Mh-,Q-,p-Vh&5

[kaM

5
vuqokn dk lS)kfUrd Lo:i

bdkbZ&01 % vuqokn % vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks= 03

bdkbZ&02 % vuqokn % izdkj vkSj izd`fr 20

bdkbZ&03 % vuqokn % Lo:i] izfØ;k ,oa lhek,¡ 34

bdkbZ&04 % vuqokn vkSj Hkk"kkfOkKku 48

bdkbZ&05 % vuqokn % egÙkk ,oa vko';drk 61

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 1

ikB~;Øe vfHkdYi lfefr

MkW- vt; dqekj iV~Vuk;d MkW- dey izHkk dikuh

izksQslj ,oa HkwriwoZ foHkkxk/;{k v/;{k] fgUnh foHkkx
jsosU'kk fo'ofo|ky;]
|ky;] dVd cjx<+ egkfo|ky;] cjx<+

MkW- lnu dqekj ikWy MkW- eqjkjh yky 'kekZ

v/;{k] fgUnh foHkkx v/;{k] LukrdksÙkj fgUnh foHkkx
xaxk/kj esgsj fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj lEcyiqj fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj

MkW- th- ,e- [kku MkW- lat; flag

v/;{k] fgUnh foHkkx v/;{k] fgUnh foHkkx
ch-ts-ch Lo;a'kkflr egkfo|ky; jktsUnz Lo;a'kkflr egkfo|ky;
Hkqcus'oj cykaxhj

MkW- t;Ur dj 'kekZ

dqylfpo
vksfM+'kk
'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj

izLrqrdrkZ
MkW- Nfcy dqekj esgsj
Dok- ua- % lh&100] fo'ofo|ky; ifjlj
MkWDVj gjhflag xkSj dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;]
lkxj] e/;izns'k&470003]
eks- 08989154228] nwjHkk"k % 07582&264128
bZ-&esy % [email protected]

ikB~;Øe la;kstu ,oa lkexzh mRiknu

MkW- t;Ur dj 'kekZ
dqylfpo
vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj
tuojh] 2017
vksfM+'kk
'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;
eqnz.k % Jheafnj ifCyds'kUl] 'kghn uxj] Hkqous'oj

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;]] lEcyiqj 2

bdkbZ&1 % vuqokn % vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=
:ijs[kk

1- mís';
2- izLrkouk
3- vuqokn % lkekU; ifjp;
3-1 vuqokn dk lkekU; ifjp;
3-2 vuqokn dk vFkZ
3-3 vuqokn dh ifjHkk"kk
4- vuqokn vkSj vuqoknd
4-1 vuqokn deZ % ,d cgl
4-2 vuqokn vkSj vuqoknd
5- vuqokn ds {ks=
6- cks/k iz'u
7- lkjka'k
8- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- mís';

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %

• vuqokn dk lkekU; ifjp; ik ldsaxs(
• vuqokn dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk tku ldsaxs(
• vuqokn vkSj vuqoknd ds lEcU/k dks js[kkafdr dj ldsaxs(
• vuqoknd ds xq.k dks le> ldsaxs(
• vuqokn ds {ks= ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs(

2- izLrkouk

vuqokn ds lkekU; fl)kUr ls ifjp; djkus dh n`f"V ls izLrqr

v/;k; ^vuqokn % vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=* esa ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk vFkZ] vuqokn
dk;Z ls vk'k; ,oa vuqokn dh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blds lkFk

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 3

gh vuqokn vkSj vuqoknd ds fj'rs] vuqoknd ds xq.k] vuqokn ds {ks= dh
ppkZ Hkh lfoLrkj dh xbZ gSA

3- vuqokn % lkekU; ifjp;

3-1 vuqokn dk lkekU; ifjp;

Hkkjr esa vuqokn dh ijEijk izkphu dky ls gh pyh vk jgh gSA
dgrs gSa vuqokn mruk gh izkphu ftruh fd Hkk"kkA
vkt ^vuqokn* 'kCn gekjs fy, dksbZ u;k 'kCn ugha gSA fofHkUu
Hkk"kk;h eap ij] lkfgfR;d if=dkvksa esa] v[kckjksa esa rFkk jkstejkZ ds thou
esa gesa vDlj ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ns[kus&lquus dks feyrk gSA
lk/kkj.kr% ,d Hkk"kk&ikB esa fufgr vFkZ ;k lans'k dks nwljs Hkk"kk&ikB esa
;Fkkor~ O;Dr djuk vFkkZr~ ,d Hkk"kk esa dgh xbZ ckr dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa
dguk vuqokn gSA ijarq ;g dk;Z mruk vklku ugha] ftruk dgus ;k
lquus esa tku iM+ jgk gSA nwljk] vuqokn fl)kar dh ppkZ djuk vkSj
O;kogkfjd vuqokn djuk&nks fHkUu izns'kksa ls xqtjus tSlk gS] fQj Hkh blesa
dksbZ nks jk; ugha fd vuqokn ds fl)kar gesa vuqokn deZ dh tfVyrkvksa
ls ifjfpr djkrs gSaA fQj] fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk ds lkfgR; esa vkSj Kku&foKku
ds {ks= esa ftruk egÙo ewy ys[ku dk gS] mlls de egÙo vuqokn dk
ugha gSA ysfdu lgt vkSj laizs"k.kh; vuqokn ewy ys[ku ls Hkh dfBu dke
gSA Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kh ns'k ds fy, vuqokn dh leL;k vkSj Hkh egÙoiw.kZ
gSA bldh tfVyrk dks le>uk vius vki esa cgqr cM+h leL;k gSA

3-2 vuqokn dk vFkZ

vuqokn ,d Hkkf"kd fØ;k gSA Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kk&Hkk"kh ns'k eas
vuqokn dk egÙo izkphu dky ls gh Lohd`r gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa
tSls&tSls LFkku vkSj le; dh nwfj;k¡ de gksrh xbZa oSls&oSls f}Hkkf"kdrk
dh fLFkfr;ksa vkSj ek=k esa o`f) gksrh xbZ vkSj blds lkFk&lkFk vuqokn dk
egÙo Hkh c<+rk x;kA vU;kU; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k esa vuqokn fof/k dk iz;ksx u
dsoy if'peh ns'kksa esa oju~ iwohZ ns'kksa esa Hkh fujUrj fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
chloha 'krkCnh esa ns'kksa ds chp nwfj;k¡ de gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu
oSpkfjd /kjkryksa vkSj vkfFkZd] vkS|ksfxd Lrjksa ij ikjLifjd Hkkf"kd
fofue; c<+k gS vkSj bl fofue; ds lkFk&lkFk vuqokn dk iz;ksx vkSj
vf/kd fd;k tkus yxk gSA cgjgky] vuqokn dh izfØ;k] izd`fr ,oa i)fr

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 4

dks le>us ds fy, ^vuqokn D;k gS \* tkuuk cgqr t+:jh gSA ppkZ dh
'kq#vkr ^vuqokn* ds vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk* ls djrs gSaA
^vuqokn* dk vFkZ& vaxzsth esa ,d dFku gS % ^Terms are to be identified
before we enter into the argument*A blfy, vuqokn dh ppkZ djus ls
igys ^vuqokn* 'kCn esa fufgr vFkZ vkSj ewy vo/kkj.kk ls ifjfpr gksuk
vko';d gSA ^vuqokn* 'kCn laLd`r dk ;kSfxd 'kCn gS tks ^vuq* milxZ
rFkk ^okn* ds la;ksx ls cuk gSA laLd`r ds ^on~* /kkrq esa ^?k¥* izR;; tksM+
nsus ij Hkkookpd laKk esa bldk ifjofrZr :i gS ^okn*A ^on~* /kkrq dk
vFkZ gS ^cksyuk ;k dguk* vkSj ^okn* dk vFkZ gqvk ^dgus dh fØ;k* ;k
^dgh gqbZ ckr*A ^vuq* milxZ vuqofrZrk ds vFkZ esa O;og`r gksrk gSA ^okn*
esa ;g ^vuq* milXkZ tqM+dj cuus okyk 'kCn ^vuqokn* dk vFkZ gqvk&^izkIr
dFku dks iqu% dguk*A ;gk¡ /;ku nsus dh ckr ;g gS fd ^iqu% dFku* esa
vFkZ dh iqujko`fÙk gksrh gS] 'kCnksa dh ughaA fgUnh esa vuqokn ds LFkku ij
iz;qDr gksus okys vU; 'kCn gSa % Nk;k] Vhdk] mYFkk] Hkk"kkUrj vkfnA vU;
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ^vuqokn* ds lekukUrj iz;ksx gksus okys 'kCn gSa %
Hkk"kkUrj¼laLd`r] dUuM+] ejkBh½] rtqZek ¼d'ehjh] fla/kh] mnwZ½] foorZu]
rTtqZek¼ey;kye½] eksf"k;s p.;qZ¼rfey½] vuqokne~¼rsyqxq½] vuqokn ¼laLd`r]
fgUnh] vlfe;k] ckaXyk] dUuM+] vksfM+vk] xqtjkrh] iatkch] fla/kh½A
izkphu xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds le; ls ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk iz;ksx
fofHkUu vFkksZa esa Hkkjrh; ok³~e; esa gksrk vk jgk gSA xq#dqy f'k{kk i)fr
esa xq# }kjk mPpfjr ea=ksa dks f'k";ksa }kjk nksgjk;s tkus dks ^vuqopu* ;k
^vuqokd~* dgk tkrk Fkk] tks ^vuqokn* ds gh i;kZ; gSaA egku~ oS;kdj.k
ikf.kuh us vius ^v"Vk/;k;h* ds ,d lw= esa vuqokn 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k
gS % ^vuqokns pj.kkuke~*A ^v"Vk/;k;h* dks ^fl)kUr dkSeqnh* ds :i esa
izLrqr djus okys HkV~Vksft nhf{kr us ikf.kuh ds lw= esa iz;qDr ^vuqokn*
'kCn dk vFkZ ^voxrkFkZL; izfriknue~* vFkkZr~ ^Kkr rF; dh izLrqfr* fd;k
gSA ^okRL;k;u Hkk";* esa ^iz;kstuoku~ iqu%dFku* vFkkZr~ igys dgh xbZ ckr
dks mís';iw.kZ <ax ls iqu% dguk gh vuqokn ekuk x;k gSA bl izdkj
Hkr`Zgfj us Hkh vuqokn 'kCn dk iz;ksx nqgjkus ;k iqudZFku ds vFkZ esa fd;k
gS % ^vko`fÙkjuqoknks ok*A ^'kCnkFkZ fpUrkef.k* esa vuqokn 'kCn dh nks
O;qRifÙk;k¡ nh xbZ gSa % ^izkIrL; iqu% dFkue~* o ^KkrkFkZL; izfriknue~*A
izFke O;qRifÙk ds vuqlkj ^igys dgs x;s vFkZ xzg.k dj mldks iqu% dguk
vuqokn gS* vkSj f}rh; O;qRifÙk ds vuqlkj ^fdlh ds }kjk dgs x;s dks
HkyhHkk¡fr le> dj mldk foU;kl djuk vuqokn gSA nksuksa O;qRifÙk;ksa dks
feykdj vxj dgk tk, ^KkrkFkZL; iqu% dFkue~*] rks fLFkfr vf/kd Li"V

