can be easily instructed to
perform relatively complex inspection procedures
Improved Productivity
The above-mentioned advantages help make CMMs more productive than conventional
inspection techniques. Furthermore, productivity is realized through the computational and
analytical capabilities of associated data-handling systems, including calculators and all
levels of computers.
PRECAUTIONS
 The operator and the maintenance person must be familiar with the related knowledge
about the CMM.
 When the machine is running or on the standby mode, don’t lean on the machine or sit
on the worktable.

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