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 5

gks tkrh gSA bl ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj fdlh ds dFku ds vFkZ dks HkyhHkk¡fr
le> ysus ds mijkUr mls fQj ls izLrqr djus dk uke vuqokn gSA
laLd`r esa ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk iz;ksx cgqr izkphu gksrs gq, Hkh fgUnh
esa bldk iz;ksx cgqr ckn esa gqvkA fgUnh esa vkt vuqokn 'kCn dk vFkZ
mi;qZDr vFkksZa ls fHkUu gksdj dsoy ewy&Hkk"kk ds vorj.k esa fufgr vFkZ
;k lUns'k dh j{kk djrs gq, nwljh Hkk"kk esa izfrLFkkiu rd lhfer gks x;k
gSA vaxzsth fo}ku eksfu;j fofy;El us loZizFke vaxzsth esa ^translation*
'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA ^vuqokn* ds i;kZ; ds :i esa Lohd`r vaxzsth
^translation* 'kCn] laLd`r ds ^vuqokn* 'kCn dh Hkk¡fr] ySfVu ds ^trans*
rFkk ^lation* ds la;ksx ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^ikj ys tkuk*&;kuh ,d
LFkku fcUnq ls nwljs LFkku fcUnq ij ys tkukA ;gk¡ ,d LFkku fcUnq
^lzksr&Hkk"kk* ;k ^Source Language* gS rks nwljk LFkku fcUnq ^y{;&Hkk"kk*
;k ^Target Language* gS vkSj ys tkus okyh oLrq ^ewy ;k lzksr&Hkk"kk esa
fufgr vFkZ ;k lans'k gksrh gSA ^vkWDlQksMZ fMD'kujh* esa ^Translation* dk
vFkZ fn;k x;k gS&^a written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a
word, speech, book, etc. in an another language.* ,sls gh ^oSCLVj
fMD'kujh* dk dguk gS&^Translation is a rendering from one language
or representational system into another. Translation is an art that
involves the recreation of work in another language, for readers
with different background.*
cgjgky] vuqokn dk ewy vFkZ gksrk gS&iwoZ esa dfFkr ckr dks
nksgjkuk] iqu#fDr ;k vuqopu tks ckn esa iwoksZDr funsZ'k dh O;k[;k]
Vhdk&fVIi.kh djus ds fy, iz;qDr gqvkA ijarq vkt ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk
vFkZ foLrkj gksdj ,d Hkk"kk&ikB ¼lzksr&Hkk"kk½ ds fufgrkFkZ] lans'kksa] mlds
lkekftd&lkaLd`frd rÙoksa dks ;Fkkor~ nwljh Hkk"kk ¼y{;&Hkk"kk½ esa varj.k
djus dk i;kZ; cu pqdk gSA pw¡fd nks fHkUu&fHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dh vyx&vyx
izd`fr] lajpuk] laLd`fr] lekt] jhfr&fjokt] jgu&lgu] os'kHkw"kk gksrh gSa]
vr% ,d Hkk"kk esa dgh xbZ ckr dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa ;Fkkor~ :ikarfjr djrs
le; lerqY; vfHkO;fDr [kkstus esa dHkh&dHkh cgqr dfBukbZ gksrh gSA bl
n`f"V ls vuqokn ,d pqukSrh Hkjk dk;Z izrhr gksrk gS ftlds fy, u dsoy
y{;&Hkk"kk vkSj lzksr&Hkk"kk ij vf/kdkj gksuk t:jh gS cfYd vuq| lkexzh
ds fo"k; vkSj lanHkZ dk xgjk Kku Hkh vko';d gSA vr% vuqokn nks
Hkk"kkvksa ds chp ,d lkaLd`frd lsrq tSlk gh gS] ftl ij pydj nks fHkUu
Hkk"kkvksa ds e/; fLFkr le; rFkk nwjh ds varjky dks ikj dj HkkokRed

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 6

,drk LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA vuqokn ds bl nksgjh fØ;k dks
fuEufyf[kr vkjs[k ls vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gS %
1-ewy&Hkk"kk ¼Hkk"kk½
2- ewy Hkk"kk dk vFkZ ¼lans'k½
3- ewy Hkk"kk dh lajpuk ¼izd`fr½
4- ewy Hkk"kk dh 'kSyh ¼foU;kl½

vuqokkn
1- y{; Hkk"kk esa mldk vFkZ ¼lans'k½
2- y{; Hkk"kk dh lajpuk ¼izd`fr½
3- y{; Hkk"kk dh 'kSyh ¼foU;kl½
4- y{;&Hkk"kk ¼Hkk"kk½

3-3 vuqokn dh ifjHkk"kk

lk/kkj.kr% vuqokn deZ esa ge ,d Hkk"kk esa O;Dr fopkjksa dks nwljh
Hkk"kk esa O;Dr djrs gSaA vuqokn deZ ds eeZK fofHkUu euhf"k;ksa }kjk
izfrikfnr vyx&vyx 'kCnksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd, gSaA vuqokn ds iw.kZ Lo:i
dks le>us ds fy, ;gk¡ dqN egÙoiw.kZ ifjHkk"kkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k tk
jgk gS %
¼d½&ik'pkR; fpUru
1- ukbMk %
^vuqokn dk rkRi;Z gS Lkzksr&Hkk"kk esa O;Dr lUns'k ds fy,
y{;&Hkk"kk esa fudVre lgt lerqY; lUns'k dks izLrqr djukA
;g lerqY;rk igys rks vFkZ ds Lrj ij gksrh gS fQj 'kSyh ds Lrj
ijA*
2- tkWu dfuaxVu %
^ys[kd us tks dqN dgk gS] vuqoknd dks mlds vuqokn dk iz;Ru
rks djuk gh gS] ftl <ax ls dgk] mlds fuokZg dk Hkh iz;Ru
djuk pkfg,A*
3- dSVQksM %
^,d Hkk"kk dh ikB~; lkexzh dks nwljh Hkk"kk dh lekukFkZd ikB~;
lkexzh ls izfrLFkkiuk gh vuqokn gSA*

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 7

4- lSeq,y tkWulu %
^ewy Hkk"kk dh ikB~; lkexzh ds Hkkoksa dh j{kk djrs gq, mls nwljh
Hkk"kk esa cny nsuk vuqokn gSA*
5- QkWjsLVu %
^,d Hkk"kk dh ikB~; lkexzh ds rÙoksa dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa LFkkukUrfjr
dj nsuk vuqokn dgykrk gSA ;g /;krO; gS fd ge rÙo ;k dF;
dks lajpuk ¼:i½ ls ges'kk vyx ugha dj ldrs gSaA*
6- gSfyMs %
^vuqokn ,d lEcU/k gS tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ikBksa ds chp gksrk
gS] ;s ikB leku fLFkfr esa leku izdk;Z lEikfnr djrs gSaA*
7- U;wekdZ %
^vuqokn ,d f'kYi gS] ftlesa ,d Hkk"kk esa O;Dr lUns'k ds LFkku
ij nwljh Hkk"kk ds mlh lUns'k dks izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k
tkrk gSA*
bl izdkj ukbMk us vuqokn esa vFkZ i{k rFkk 'kSyh i{k] nksuksa dks
egÙo nsus ds lkFk&lkFk nksuksa dh lerqY;rk ij Hkh cy fn;k gSA tgk¡
ukbMk us vuqokn esa ewy&ikB ds f'kYi dh rqyuk esa vFkZ i{k ds vuqokn
dks vf/kd egÙo fn;k gS] ogha dSVQksM vFkZ dh rqyuk esa f'kYi lEcU/kh
rÙoksa dks vf/kd egÙo nsrs gSaA lSeq,y tkWulu us vuqokn esa Hkkoksa dh j{kk
dh ckr dgh gS] rks U;wekdZ us vuqokn deZ dks f'kYi ekurs gq, fufgr
lUns'k dks izfrLFkkfir djus dh ckr dgh gSA dSVQksM us vuqokn dks ikB
lkexzh ds izfrLFkkiu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj ;g
izfrLFkkiu Hkk"kk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ¼Lou] Lofue] ysf[ke½] Hkk"kk dh o.kZ
lEcU/kh bdkb;ksa ¼fyfi] o.kZekyk vkfn½] 'kCn rFkk lajpuk ds lHkh Lrjksa
ij gksuk pkfg,A ukbMk] dSVQksM] U;wekdZ rFkk lSeq,y tkWulu dh
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vuqokn ,d Hkk"kk ikB esa
O;Dr ¼fufgr½ lUns'k dks nwljh Hkk"kk ikB esa izLrqr djus dh izfØ;k dk
ifj.kke gSA gSfyMs vuqokn dks izfØ;k ;k mlds ifj.kke ds :i esa u ns[k
dj mls nks Hkk"kk&ikBksa ds chp ,sls lEcU/k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa]
tks nks Hkk"kkvksa ds ikBksa ds e/; gksrk gS A
¼[k½&Hkkjrh; fpUru
1- nsosUnzukFk 'kekZ %
^fopkjksa dks ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk esa :ikUrfjr djuk vuqokn
gSA*

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 8

2- HkksykukFk frokjh %
^fdlh Hkk"kk esa izkIr lkexzh dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa Hkk"kkUrj.k djuk
vuqokn gS] nwljs 'kCnksa esa ,d Hkk"kk esa O;Dr fopkjksa dks ;Fkk lEHko
vkSj lgt vfHkO;fDr }kjk nwljh Hkk"kk esa O;Dr djus dk iz;kl gh
vuqokn gSA*
3- iV~Vuk;d %
^vuqokn og izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk lkFkZd vuqHko ¼vFkZiw.kZ lUns'k
;k lUns'k dk vFkZ½ dks ,d Hkk"kk&leqnk; ls nwljh Hkk"kk&leqnk; esa
lEizsf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA*
4- fouksn xksnjs %
^vuqokn] Lkzksr&Hkk"kk esa vfHkO;Dr fopkj vFkok O;Dr vFkok jpuk
vFkok lwpuk lkfgR; dks ;FkklEHko ewy Hkkouk ds lekukUrj cks/k
,oa laizs"k.k ds /kjkry ij y{;&Hkk"kk esa vfHkO;DRk djus dh izfØ;k
gSA*
5- jhrkjkuh ikyhoky %
^Lkzksr&Hkk"kk esa O;Dr izrhd O;oLFkk dks y{;&Hkk"kk dh lgt izrhd
O;oLFkk esa :ikUrfjr djus dk dk;Z vuqokn gSA*
6- naxy >kYVs %
^Lkzksr&Hkk"kk ds ewy ikB ds vFkZ dks y{;&Hkk"kk ds ifjfuf"Br ikB
ds :i esa :ikUrj.k djuk vuqokn gSA*
7- ckysUnq 'ks[kj frokjh %
vuqokn ,d Hkk"kk leqnk; ds fopkj vkSj vuqHko lkexzh dks nwljh
Hkk"kk leqnk; dh 'kCnkoyh esa yxHkx ;Fkkor~ lEizsf"kr djus dh
lksís';iw.kZ izfØ;k gSA*
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqokn dh ifjdYiuk esa
Lkzksr&Hkk"kk dh lkexzh y{;&Hkk"kk esa mlh :i esa] lEiw.kZrk esa izdV gksrh
gSA lkexzh ds lkFk izLrqfr ds <ax esa Hkh lekurk gksA ewy&Hkk"kk ls
y{;&Hkk"kk esa :ikUrfjr djus esa LokHkkfodrk dk fuokZg vfuok;Zr% gksA
vkSj y{;&Hkk"kk esa O;Dr fopkjksa esa ,slh lgtrk gks fd og ewy&Hkk"kk ij
vk/kkfjr u gksdj Lo;a ewy&Hkk"kk gksus dk ,glkl iSnk djsA ge ;g Hkh
y{; djrs gSa fd yxHkx lHkh ifjHkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn&izfØ;k dks 'kkfey
fd;k x;k gSA bu lHkh ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ^vuqokn* dks fuEufyf[kr
'kCnksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS % -

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 9

 ^vuqokn] ewy&Hkk"kk ;k Lkzksr&Hkk"kk esa fufgr vFkZ ¼;k lUns'k½
o 'kSyh dks ;Fkk lEHko lgt lerqY; :i esa y{;&Hkk"kk dh
izd`fr o 'kSyh ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr djus dh lksís';iw.kZ izfØ;k
gSA*

4- vuqokn vkSj vuqoknd

lk/kkj.kr% ,d Hkk"kk&ikB es fufgr vFkZ ;k lUns'k dks nwljh

Hkk"kk&ikB esa ;Fkkor O;Dr djuk vFkkZr~ ,d Hkk"kk esa dgh xbZ ckr dks
nwljh Hkk"kk esa dguk ^vuqokn* gSA ijUrq ;g dk;Z mruk vklku ugha]
ftruk dgus ;k lquus esa tku iM+ jgk gSA pw¡fd nks fHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dh
vyx&vyx izd`fr] lajpuk] laLd`fr] lekt] jhfr&fjokt+] jgu&lgu]
os'k&Hkw"kk gksrh gS] vr% ,d Hkk"kk esa dgh xbZ ckr dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa
;Fkkor~ :ikUrfjr djrs le; lerqY; vfHkO;fDr [kkstus esa dHkh&dHkh
cgqr dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bl n`f"V ls vuqokn ,d pqukSrh
Hkjk dk;Z izrhr gksrk gS] ftlds fy, u dsoy y{;&Hkk"kk vkSj lzksr&Hkk"kk
ij vf/kdkj gksuk t+:jh gS cfYd vuq| lkexzh ds fo"k; vkSj lUnHkZ dk
xgjk Kku Hkh vko';d gSA vr% vuqokn nks Hkk"kkvksa ds chp ,d
lkaLd`frd lsrq tSlk gh gS] ftl ij pydj nks fHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds e/;
fLFkr le; rFkk nwjh ds vUrjky dks ikj dj HkkokRed ,drk LFkkfir dh
tk ldrh gSA
vuqokn ewy ys[ku ls Hkh vf/kd dfBu dk;Z gSA bldh lcls igyh
vkSj vfuok;Z vis{kk lzksr&Hkk"kk ,oa y{;&Hkk"kk dk vPNk Kku gSA gj Hkk"kk
fof'k"V ifjos'k esa iuirh gS] vr% mldh /oU;kRed] 'kkfCnd] okD;kRed]
eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr fo"k;d futh fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa tks vU; Hkk"kkvksa ls
dkQ+h fHkUu gksrh gaSA ftlls lzksr&Hkk"kk dh iw.kZr% leku vfHkO;fDr
y{;&Hkk"kk esa dj ikuk loZnk lEHko ugha gksrk gSA lzksr&Hkk"kk dh
vfHkO;fDr esa tks vFkZ O;Dr gksrk gS mldh rqyuk esa y{;&Hkk"kk eas O;Dr
fd;k x;k vFkZ ;k rks foLr`r ;k ladqfpr ;k dqN fHkUu gksrk gSA pw¡fd
lzksr&Hkk"kk vkSj y{;&Hkk"kk esa iw.kZr% lerqY; vfHkO;fDr;k¡ ugha feyrha]
vr% vuqoknd dHkh&dHkh muesa lekurk ykus ds eksg esa ,sls iz;ksx dj
nsrk gS tks y{;&Hkk"kk dh izd`fr esa lgt ugha gksrsA fHkUUk&fHkUUk Hkk"kkvksa
esa vuqokn djrs le; fHkUu&fHkUu leL;k,¡ lkeus vkrh gSaA tSls phuh]
tkikuh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ /oU;kRed u gksus ds dkj.k muesa rduhdh 'kCnksa dks

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 10

vuwfnr djuk Je lk/; gksrk gSA vuqokn djrs le; ukeksa ds vuqokn dh
leL;k Hkh lkeus vkrh gSA fyI;Urj.k djus ij muds mPPkkj.k esa cgqr
vUrj vk tkrk gSA LFkku fo'ks"k Hkh Hkk"kk dks cgqr izHkkfor djrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ,fLdeks Hkk"kk esa cQZ ds X;kjg uke gSa ftls nwljh Hkk"kk
esa vuqokn djuk lEHko ugha gSA
vuqoknd ds fy, ewy&IkkB dk lUnHkZ tkuuk] dky o ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ls voxr gksuk Hkh cgqr vko';d gS vuqokn dh rqyuk ijdk;k izos'k ls
dh xbZ gSA Hkk"kk thoUr vkSj fujUrj ifjorZu'khy gSA Hkk"kk dh bl izd`fr
ds dkj.k vuqokn dk dk;Z nqxquk dfBu gks tkrk gSA vr% vuqoknd }kjk
,d Hkk"kk esa dgh xbZ ckr dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa O;Dr djus dh ps"Vk ek= dh
tk ldrh gSA vuqoknd ds fy, mu ekufld laosnukvksa vkSj vuqHkwfr;ksa
rd iSB ikuk dfBu gksrk gS ftuesa ewy ys[kd viuh d`fr dk ltZu
djrs gSaA

4-1 vuqokn deZ % ,d cgl

vuqokn deZ ds eeZK fo}kuksa }kjk izfrikfnr vuqokn dh ifjHkk"kk,¡
fu'p; gh vuqokn ds fofHkUu ldkjkRed igyqvksa o fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k
Mkyrh gSaA ij vuqokn ds lEcU/k esa dqN fo}kuksa us ,sls Hkh er O;Dr fd,
gSa tks vuqokn fojks/kh tku iM+rs gSaA dqN ,sls mYys[kuh; dFku ;gk¡
nz"VO; gSa %
1&^Translation is a sin* vFkkZr~ vuqokn djuk iki gS A ¼&'kWojeSu ½
2&^There is no such thing as translation* vFkkZr~ vuqokn uke dh dksbZ
pht+ ugha gksrhA ¼&es ½
3&^Translation is a Compromise* vFkkZr~ vuqokn egt ,d le>kSrk gSA
¼&tksosV ½
4&^Traduttore traditore* vFkkZr~ vuqoknd cM+s xíkj gksrs gSaA ¼&brkyoh
dgkor½
5&dyk dh ,d fo/kk ds :i esa vuqokn dHkh lQy ugha gks ldrsA
¼&jktxksikykpkjh ½
bl Øe esa ,d vkSj fo}ku dk er Hkh ;gk¡ mYys[kuh; gS %
^Translations are like women, if beautiful not faithful, if faithful not
beautiful.* dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vuqokn ;fn lqUnj gksxk rks
ewyfu"B ugha vkSj ewyfu"B gksxk rks lqUnj ughaA ckotwn blds vuqokn
dk;Z dHkh ugha #dk] cfYd ,d leUo;oknh dh rjg lerqY; n`f"V ysdj]
lqUnj ,oa ewyfu"B gksus dh vkdka{kk ysdj] iki esa iq.; dh [kkst djrs

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 11

gq,] le>kSrs esa gh viuh fot; ekudj fujUrj vkxs c<+rk x;k gSA
ifj.kke Lo:i vkt vuqokn fo'o dh leLr egku~ d`fr;ksa dks vaxhdkj
dj pqdk gSA blfy, egku~ miU;kldkj [kq'koar flag dks Lohdkj djuk
iM+k&^gjsd d`fr vuqokn ;ksX; gS*A lkFk gh mUgksaus ;g Hkh dgk fd&^gj
d`fr dk vPNk vuqokn ugha fd;k tk ldrkA* exj ;gk¡ mYys[kuh; gS
fd fdlh Hkh vPNh d`fr dk vuqokn vxj nks Hkk"kkvksa esa fd;k tk, rks
t+:jh ugha fd nksuksa vuqoknksa esa ,d lk vkuUn feysA mnkgj.k ds fy,
vkt ^xksnku* u tkus fdruh Hkk"kkvksa esa vuwfnr gks pqdk gSA vki vxj
blds nks fHkUu vuqoknksa dh rqyuk djsaxs rks ik,¡xs fd ,d dh rqyuk esa
nwljk ¼dksbZ ,d½ t+:j vPNk gksxk A bruk gh ugha] gks ldrk gS fd
muesa ls ,d vxj ewy ^xksnku* ls Hkh lqUnj gks rks nwljk ewy ds lkSUn;Z
dks fu[kkjus esa vlQy jgk gksA blds ihNs tks dkj.k gS og ;g gS fd
lzksr&Hkk"kk dh vfHkO;fDr {kerk vkSj y{;&Hkk"kk dh vfHkO;fDr {kerk esa
vUrj gksrk gS] rFkk ;g t+:jh ugha fd y{;&Hkk"kk esa lzksr&Hkk"kk dh
lEiw.kZ vfHkO;fDr dks O;Dr djus dh {kerk gksA blhfy, ekek ojsjdj us
dgk gS&^ys[kd gksuk vklku gS] fdUrq vuqoknd gksuk vR;Ur dfBuA*
fdUrq vuqoknd cuus ;k vuqokn djus ds ihNs tks pqukSrh fNih
jgrh gS og Hkh loZfofnr gS A fQj Hkh vkt ckt+kj esa vuwfnr d`fr;k¡] ewy
jpukvksa ds chp ,d Lora= lÙkk fy, [kM+h gaSA vkt vuqokn deZ u rks
^nks;e ntZs* dk gS vkSj u gh ^Thankless job* cfYd nks Hkk"kkvksa ds ewy esa
fufgr nks laLd`fr;ksa dks djhc ykus okyk egku~ dk;Z gS A lp rks ;g gS
fd ekStwnk ifjizs{; esa ge ,d iy Hkh vuqokn ds fcuk jgus dh dYiuk
ugha dj ldrs A dkyZ okWlyj ds 'kCnksa esa ^If one denies the concept of
translation, one must give up the concept of a language community.*
blesa dksbZ nks jk; ugha fd vuqokn dh jkg esa lSdM+ksa dk¡Vs gSa] dbZ
eqf'dyksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] fQj Hkh nks Hkk"kkvksa dh lajpukRed]
O;kdjf.kd] lkaLd`frd vkSj feFkdh; tSlh dbZ xqfRFk;ksa dks lqy>kdj bl
nq"dj dk;Z dks fd;k tkrk jgk gSA gesa bu eqf'dyksa ls ?kcjk dj vuqokn
ls nwj ugha Hkkxuk pkfg,A

4-2 vuqokn vkSj vuqoknd

^vuqokn] vuqokn u yxs*&;gh vuqokn dh lqUnjrk gSA vkSj vuqokn]
vuqokn u yxus ds fy, fo}kuksa us vuqoknd ds xq.k] vuqoknd ds nkf;Ro]
vuqoknd ls vis{kk,¡] vuqokn dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ftu ckrksa dk
mYys[k fd;k gS] mudk lkj bl izdkj gS %

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 12

d&vuqoknd ds xq.k %
1- xgjh lkekftd izfrc)rk]
2- ltZukRed izfrHkk]
3- lzksr&Hkk"kk ,oa y{;&Hkk"kk dh lE;d~ tkudkjh]
4- thou dk O;kid vkSj xgjk vuqHko]
5- fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dk KkuA

[k&vuqoknd ds nkf;Ro %
1- ewyfu"Brk dk fuokZg]
2- cks/kxE;rk ,oa lEizs"k.kh;rk]
3- fu"Bk ,oa vH;kl dh fujUrjrk]
4- fo"k; dk lE;d~ Kku rFkk mlesa vfHk#fpA

x&vuqoknd ls vis{kk,¡ %
1- vfHkO;fDr ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k]
2- fo"k; ds vuq:i Hkk"kk fo/kku]
3- Lkzksr&Hkk"kk ds lkfgR; ,oa le; ds izfr vfHk#fp dk fodklA

?k&lQy vuqokn dh igpku %

1- vuqokn ewyfu"B gks]
2- mldh Hkk"kk 'kq) o lqokP; gksus ds lkFk&lkFk izokge;h Hkh gks]
3- vuqokn dh xa/k ls ;Fkk lEHko eqDr gksA

vr% bruk rks Li"V gS fd vuqokn deZ mruk vklku dke ugha gS]
ftruk le>k tkrk jgk gSA ;g Hkh lp gS fd lQy vuqokn gsrq
vuqoknd ls ftu xq.k] nkf;Ro o vis{kkvksa dh vk'kk dh tkrh gSa] os lc
ds lc fdlh vuqoknd esa ;k 'kr&izfr'kr mlds vuqokn esa <w¡<uk 'kk;n
ykt+eh ugha gSA ckotwn blds ^God of Small Things*] ^Wings of Fire*]
^Mid-night Children*] ^Suitable Boy*] ^The Company of Women*
tSlh d`fr;ksa ds lqUnj vuqokn cgqr gh de le; esa gksdj iz'kaflr gq,A
bu vuwfnr d`fr;ksa dks i<+us ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vuqokndksa us ewy ds
leku jpuk/kfeZrk dk fuokZg gh ugha fd;k cfYd y{;&Hkk"kk dh izd`fr ds
vuqlkj fo"k; oLrq ds lkFk U;k; Hkh fd;k gSA blesa vuqokndksa dh
uo&izorZudkjh izfrHkk ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA vkt vuqokn deZ ds izfr lefiZr

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 13

vuqokn&iqtkfj;ksa dh deh ugha gS tks vuqokn deZ dh pqukSfr;ksa dks
Lohdkj dj mls ewy ds vuq:i vfHkO;fDr nsdj vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dks
c[kwch fuHkk jgs gSaA
ijUrq ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa dk;Zjr vuqoknd vkSj LosPNk ls
vuqokn dk;Z ds izfr lefiZr vuqoknd nks fHkUu nqfu;k esa fopj.k djrs
ut+j vkrs gSaA igyk oxZ uhjl dk;kZy;h vuqokn esa my>k jgrk gS rks
nwljk l`tukRed lkfgR; dk vuqokn dj ,d lkFk /ku o ;'k dek ysrk
gSA ljdkjh vuqoknd vDlj dk;kZy; esa vuqokn djrs le; y{;&Hkk"kk
dh izd`fr] lajpuk] Lo:i vkfn ij mruk /;ku ugha nsrs] ftruk nsuk
pkfg,A ifj.kkeLo:i vuqokn nq:g] cksf>y vkSj gkL;kLin gks tkrk gS
rFkk dHkh&dHkh vFkZ dk vuFkZ HkhA ,d NksVs&ls mnkgj.k }kjk bl ckr
dks le>k tk ldrk gSA vaxzsth dk ,d NksVk lk okD;] ^He can do the
job who thinks he can do* dk vuqokn feyrk gS] ^ogh dksbZ dke dj
ldrk gS tks ;g le>rk gS fd og dj ldrk gSA* ;gk¡ nz"VO; gS fd ^og
dj ldrk gS* fgUnh dh izd`fr ds vuqdwy ugha gS] bldk lgh vuqokn
gksxk&^ogh dksbZ dke dj ldrk gS] tks ;g le>rk gS fd eSa dj ldrk
gw¡A* bl rjg ds dbZ mnkgj.k ns[ks tk ldrs gSa %

ewy xyr vuqokn lgh vuqokn

Transfer ¼rcknys ds lUnHkZ esa½ gLrkUrj.k LFkkukUrj.k

Precious stone dherh iRFkj tokgjkr
Near future fudV Hkfo"; esa tYn gh
Oil seed rsy ds cht frygu
Still child 'kkUr cPpk e`r cPpk
Labour pain Je ihM+k izlo ihM+k
White elephant lQsn gkFkh eg¡xk lkSnk
House breaker ?kj rksM+us okyk lsa/k yxkus okyk
White ants lQsn P;w¡Vh nhed
Soft currency uje eqnzk lqyHk eqnzk
Total war lokZaxh.k ;q) lE;d~ ;q)
Grey beared Hkwjs Hkkyw v/ksM+ vkneh
Warm welcome xeZ&Lokxr gkfnZd Lokxr
Cold blooded murder 'khr #f/kj gR;k u`'kal gR;k

njvly ;s lHkh mnkgj.k gekjh vKkurk dks ugha] cfYd gekjh

tYnckth dks n'kkZrs gSaA vr% vuqokn esa gesa lnk lzksr&Hkk"kk ds Hkkf"kd]
lkaLd`frd lUnHkZ dks le>rs gq,] fo"k; dh rg esa tkdj ewy vFkZ dh

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 14

vkRek dks y{;&Hkk"kk ds Hkkf"kd] lkaLd`frd lUnHkkZuqlkj vUrfjr djuk
pkfg,A vU;Fkk ^I am afraid that* dk vuqokn ^eq>s Mj gS fd* gks tkus esa
nsj ugha yxrhA blds vykok gesa vFkZ ds ckjhd Hksn ij Hkh /;ku nsuk
pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, vaxzsth ds nks NksVs okD;ksa dks ysrs gSa % ^He
compared me to moon.* vkSj ^He compared me with moon.* nksuksa
okD;ksa ds vuqokn Øekuqlkj gksaxs&^mlus pUnzek ls esjh miek nh* vkSj
^mlus pUnzek ls esjh rqyuk dhA* vuqokn esa ns'k&dky] okrkoj.k dk Hkh
vyx egÙo gSA gekjs fy, tks ^fudV iwoZ* gS] vaxzstksa ds fy, ^lqnwj iwoZ*
gksxk A blds vykok nks lekukFkhZ 'kCnksa ds fy, vuqokn esa Hkh nks lw{e
vFkZ Hksnd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij
^statesman* ds fy, ^jkteeZK* vkSj ^politician* ds fy, ^jktuhfrd*]
^criticism* ds fy, ^vkykspuk* vkSj ^review* ds fy, ^leh{kk*]
^development* ds fy, ^fodkl* vkSj ^evolution* ds fy, ^fodklØe*]
^honour* ds fy, ^lEeku* vkSj ^prestige* ds fy, ^izfr"Bk*] ^trade* ds
fy, ^O;kikj* vkSj ^business* ds fy, ^O;olk;*] ^war* ds fy, ^;q)* vkSj
^battle* ds fy, ^yM+kbZ* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj
^anguish* ds fy, ^O;Fkk* vkSj ^sorrow* ds fy, ^nq%[k*] ^regret* ds fy,
^[ksn* vkSj ^agony* ds fy, ^osnuk*] ^gloom* ds fy, ^fo"kkn* vkSj ^pain*
ds fy, ^ihM+k* o ^mourn* ds fy, ^'kksd* dks ys ldrs gSaA
blls vuqokn dks ,d:irk feyus ds lkFk&lkFk dqN fgUnh 'kCn
Hkh fLFkj gks tk,¡xsA exj ;g ckr dsoy vfHk/kk 'kCn'kfDr ij vk/kkfjr
dk;kZy;hu ;k rduhdh fo"k;ksa ds vuqokn ij ykxw gks ldrh gS] y{k.kk
;k O;atuk iz/kku l`tukRed fo"k;ksa ¼[k+kldj dfork½ ij ughaA blhfy,
^vuqokn deZ * esa fo"k; ds lUnHkZ o ikBd&oxZ ds lkFk&lkFk jpuk ds
mís'; dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk iM+rk gSA vr% vuqokn deZ esa fufgr
cgqdks.kh; o cgqLrjh; fpUru dks fdlh fl)kUr ;k izfØ;k ds ca/ku esa
ck¡/k dj bldks ;a=or izfØ;k ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA bl deZ esa
vuqoknd dh cgqKrk gh ugha] mldh nwjn`f"V dh Hkh t+:jr gksrh gSA

5- vuqokn ds {ks=

vkt dh nqfu;k esa vuqokn dk {ks= cgqr O;kid gks x;k gSA 'kk;n
gh dksbZ {ks= cpk gks ftlesa vuqokn dh mikns;rk dks fl) u fd;k tk
ldsA blfy, ;g dguk vfr'k;ksfDr u gksxh fd vk/kqfud ;qx ds ftrus

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 15

Hkh {ks= gSa lcds lc vuqokn ds Hkh {ks= gSa] pkgs U;k;ky; gks ;k dk;kZy;]
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh gks ;k f'k{kk] lapkj gks ;k i=dkfjrk] lkfgR; dk gks
;k lkaLd`frd lEcU/kA bu lHkh {ks=ksa esa vuqokn dh egÙkk ,oa mikns;rk
dks lgt gh ns[kk&ij[kk tk ldrk gSA ppkZ dh 'kq#vkr U;k;ky; {ks=
ls djrs gSaA
1- U;k;ky; % vnkyrksa dh Hkk"kk izk;% vaxzsth esa gksrh gSA buesa eqdíeksa ds
fy, vko';d dkxtkr vDlj izknsf'kd Hkk"kk esa gksrs gSa] fdUrq iSjoh
vaxzsth esa gh gksrh gSA bl okrkoj.k esa vaxzsth vkSj izknsf'kd Hkk"kk dk
ckjh&ckjh ls ijLij vuqokn fd;k tkrk gSA
2- ljdkjh dk;kZy; % vkt+knh ls iwoZ gekjs ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa dh Hkk"kk
vaxzsth FkhA fgUnh dks jktHkk"kk ds :i esa ekU;rk feyus ds lkFk gh
ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds vaxzsth nLrkostksa dk fgUnh vuqokn t+:jh gks x;kA
blh ds eísut+j ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa jktHkk"kk izdks"B dh LFkkiuk dj
vaxszth nLrkost+ksa dk vuqokn rsth ls gks jgk gSA
3- foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh % ns'k&fons'k esa gks jgs foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds
xgu vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa rks lkjk ys[ku&dk;Z mUgha dh viuh Hkk"kk eas
fd;k tk jgk gSA bl vuqla/kku dks fo'o iVy ij j[kus ds fy, vuqokn
gh ,d ek= lk/ku gSA blds ek/;e ls ubZ [kkstksa dks vklkuh ls lcksa rd
igq¡pk;k tk ldrk gSA bl n`f"V ls 'kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa vuqokn
cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA
4- f'k{kk % Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kk&Hkk"kh ns'k ds f'k{kk&{ks= esa vuqokn dh
Hkwfedk dks dkSu udkj ldrk gSA dguk vfr'k;ksfDr u gksxh fd f'k{kk dk
{ks= vuqokn ds fcuk ,d dne Hkh vkxs ugha c<+ ldrkA ns'k dh izxfr ds
fy, ifjp;kRed lkfgR;] KkukRed lkfgR; ,oa oSKkfud lkfgR; dk
vuqokn cgqr t+:jh gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa foKku] lekt&foKku] vFkZ'kkL=]
HkkSfrdh] xf.kr vkfn fo"k; dh ikB~;&lkexzh vf/kdrj vaxzsth esa fy[kh
tkrh gSA fgUnh izns'kksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lqfo/kk ds fy, bu lc KkukRed
vaxzsth iqLrdksa dk fgUnh vuqokn rks gks gh jgk gS] vU; izknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa
esa Hkh bl Kku&lEink dks :ikUrfjr fd;k tk jgk gSA
5- tulapkj % tulapkj ds {ks= esa vuqokn dk iz;ksx vfuok;Z gksrk gSA
buesa eq[; gSa lekpkj&i=] jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZuA ;s vR;Ur yksdfiz; gSa vkSj
gj Hkk"kk&izns'k esa budk izpkj c<+ jgk gSA vkdk'kok.kh ,oa nwjn'kZu esa
Hkkjr dh lHkh izeq[k Hkk"kkvksa esa lekpkj izlkfjr gksrs gSaA buesa izfrfnu 22
Hkk"kkvksa esa [kcjsa izlkfjr gksrh gaSA budh rS;kjh vuqokndksa }kjk dh tkrh
gSA

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 16

6- lkfgR; % lkfgR; ds {ks= esa vuqokn ojnku lkfcr gks pqdk gSA izkphu
vkSj vk/kqfud lkfgR; dk ifjp; nwjnjkt ds ikBd vuqokn ds ek/;e ls
ikrs gSaA ^Hkkjrh; lkfgR;* dh ifjdYiuk vuqokn ds ek/;e ls gh laHko
gqbZ gSA fo'o&lkfgR; dk ifjp; Hkh ge vuqokn ds ek/;e ls gh ikrs gSaA
lkfgR; ds {ks= esa vuqokn ds dk;Z us lkfgR;ksa ds rqyukRed v/;;u dks
lqxe cuk fn;k gSA fo'o dh le`) Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR;ksa dk vuqokn vkt
gekjs fy, fdruk t+:jh gS dgus ;k le>kus dh vko';drk ughaA
7- vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/k % vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/k vuqokn dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ {ks=
gSA fofHkUu ns'kksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dk laokn ekSf[kd vuqoknd dh lgk;rk ls
gh gksrk gSA izk;% lHkh ns'kksa esa ,d nwljs ns'kksa ds jktnwr jgrs gSa vkSj
muds dk;kZy; Hkh gksrs gSaA jktnwrksa dks dbZ Hkk"kk,¡ cksyus dk vH;kl
djk;k tkrk gSA fQj Hkh ns'kksa ds izeq[k izfrfuf/k vius fopkj viuh gh
Hkk"kk esa izLrqr djrs gSaA muds vuqokn dh O;oLFkk gksrh gSA bl izdkj ge
ns[krs gSa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; eS=h ,oa 'kkfUr dks cjdjkj j[kus dh n`f"V ls
vuqokn dh Hkwfedk cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ gSA
8- laLd`fr % vuqokn dks ^lkaLd`frd lsrq* dgk x;k gSA ekuo&ekuo dks
,d nwljs ds fudV ykus esa] ekuo thou dks vf/kd lq[kh vkSj lEiUu
cukus esa vuqokn dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA ^Hkk"kkvksa dh vusdrk* euq"; dks
,d nwljs ls vyx gh ugha djrh] mls detksj] Kku dh n`f"V ls fu/kZu
vkSj laosnu 'kwU; Hkh cukrh gSA ^fo'oca/kqRo dh LFkkiuk* ,oa ^jk"Vªh; ,drk*
dks cjdjkj j[kus dh n`f"V ls vuqokn ,d rjg ls lkaLd`frd lsrq dh
rjg egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj jgk gSA

6- cks/k iz'u

1- ^vuqokn* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk crkb, \

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2- dSVQksVZ }kjk nh xbZ vuqokn dh ifjHkk"kk esa fdu&fdu ckrksa ij cy
fn;k x;k gS \
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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 17

3- vuqokn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, \
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4- vuqokn ds xq.k ,oa nkf;Ro dks js[kkafdr dhft, \
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5- vuqokn ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dk mYys[k dhft, \
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7- lkjka'k

vkt ^vuqokn* 'kCn gekjs fy, dksbZ u;k 'kCn ugha gSA fofHkUu
Hkk"kk;h eap ij] lkfgfR;d if=dkvksa esa] v[kckjksa esa rFkk jkstejkZ ds thou
esa gesa vDlj ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ns[kus&lquus dks feyrk gSA
lk/kkj.kr% ,d Hkk"kk&ikB es fufgr vFkZ ;k lUns'k dks nwljh Hkk"kk&ikB esa
;Fkkor O;Dr djuk vFkkZr~ ,d Hkk"kk esa dgh xbZ ckr dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa
dguk ^vuqokn* gSA ijUrq ;g dk;Z mruk vklku ugha] ftruk dgus ;k
lquus esa tku iM+ jgk gSA pw¡fd nks fHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dh vyx&vyx izd`fr]
lajpuk] laLd`fr] lekt] jhfr&fjokt+] jgu&lgu] os'k&Hkw"kk gksrh gS] vr%
,d Hkk"kk esa dgh xbZ ckr dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa ;Fkkor~ :ikUrfjr djrs
le; lerqY; vfHkO;fDr [kkstus esa dHkh&dHkh cgqr dfBukbZ dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gSA vuqoknd ds fy, ewy&IkkB dk lUnHkZ tkuuk] dky o
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls voxr gksuk Hkh cgqr vko';d gS vuqokn dh rqyuk
ijdk; izos'k ls dh xbZ gSA Hkk"kk thoUr vkSj fujUrj ifjorZu'khy gSA
Hkk"kk dh bl izd`fr ds dkj.k vuqokn dk dk;Z nqxquk dfBu gks tkrk gSA
vuqokn ds eeZK fo}kuksa }kjk izfrikfnr vuqokn dh ifjHkk"kk,¡
fu'p; gh vuqokn ds fofHkUu ldkjkRed igyqvksa o fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k
Mkyrh gSaA ij vuqokn ds lEcU/k esa dqN fo}kuksa us ,sls Hkh er O;Dr
fd, gSa tks vuqokn fojks/kh tku iM+rs gSaA

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 18

 vkt dh nqfu;k esa vuqokn dk {ks= cgqr O;kid gks x;k gSA 'kk;n
gh dksbZ {ks= cpk gks ftlesa vuqokn dh mikns;rk dks fl) u fd;k tk
ldsA blfy, ;g dguk vfr'k;ksfDr u gksxh fd vk/kqfud ;qx ds ftrus
Hkh {ks= gSa lcds lc vuqokn ds Hkh {ks= gSa] pkgs U;k;ky; gks ;k dk;kZy;]
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh gks ;k f'k{kk] lapkj gks ;k i=dkfjrk] lkfgR; dk gks
;k lkaLd`frd lEcU/kA bu lHkh {ks=ksa esa vuqokn dh egÙkk ,oa mikns;rk
dks lgt gh ns[kk&ij[kk tk ldrk gSA

8- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-2

2- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-3
3- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-3
4- ns[ksa Hkkx 4-2
5- ns[ksa Hkkx 5

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 19

bdkbZ&2 % vuqokn % izd`fr vkSj izdkj
:ijs[kk

1- mís';
2- izLrkouk
3- vuqokn dh izd`fr
3-1 vuqokn dk oSKkfud i{k
3-2 vuqokn dk dyk i{k
3-3 vuqokn dk f'kYi i{k
3-4 vuqokn esa dyk&foKku&f'kYi ds rhuksa rÙo
4- vuqokn ds izdkj
4-1 x|&i| ij vk/kkfjr izHksn
4-2 lkfgR; fo/kk ij vk/kkfjr izHksn
4-3 fo"k; vk/kkfjr izHksn
4-4 vuqokn dh vU; izd`fr ij vk/kkfjr izHksn
4-5 vuqokn ds dqN vU; izHksn
5- Ckks/k iz'u
6- lkjka'k
7- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- mís';
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
• vuqokn dh izd`fr ls ifjfpr gksaxs(
• vuqokn ds fofo/k izdkj dk ifjp; ik ldsaxs(
• vuqokn fØ;k dyk ds vUrxZr vkrk gS ;k foKku ds ;k f'kYi ds&
le> ldsaxs(
• lkjkuqokn] 'kCnkuqokn] Hkkokuqokn vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr
dj ldsaxs(

2- izLrkouk
vuqokn vkSj vuqokn deZ ds lkekU; ifjp; ikus ds mijkUr izLrqr
v/;k; esa vuqokn dh izd`fr ¼vFkkZr~ vuqokn&fØ;k dyk ds vUrxZr vkrk

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 20

gS ;k foKku ds ;k f'kYi ds½s ds lkFk&lkFk vuqokn ds fofo/k izdkj ,oa
izHksn dh Hkh ppkZ dh tk jgh gSA

3- vuqokn dh izd`fr
^vuqokn* ,d deZ ds :i esa csgn tfVy fØ;k gS vkSj ,d fo/kk ds
:i esa cgqr laf'y"VA ;gh dkj.k gS dksbZ bls ^vuqokn dyk* dgrk gS]
dksbZ ^vuqokn f'kYi*] rks dksbZ ^vuqokn foKku*A vuqokn deZ ds eeZ dks
le>us ds fy, vuqokn dh izd`fr vkSj vuqokn ds izHksn dks
tkuuk&le>uk cgqr t+:jh gSA ppkZ dh 'kq#vkr vuqokn dh izd`fr ls
djrs gSaA

vuqokn dh izd`fr
vuqokn fl)kUr ,oa O;ogkj ij miyC/k iqLrdksa ds 'kh"kZdksa dks
ns[kus ls eu esa ;g iz'u Lor% mBrk gS fd vkf[k+j vuqokn dh izd`fr D;k
gS \ fo}kuksa dk ,d oxZ bls ^dyk* ekurk vk;k gS rks nwljk oxZ blds
foijhr bls ^foKku* dh Js.kh esa j[kuk ilUn djrk gSA ,d oxZ ,slk Hkh
gS tks vuqokn dks dyk ;k foKku dh Js.kh ls vyx ^f'kYi* dh dksfV esa
j[krk gSA ,sls esa vuqokn dh izd`fr ij fopkj djuk t+:jh gks tkrk gSA
igys ge blds foKku i{k ij fopkj djrs gSaA

3-1 vuqokn dk oSKkfud i{k

foKku dk lk/kkj.k vFkZ gksrk gS ^fof'k"V Kku*A exj vkt ^foKku*
'kCn dsoy ^fof'k"V Kku* rd lhfer u jg dj lewps oSKkfud o rduhd
fpUru] vuq'kkluksa] ;Fkk& HkkSfrdh] jlk;u] xf.kr] thofoKku] dEI;wVj
vkfn dks vius esa lekfgr dj pqdk gS ftlesa iw.kZ lkoZHkkSfed
lR;rk(universal truth) fo|eku gksrh gSA bls lkoZHkkSfed lR;rk blfy,
dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g lkekU;r% LFkku] le; o ifjos'k ls izHkkfor ugha
gksrhA blesa ges'kk 2+2=4 ;k H2+0=H20 gksrk gSA ijUrq vuqokn esa ,slh
lkoZHkkSfed lR;rk ugha gksrhA gj vuqoknd ls mls ,d u;k :i feyrk
gSA fQj vuqokn esa vfuok;Zr% vuqoknd ds ;qx] lekt] HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k
vkfn dk izHkko Hkh ekSt+wn jgrk gSA vuqokn dks ml vFkZ esa foKku ugha
dgk tk ldrk ftl vFkZ esa HkkSfrdh] jlk;u] xf.kr] thofoKku vkfn dks
foKku dgk tkrk gSA vuqokn dks foKku ekuus ds ihNs dkj.k ;g gS fd

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 21

vuqokn dh izfd;k esa foKku dh Hkk¡fr gh fo'ys"k.k] rqyuk] fujh{k.k]
vuq'khyu vkfn lksiku gksrs gSaA
MkVsZLV us vuqokn dks vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku (Applied Linguistics)
dh ,d 'kk[kk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd vuqokn]
vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlesa fo'ks"kr% ,d izfrekfur
izrhd lewg ls nwljs izfrekfur izrhd lewg esa vFkZ dks vUrfjr djus dh
leL;k ;k rRlEcU/kh rF;ksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tkrk gS %
^Translation is that branch of applied science of language
which is specifically concerned with the problem -or the fact- of the
transference of meaning from one set of patterned symbols into
another set of patterned symbols.* (&Loche & Booth, 1995, pg. 124)

vuqokn dks vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ds vUrxZr 'kkfey djus dk

dkj.k ;g gS fd vuqokn deZ esa lzksr&Hkk"kk ls y{;&Hkk"kk rd igq¡pus esa
ge ftu izfØ;kvksa ls gksdj xqtjrs gSa mldk oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k
(scientific analysis) fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkk"kk foKkfu;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd
vuqokn fØ;k esa igys lzksr&Hkk"kk dk fodksMhdj.k (decoding of Source
Language) gksrk gS ftldk ckn esa y{;&Hkk"kk esa iqu%dksMhdj.k
(encoding of Target Language) fd;k tkrk gSA vr% vuqokn deZ esa
foKku dk dqN xq.k vo'; gS ijUrq brus Hkj ls bldks iw.kZr% oSKkfud
fo/kk ugha ekuk tk ldrkA

3-2 vuqokn dk dyk i{k

dyk ,d izdkj dh ltZuk(creation) gSA 'kk;n ;gh dkj.k gS fd
l`tukRed lkfgR; dks dyk dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gSA tc l`tukRed
lkfgR; dk vuqokn fd;k tkrk gS rks og ek= 'kkfCnd izfrLFkkiu ugha
gksrk cfYd vuqoknd dks ewy ys[kd ds ml egku~ thou {k.k dks fQj ls
thuk gksrk gS ftlls vfHkHkwr gksdj dfo ;k jpukdkj us ml jpuk dks
vatke fn;kA blfy, vkfXul xsxZyh us dgk gS % Translation must find
and reproduce the impulse of the original work. ges'kk lgt
lerqY;rk dh [kkst esa vuqoknd dks vDlj iqu%l`tu¼Recreation½ djuk
iM+rk gS] ftlesa vuqoknd ds lkSUn;Zcks/k ,oa l`tu'khy izfrHkk dh
egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA 'kSyh ds 'kCnksa eas dgsa rks l`tukRed lkfgR; dk
vuqokn ,d izdkj ls dykRed izfØ;k gSA lkfgfR;d vuqokn dk
iqulZ`ftr :i fuEufyf[kr nks vuqoknksa ls Li"V gks tk,xk %

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 22

mnkgj.k&1
ewy %
ywfV ldS rkS ywfV;kS] jke uke gS ywfV A
ihNSa gh ifNrkgqxs] ;g ru tSgS NwfV AA
&dchj
vuqokn %
Rejoice O Kabir
In this great feast
of Love !
Once death
knocks at your door,
This golden moment
will be gone
For ever !
&Translated by Sahdev Kumar

mnkgj.k&2
ewy %
One Moment in Annihilation's Waste,
One Moment, of the Well of Life to taste&
The Stars are setting and the Caravan,
Starts for the dawn of Nothing& oh, make haste!
&Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (Fitzgerald)

vuqokn %
vjs] ;g foLe`fr dk e# ns'k
,d foLr`r gS] ftlds chp
f[kaph y?kq thou&ty dh js[k]
eqlkfQ+j ys gksBksa dks lhap A
,d {k.k] tYnh dj] ys ns[k
cq>s uHk&nhi] fd/kj ij Hkksj
dkjok¡ ekuo dk dj dwp
c<+ pyk 'kwU; m"kk dh vksj !
&[kS+;ke dh e/kq'kkyk
fgUnh vuqokn % gfjoa'kjk; cPpu

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 23

 mi;ZqDr nksuksa vuqokn ewy ds vk/kkj ij ubZ jpuk,¡ cu xbZ gSaA ;s
vuqokn ugha cfYd ewy dk ^vuql`tu* gSA blesa ewy ys[kd dh Hkk¡fr
vuqoknd dh l`tu'khy izfrHkk dh Li"V >yd ns[kus dks fey jgh gSA
jkt'ks[kj nkl us Bhd gh dgk gS % ^dfork dk vuqokn fdruk gh lqUnj
D;ksa u gks og dsoy ewy fopkjksa ij vk/k`r ,d ubZ dfork gh gks ldrh
gSA* ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkfgfR;d vuqokn dks ,d dykRed izfØ;k ekuk
x;k gSA

3-3 vuqokn dk f'kYi i{k

dbZ Hkk"kkfoKkfu;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd vuqokn&dk;Z ,d f'kYi&deZ
gSA mudk rdZ gS fd lzksr&Hkk"kk esa O;Dr lUns'k dks y{;&Hkk"kk esa izLrqr
djus esa vuqoknd ds dkS'ky] mlds Hkk"kk&pkrq;Z dh vge~ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
;g f'kYi 'kCn vaxzsth ds skill o craft ds fudV iM+rk gSA U;wekdZ us
vuqokn deZ dks ^f'kYi* Lohdkjk gS % ^vuqokn ,d f'kYi gS] ftlesa ,d
Hkk"kk esa fyf[kr lUns'k dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa mlh lUns'k dks izLrqr djus dk
iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA* fQj vuqokn eas ftruk vf/kd vH;kl fd;k tk,xk
;k izf'k{k.k fy;k tk,xk] vuqokn mruk gh lqUnj gksrk tk,xkA blds
vykok dyk vkSj f'kYi dk vfHkUu lEcU/k Hkh jgk gSA tgk¡ dyk gksxh
ogk¡ fu'p; gh f'kYi gksxk vkSj blds foijhr tgk¡ f'kYi gksxk ogk¡
vfuok;Zr% dyk gksxhA vr% vuqokn esa va'kr% f'kYi dk rÙo Hkh lekfgr
gSA

3-4 vuqokn esa dyk&foKku&f'kYi ds rhuksa rÙo

ukbMk }kjk izLrkfor vuqokn izfØ;k esa fuEufyf[kr rhu lksikuksa
dk mYys[k gS % 1& fo'Yks"k.k
2& vUrj.k
3& iquxZBu
njvly ;s rhuksa pj.k Øekuqlkj foKku] f'kYi vkSj dyk ds gh
rhuksa lksiku gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vuqokn&izfØ;k dk igyk
pj.k gS ewy&ikB dk ^oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k*] nwljk lksiku gS ewy&ikB ds
lUns'k o f'kYi dk ^vUrj.k dkS'ky* rFkk rhljk lksiku gS y{;&Hkk"kk esa
mldk ^dykRed iquXkZBu*A exj vuqokn esa ;s rhuksa ¼dyk] foKku vkSj
dkS'ky½ dk vuqikr lnSo leku ugha jgrkA bu rhuksa dk vuqikr vuq|
lkexzh dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA l`tukRed lkexzh esa dyk RkÙo dk

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 24

izk/kkU; gksus ds dkj.k blds vuqoknd esa Hkh l`tukRed izfrHkk dk gksuk
vifjgk;Z ekuk x;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkfgfR;d vuqoknd vuqokn dks
dykRed fØ;k ekurs vk, gSaA blds foijhr rduhdh ;k oSKkfud lkexzh
ds vuqoknd dks vuq| fo"k; dk lE;d Kku gksuk t+:jh gSA vuqoknd
dk fo"k; Kku ftruk vf/kd gksxk vuqokn mruk lVhd gksxkA vU;Fkk
'woody portion' dk vuqokn ^dk"Be; va'k* gks tkus esa nsj ugha yxrhA
blds vykok rduhdh&oSKkfud lkexzh ds vuqokn esa gesa dqN fu;eksa dk
vuqlj.k Hkh djuk iM+rk gSA blhfy, rduhdh fo"k; ds vuqokn esa
vuqoknd dk dkS'ky c[kwch dke djrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa ukbMk dk dFku
gS % ^Translation is far more than a Science, it is also a Skill and in
the ultimate analysis fully satisfactory translation is always an Art.*
vFkkZr~ vuqokn foKku ls c<+dj gS] og dkS'ky Hkh gS vkSj vfUre fo'ys"k.k
esa iw.kZr% lUrks"ktud vuqokn ges'kk ,d dyk jgk gSA ijUrq MkW- uxsUnz
vuqokn dks ,d Lora= fo/kk ekurs gSaA mudk dguk gS % ^vuqokn
ikfjHkkf"kd vFkZ esa u foKku gS vkSj u dykA blds vfrfjDr mls fuf'pr
:i ls f'kYi Hkh dguk rdZlaxr ugha gksxkA okLrfod fLFkfr ;g gS fd
vk/kkj fo"k; ds vuqlkj vuqokn esa bu rhuksa ds gh rÙoksa dk ;Fkkuqikr
lekos'k jgrk gSA lkfgfR;d vuqokn fo'ks"k :i ls dkO;kuqokn dk vUrHkkZo
tgk¡ dyk dh ifjf/k esa gh gks tkrk gS] ogk¡ oSKkfud rFkk 'kkL=h; vuqokn
esa foKku ds vk/kkj rÙoksa dk izk/kkU; jgrk gS tcfd f'kYi dk iz;ksx izk;%
loZ= gh feyrk gSA bl izdkj vuqokn ,d Lora= fo/kk gSA* fu"d"kZ ds
:i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqokn esa dyk] foKku vkSj f'kYi rhuksa
fo/kkvksa ds rÙo va'kr% fo|eku gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vuqokn ds fo'ys"k.k esa
oSKkfudrk gS] mldh flf) esa dykRedrk ftlds fy, vko';drk gksrh
gS f'kYixr dkS'ky dhA

4- vuqokn ds izdkj

vuqokn dh Ckgqi{kh;rk ds vuq:i vuqokn ds oxhZdj.k ds Hkh vusd

vk/kkj gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vuqokn ds Hksnksa ij fo}kuksa us vius
vyx&vyx fopkj O;Dr fd, gSaA ik'pkR; fo}ku ts-lh-dSVQksMZ us viuh
iqLrd ^A Linguistics Theory of Translation* esa fuEufyf[kr rhu eq[;
vk/kkjksa ij vuqokn ds izdkj cryk;s gSa %
d& ikB foLrkj dk vk/kkj % 1- iw.kZ vuqokn]

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 25

 2- vkaf'kd vuqokn
[k& Hkk"kk Lrj dk vk/kkj % 1- leLr vuqokn
2- lhfer vuqokn
x& Js.kh dk vk/kkj % 1- eqDr vuqokn
2- 'kkfCnd vuqokn vkSj
3- e/;oxhZ vuqokn
,d vU; ik'pkR; fo}ku dkalkxzkns us vuqokn ds pkj Hksn cryk, gSa %
d& Hkk"kkijd vuqokn
[k& rF;ijd vuqokn
x& laLd`frijd vuqokn
?k& lkSUn;Zijd vuqokn
HkksykukFk frokjh us vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds eq[;r% pkj vk/kkj ekus
gSa % d& x|Ro ,oa i|Ro] [k& lkfgfR;d] x& fo"k;xr ?k& vuqokn dh
izd`frA
MkW- ,u- bZ- fo'oukFk v;~;j us vuqokn ds Hksn&miHksnksa ds rhu
eq[; vk/kkj Lohdkjs gaS % d& ek/;e] [k& izfØ;k vkSj x& ikBA
MkW- lqjs'k dqekj us vuqokn izdkj dks rhu 'kh"kZdksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
gS % 1& Hkk"kk dsUnzh;rk] 2& Hkk"kk ckg~; vkSj 3& fefJrA
MkW- jhrkjkuh ikyhoky us lhek] Lrj ,oa Js.kh ds vk/kkj ij vuqokn
ds Hksn fd, gSaA
fo}kuksa }kjk vuqokn&izdkj fu/kkZj.k gsrq fn;s x;s vk/kkj vkSj
vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds oxhZdj.k dh fHkUurk ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vuqokn
dh cgqdks.kh; mikns;rk ds dkj.k blds vusd Hksn vkSj miHksn fd;s tkrs
jgs gSaA fQj Hkh HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk izLrkfor vuqokn ds izdkjksa dks
vf/kd rdZlaxr ekurs gq, ;gk¡ ppkZ dks vkxs c<+k;k tk jgk gSA

4-1 x|&i| ij vk/kkfjr izHksn

1& x|kuqokn % x|kuqokn lkekU;r% x| esa fd, tkusokys vuqokn dks
dgrs gSaA fdlh Hkh x| jpuk dk x| esa gh fd;k tkus okyk vuqokn
x|kuqokn dgykrk gSA fdUrq dqN fo'ks"k d`fr;ksa dk i| ls x| esa Hkh
vuqokn fd;k tkrk gSA tSls ^es?knwre~* dk fgUnh dfo ukxktqZu }kjk fd;k
x|kuqoknA
2& i|kuqokn % i| dk i| esa gh fd;k x;k vuqokn i|kuqokn dh Js.kh esa
vkrk gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa fy[ks x, dkO;ksa ,oa egkdkO;ksa
ds vuqoknksa dh la[;k vR;Ur fo'kky gSA bfy;V ds ^osLVyS.M*] dkfynkl

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 26

ds ^es?knwre~* ,oa ^dqekjlaHkoe~* rFkk VSxksj dh ^xhrkatfy* dk fofHkUu
Hkk"kkvksa esa i|kuqokn fd;k x;k gSA lk/kkj.kr% i|kuqokn djrs le;
lzksr&Hkk"kk esa O;og`r NUnksa dk gh y{;&Hkk"kk esa O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA
3& NUneqDrkuqokn % bl izdkj dss vuqokn esa vuqoknd dks lzksr&Hkk"kk esa
O;ogkj fd, x, NUnksa dks viukus dh ck/;rk ugha gksrhA vuqoknd fo"k;
ds vuq:i y{;&Hkk"kk dk dksbZ Hkh NUn pqu ldrk gSA lkfgR; esa ,sls
vuqokn foiqy la[;k esa miyC/k gSaA

4-2 lkfgR; fo/kk ij vk/kkfjr izHksn

1& dkO;kuqokn % lzksr&Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x, dkO; dk y{;&Hkk"kk esa
:ikUrj.k dkO;kuqokn dgykrk gSA ;g vko';drkuqlkj x|] i| ,oa
eqDr NUn esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA gksej ds egkdkO; ^bfy;M* ,oa
dkfynkl ds ^es?knwre~* ,oa ^_rqlagkj* blds mnkgj.k gSaA
2& ukV~;kuqokn % fdlh Hkh ukV~; d`fr dk ukVd ds :i esa gh vuqokn
djuk ukV~;kuqokn dgykrk gSA ukVd jaxeaph; vko';drkvksa ,oa n'kZdksa
dks /;ku esa j[kdj fy[kk tkrk gSA vr% blds vuqokn ds fy, vH;kl dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA laLd`r ds ukVdksa ds fgUnh vuqokn rFkk 'ksDlfi;j
ds ukVdksa ds vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa fd, x, vuqokn blds mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSaA
3& dFkk vuqokn % dFkk vuqokn ds vUrxZr dgkfu;ksa ,oa miU;klksa dk
dgkfu;ksa ,oa miU;klksa ds :i esa gh vuqokn fd;k tkrk gSA fo'o izfl)
miU;klksa ,oa dgkfu;ksa ds vuqokn dkQ+h izpfyr ,oa yksdfiz; gSaA eksiklk¡
,oa izsepUn dh dgkfu;ksa dk nqfu;k dh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gqvk gSA
:lh miU;kl ^ek¡*] vaxzsth miU;kl ^ySMh pSVyhZ dk izseh* rFkk fgUnh ds
^xksnku*] ^R;kxi=* rFkk ^unh ds }hi* ds fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn gq, gSaA
4& vU; lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa ds vuqokn % vU; lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa ds
vUrxZr js[kkfp=] fucU/k] laLej.k] fjiksrkZt] Mk;jh ,oa vkRedFkk vkfn ds
vuqokn vkrs gSaA ia- tokgj yky usg: dh d`fr ^fMLdojh vkWQ bafM;k*
rFkk egkRek xka/kh ,oa gfjoa'kjk; cPpu dh vkRedFkkvksa ds fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa
esa fd, x, vuqokn blh Js.kh ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA

4-3 fo"k; vk/kkfjr izHksn

fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr vuqoknksa dh lwph yEch gSA lk/kj.kr%
fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr vuqoknksa ds fuEufyf[kr izHksn fd, tk ldrs gSa %

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 27

1& yfyr lkfgR;kuqokn % yfyr lkfgR;kuqokn ds vUrxZr lkfgfR;d
fo/kkvksa dks j[kk tkrk gSA dfork] yfyr fucU/k] dgkuh] Mk;jh] vkRedFkk]
miU;kl vkfnA bldh ppkZ Åij dh tk pqdh gSA
2& /kkfeZd&ikSjkf.kd lkfgR;kuqokn % tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gS
/kkfeZd&ikSjkf.kd lkfgR;kuqokn esa fofHkUu /keksZa ds ekud /keZxzaFkksa] xhrk]
Hkkxor] dqjvku] ckbfcy vkfn dk vuqokn fd;k tkrk gSA osn] mifu"kn
vkfn Hkh blds lkFk 'kkfey gSaA
3& oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh lkexzh ds vuqokn % oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh
vuqokn esa fo"k; eq[; gS vkSj 'kSyh xkS.kA lkfgfR;d vuqokn esa izk;% ^D;ksa*
ls T+;knk ^dSls* dk egÙo gksrk gS tcfd oSKkfud vuqokn esa ^dSls* ls
T+;knk ^D;k* dk egÙo gksrk gSA blesa Hkkokuqokn R;kT; gS vkSj izk;%
'kCnkuqokn visf{kr gSA blesa ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx visf{kr gS]
/oU;kRed ;k O;aX;kRed 'kCnkoyh dk ughaA dqy feykdj bl izdkj ds
vuqokn esa lwpuk] ladYiuk rFkk rF; egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA lcls t+:jh ckr
;g fd oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh vuqokn esa vuqoknd fo"k; dk lE;d~
tkudkj gks vkSj lkFk gh izf'kf{kr HkhA rHkh og vuqokn ds lkFk U;k; dj
ik,xkA
4& fof/k dk vuqokn % blesa ,d Hkk"kk dh fof/k lEcU/kh vFkkZr~ dkuwu dh
lkexzh dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn fd;k tkrk gSA dkuwu dh fdrkcsa]
vnkyr ds eqdíes] RkRlEcU/kh fofHkUu vkosnu&i=] dkuwuh lafgrk,¡]
fu;e&vf/kfu;e] la'kksf/kr vf/kfu;e vkfn dkuwuh vuqokn ds izeq[k fgLls
gSaA bl izdkj ds vuqokn esa izR;sd 'kCn dk viuk fo'ks"k egÙo gksrk gSA
blesa HkkokFkZ ugha 'kCnkFkZ egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA blds izR;sd 'kCn dk vFkZ
Li"V gksrk gSA ,d 'kCn dk ,d gh vFkZ visf{kr gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds
vuqokn dh Hkk"kk iwjh rjg rduhdh izd`fr dh gksrh gSA
5& iz'kklfud vuqokn % iz'kklfud vuqokn ls rkRi;Z gS og vuqokn
ftlesa ,d Hkk"kk dh iz'kklu lEcU/kh lkexzh dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr
fd;k tkrk gSA iz'kklfud vuqokn dk lEcU/k ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ls gksus
ds dkj.k bls dk;kZy;h vuqokn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl vuqokn ds vUrxZr
iz'kklu ds lHkh dkxtkr] ljdkjh i=] ifji=] lwpuk,¡&vf/klwpuk,¡]
fu;e&vf/kfu;e] izsl foKfIr;k¡ vkfn vkrs gSaA dsUnz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj]
laln] fofHkUu ea=ky; vkfn esa f}Hkk"kh rFkk cgqHkk"kh fLFkfr ds dkj.k
iz'kklfud vuqokn ds fcuk dke ugha pyrkA ;gk¡ Hkh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh
dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA iz'kklfud vuqokn esa ^dF;* vFkkZr~ ^dgh xbZ
ckr* egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 28

6& ekufodh ,oa lekt'kkL= dk vuqokn % ekufodh ,oa lekt'kkL= ls
lEcfU/kr lkefxz;ksa ds vuqokn ds fy, vuqoknd dk fo"k; Kku vR;Ur
egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA bl rjg dk vuqokn vuqla/kku] losZ{k.k] ifj;kstuk ,oa
'kSf{kd vko';drk dh n`f"V ls egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA bl rjg ds vuqokn esa
ljyrk ,oa Li"Vrk visf{kr gksrh gSA
7& lapkj ek/;eksa dh lkexzh dk vuqokn % orZeku ;qx ds lapkj ek/;eksa
us ekuo&fodkl esa viuk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fd;k gSA lapkj ek/;eksa ds
tfj, gh og ns'k&fons'k vkSj lexz nqfu;k dh tkudkjh gkfly djrk gSA
fdUrq fofo/k ns'kksa esa fofo/k Hkk"kk,¡ gksus ds dkj.k lapkj ek/;e dh lkexzh
dk vuqokn egÙoiw.kZ cuk gqvk gSA bl vuqokn ds vUrxZr eq[;r% nSfud
lekpkj] lHkh izdkj dh i=&if=dkvksa] nwjn'kZu rFkk vkdk'kok.kh vkfn
{ks=ksa dh lkexzh ds vuqokn vkrs gSaA bu lEidZ ek/;eksa esa nqfu;k ds lkjs
Kku&foKku dh lkexzh lekfgr gksrh gSA blesa jktuhfr] O;kikj] [ksy]
foKku] lkfgR; vkfn dh vFkkZr~ thou ls lEcfU/kr lHkh fo"k;&{ks=ksa dh
lkexzh gksrh gSA
mi;qZDr izdkjksa ds vykok fo"k;k/kkfjr vuqokn esa laxhr] T;ksfr"k]
i;kZoj.k] ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLd`frd vfHkys[kksa] xtsfV;jksa vkfn dh lkexzh]
okf.kT;kuqokn] dkO;'kkL=] Hkk"kkfoKku lEcU/kh vusdkusd fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey
fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4-4 vuqokn dh vU; izd`fr ij vk/kkfjr izHksn

bl izdkj ds vuqokn ds nks izeq[k miHksn ekus x, gSa %
1& ewyfu"B % ewyfu"B vuqokn dF; vkSj 'kSyh nksuksa dh n`f"V ls ewy dk
vuqxeu djrk gSA bl izdkj ds vuqokn esa vuqoknd dk iz;kl jgrk gS
fd vuwfnr fopkj ;k d`fr lzksr&Hkk"kk ds fopkjksa ,oa vfHkO;fDr ds fudV
jgsA
1& ewyeqDr % ewyeqDr vuqokn dks HkksykukFk frokjh us ewyk/kkfjr vFkok
ewyk/k`r vuqokn Hkh dgk gSA oSls rks ewyeqDr dk vFkZ gh gksrk gS ewy ls
gVdj] fdUrq fdlh Hkh vuqokn esa fopkjksa ds Lrj ij ifjorZu dh xq¡tkb'k
ugha gksrhA vr% ;gk¡ ewy ls fHkUu dk vFkZ gS 'kSyhxr fHkUurk rFkk
dgkorksa ,oa miekuksa dk ns'khdj.k djus dh vuqoknd dh Lora=rkA

4-5 vuqokn ds dqN vU; izHksn

mi;qZDr Hksnksa ds vfrfjDr vuqokn ds vU; dqN izHksn Hkh gSa ftldh
ppkZ uhps dh tk jgh gS %

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 29

1& 'kCnkuqokn % lzksr&Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ,oa 'kCn Øe dks mlh izdkj
y{;&Hkk"kk esa :ikUrfjr djuk 'kCnkuqokn dgykrk gSA ;gk¡ vuqoknd dk
y{; ewy&Hkk"kk ds fopkjksa dks :ikUrfjr djus ls vf/kd 'kCnksa dk ;Fkkor~
vuqokn djus ls gksrk gSA 'kCn ,oa 'kCn Øe dh izd`fr gj Hkk"kk esa fHkUu
gksrh gSA vr% ;kaf=d <ax ls mudk ;Fkkor vuqokn djrs tkuk dkQ+h
d`f=e] nqcksZ/; ,oa fu"izk.k gks ldrk gSA 'kCnkuqokn mPp dksfV ds vuqokn
dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrkA
2& Hkkokuqokn % lkfgfR;d d`fr;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa Hkkokuqokn dk fo'ks"k egÙo
gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds vuqokn esa ewy&Hkk"kk ds Hkkoksa] fopkjksa ,oa lUns'kksa
dks y{;&Hkk"kk esa :ikUrfjr fd;k tkrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa HkksykukFk
frokjh dk dguk gS % ^ewy lkexzh ;fn lw{e Hkkoksa okyh gS rks mldk
Hkkokuqokn djrs gSaA* Hkkokuqokn esa lEizs"k.kh;rk lcls egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA
blesa vuqoknd dk y{; lzksr&Hkk"kk eas vfHkO;Dr Hkkoksa] fopkjksa ,oa vFkksZa
dk y{;&Hkk"kk esa vUrj.k djuk gksrk gSA laLd`r lkfgR; esa fy[ks x, dqN
yfyr fucU/kksa ds fgUnh vuqokn cgqr gh lQy fl) gq, gSaA
3& Nk;kuqokn % vuqokn fl)kUr esa Nk;k 'kCn dk iz;ksx vfr izkphu gSA
blesa ewy&ikB dh vFkZ Nk;k dks xzg.k dj vuqokn fd;k tkrk gSA
Nk;kuqokn esa 'kCnksa] Hkkoksa rFkk ladYiukvksa ds ladfyr izHkko dks
y{;&Hkk"kk esa :ikUrfjr fd;k tkrk gSA laLd`r esa fy[ks x, Hkkl ds
ukVd ^LoIuoklonÙke~* ,oa dkfynkl ds ukVd ^vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~* ds
fgUnh vuqokn blds mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSaA
4& lkjkuqokn % lkjkuqokn dk vFkZ gksrk gS fdlh Hkh foLr`r fopkj vFkok
lkexzh dk la{ksi esa vuqokn izLrqr djukA yEch jpukvksa] jktuSfrd
Hkk"k.kksa] izfrosnuksa vkfn O;kogkfjd dk;Z ds vuqokn ds fy, lkjkuqokn
dkQ+h mi;ksxh fl) gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds vuqokn esa ewy&Hkk"kk ds dF;
dks lqjf{kr j[krs gq, y{;&Hkk"kk esa mldk :ikUrj.k dj fn;k tkrk gSA
lkjkuqokn dk iz;ksx eq[;r% nqHkkf"k;s] lekpkj i=ksa ,oa nwjn'kZu ds
laoknnkrk rFkk laln ,oa fo/kku e.Myksa ds fjdkMZdÙkkZ djrs gSaA
5& O;k[;kuqokn % O;k[;kuqokn dks Hkk";kuqokn Hkh dgrs gSaA bl izdkj ds
vuqokn esa vuqoknd ewy lkexzh ds lkFk&lkFk mldh O;k[;k Hkh izLrqr
djrk gSA O;k[;kuqokn esa vuqoknd dk O;fDrRo egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA vkSj
dbZ txgksa esa rks vuqoknd dk O;fDrRo ,oa fopkj ewy jpuk ij gkoh gks
tkrk gSA cky xaxk/kj fryd }kjk fd;k x;k ^xhrk* dk vuqokn bldk
mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSA

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 30

6& vk'kq vuqokn % vk'kq vuqokn dks okrkZuqokn Hkh dgrs gSaA nks fHkUu
Hkk"kkvksa] Hkkoksa ,oa fopkjksa dk rkRdkfyd vuqokn vk'kq vuqokn dgykrk gSA
vkt tSls fofHkUu ns'k ,d nwljs ds ijLij lehi vk jgs gSa bl izdkj ds
rkRdkfyd vuqokn dk egÙo c<+ jgk gSA fofHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh izns'kksa ,oa
ns'kksa ds chp jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd egÙo ds {ks=ksa esa vk'kq
vuqokn dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA
7& vkn'kZ vuqokn % vkn'kZ vuqokn dks lVhd vuqokn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
blesa vuqoknd vkpk;Z dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS rFkk lzksr&Hkk"kk dh ewy
lkexzh dk vuqokn vFkZ ,oa vfHkO;fDr lfgr y{;&Hkk"kk esa fudVre ,oa
LokHkkfod lekukFkkZsa }kjk djrk gSA vkn'kZ vuqokn esa vuqoknd rVLFk
jgrk gS rFkk mlds Hkkoksa ,oa fopkjksa dh Nk;k vuwfnr lkexzh ij ugha
iM+rhA jkepfjrekul] Hkxon~xhrk] dqjvku vkfn /kkfeZd xzUFkksa ds lVhd
vuqokn blds mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSaA
8& :ikUrj.k % vk/kqfud ;qx esa :ikUrj.k dk egÙo c<+ jgk gSA
:ikUrj.k esa lzksr&Hkk"kk dh fdlh jpuk dk vU; fo/kk¼lkfgR; :i½ esa
:ikUrj.k dj fn;k tkrk gSA lapkj ek/;eksa ds c<+rs gq, izHkko ,oa mldh
yksdfiz;rk dks ns[krs gq, dfork] dgkuh vkfn lkfgR; :iksa dk
ukV~;kuqokn fo'ks"k :i ls izpfyr gks jgk gSA ,sls vuqoknksa esa vuqoknd
dh viuh #fp ,oa d`fr dh yksdfiz;rk egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA tSusUnz]
deys'oj] ve`rk izhre] Hkh"e lkguh vkfn dh dgkfu;ksa ds jsfM;ks :ikUrj
izLrqr fd, tk pqds gSaA ^dkek;uh* egkdkO; dk ukV~; :ikUrj dkQ+h
pfpZr gqvk gSA

5- Ckks/k iz'u
1- ^vuqokn dh izd`fr* esa izd`fr ds vk'k; dks Li"V dhft, \
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2- dSVQksMZ }kjk izLrkfor vuqokn ds izdkj dh ppkZ dhft, \

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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 31

3- ^vuqokn ,d dyk gS*& bl dFku dks Li"V dhft, \
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4- HkksykukFk frokjh }kjk izLrkfor vuqokn ds izdkj dh ppkZ dhft, \
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5- vuqokn ds oSKkfud i{k ij izdk'k Mkfy, \

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6- dkalkxzkns }kjk izLrkfor vuqokn ds izdkj dh ppkZ dhft, \

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6- lkjka'k

vuqokn ikfjHkkf"kd vFkZ esa u foKku gS vkSj u dykA blds

vfrfjDr mls fuf'pr :i ls f'kYi Hkh dguk rdZlaxr ugha gksxkA
okLrfod fLFkfr ;g gS fd vk/kkj fo"k; ds vuqlkj vuqokn esa bu rhuksa ds
gh rÙoksa dk ;Fkkuqikr lekos'k jgrk gSA lkfgfR;d vuqokn fo'ks"k :i ls
dkO;kuqokn dk vUrHkkZo tgk¡ dyk dh ifjf/k esa gh gks tkrk gS] ogk¡
oSKkfud rFkk 'kkL=h; vuqokn esa foKku ds vk/kkj rÙoksa dk izk/kkU; jgrk
gS tcfd f'kYi dk iz;ksx izk;% loZ= gh feyrk gSA bl izdkj vuqokn esa
dyk] foKku vkSj f'kYi rhuksa fo/kkvksa ds rÙo va'kr% fo|eku gaSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] vuqokn ds fo'ys"k.k esa oSKkfudrk gS] mldh flf) esa dykRedrk
ftlds fy, vko';drk gksrh gS f'kYixr dkS'ky dhA
vuqokn dh Ckgqi{kh;rk ds vuq:i vuqokn ds oxhZdj.k ds Hkh vusd
vk/kkj gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vuqokn ds Hksnksa ij fo}kuksa us vius
vyx&vyx fopkj O;Dr fd, gSa vkSj vuqokn dh cgqdks.kh; mikns;rk ds

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 32

dkj.k blds vusd Hksn vkSj miHksn fd;s tkrs jgs gSaA fQj Hkh HkksykukFk
frokjh }kjk izLrkfor vuqokn ds 4 izdkjksa ¼1&x|Ro ,oa i|Ro]
2&lkfgfR;d] 3&fo"k;xr vkSj 4&vuqokn dh izd`fr½ dks vf/kd rdZlaxr
foHkktu ekuk tk jgk gS D;ksafd blesa vuqokn ds yxHkx lkjs izHksn
lekfo"V gks tkrs gSaA

7- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- ns[ksa Hkkx 3
2- ns[ksa Hkkx 4
3- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-2
4- ns[kas Hkkx 4
5- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-1
6- ns[ksa Hkkx 4

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 33

bdkbZ&3 % vuqokn % Lo:i] izfØ;k ,oa lhek,¡

:ijs[kk

1- mís';
2- izLrkouk
3- vuqokn ds Lo:i
3-1 vuqokn dk lhfer Lo:i
3-2 vuqokn dk O;kid Lo:i
4- vuqokn&izfØ;k
4-1 uksve pkWeLdh (Noam Chomsky) dh xgu lajpuk
,oa ry lajpuk
4-2 ukbMk (Nida) }kjk izfrLFkkfir vuqokn&izfØ;k
4-3 U;wekdZ (New mark) }kjk izfrLFkkfir vuqokn&izfØ;k
4-4 ckFkxsV (Bathgate) dk fpUru
4-5 vuqokn&izfØ;k esa ukbMk] U;wekdZ vkSj ckFkxsV
5- vuqokn dh lhek,¡
5-1- vuqokn dh Hkk"kkijd lhek,¡
5-2- vuqokn dh lkekftd&lkaLd`frd lhek,¡
5-3- vuqokn dh ikB&izd`frijd lhek,¡
6- Ckks/k iz'u
7- lkjka'k
8- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- mís';

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %

• vuqokn ds lhfer ,oa O;kid Lo:i dks le> ldsaxs(
• vuqokn dh izfØ;k ls ifjfpr gksaxs(
• fo}kuksa }kjk izfrikfnr vuqokn&izfØ;k dks le> ldsaxs(
• vuqokn dh lhekvksa ls ifjfpr gksaxs(

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 34

2 izLrkouk
vuqokn dh izd`fr ,oa izdkj tkuus ds mijkUr izLrqr v/;k; esa
vuqokn ds Lo:i] vuqokn&izfØ;k ,oa vuqokn dh lhekvksa ds ckjs esa dh
ppkZ dh tk jgh gSA lcls egÙoiw.kZ gS& ^vuqokn dh izfØ;k*A vuqokn ds
O;kogkfjd igyq dks tkuus ds fy, vuqokn&izfØ;k dks le>uk t:jh gSA
blfy, izLrqr v/;k; esa ukbMk] U;wekdZ vkSj ckFkxsV& rhuksa fo}kuksa }kjk
izfrikfnr vuqokn&izfØ;k dks lksnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

3- vuqokn ds Lo:i
vuqokn ds Lo:i ds lUnHkZ eas fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSA dqN fo}Ttu
vuqokn dh izd`fr dks gh vuqokn dk Lo:i ekurs gSa] tc fd dqN
Hkk"kkfoKkuh vuqokn ds izdkj dks gh mlds Lo:i ds vUrxZr Lohdkjrs
gSaA bl lEcU/k esa MkW- johUnzukFk JhokLro dk er xzg.kh; gSA mUgksaus
vuqokn ds Lo:i dks lhfer vkSj O;kid ds vk/kkj ij nks oxksZa esa ck¡Vk
gSA blh vk/kkj ij vuqokn ds lhfer Lo:i vkSj O;kid Lo:i dh ppkZ
dh tk jgh gSA

3-1 vuqokn dk lhfer Lo:i

vuqokn ds Lo:i dks nks lanHkksZa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS&
1- vuqokn dk lhfer Lo:i rFkk
2- vuqokn dk O;kid Lo:i
vuqokn dh lk/kkj.k ifjHkk"kk ds varxZr iwoZ esa dgk x;k gS fd
vuqokn esa ,d Hkk"kk ds fufgr vFkZ dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk
gS vkSj ;gh vuqokn dk lhfer Lo:i gSA lhfer Lo:i ¼Hkk"kkarj.k lanHkZ½
esa vuqokn dks nks Hkk"kkvksa ds e/; gksus okyk ^vFkZ* dk varj.k ekuk tkrk
gSA bl lhfer Lo:i esa vuqokn ds nks vk;ke gksrs gSa&
1- ikB/kehZ vk;ke rFkk
2- izHkko/kehZ vk;ke
ikB/kehZ vk;ke ds varxZr vuqokn esa lzksr&Hkk"kk ikB dsanz esa jgrk
gS tks rduhdh ,oa lwpuk iz/kku lkefxz;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA tcfd
izHkko/kehZ vuqokn esa lzksr&Hkk"kk ikB dh lajpuk rFkk cqukoV dh vis{kk
ml izHkko dks idM+us dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gS tks lzksr&Hkk"kk ds ikBdksa

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 35

ij iM+k gSA bl izdkj dk vuqokn l`tukRed lkfgR; vkSj fo'ks"kdj
dfork ds vuqokn esa ykxw gksrk gSA

3-2 vuqokn dk O;kid Lo:i

vuqokn ds O;kid Lo:i ¼izrhdkarj.k lanHkZ½ esa vuqokn dks nks fHkUu izrhd
O;oLFkkvksa ds e/; gksus okyk ^vFkZ* dk varj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;s
izrhdkarj.k rhu oxksZa esa ck¡Vs x, gSa&
1- var%Hkkf"kd vuqokn ¼vUo;karj½]
2- varj Hkkf"kd ¼Hkk"kkarj½]
3- varj izrhdkRed vuqokn ¼izrhdkarj½
^var%Hkkf"kd* dk vFkZ gS ,d gh Hkk"kk ds varxZrA vFkkZr~ var%Hkkf"kd
vuqokn esa ge ,d Hkk"kk ds nks fHkUu izrhdksa ds e/; vuqokn djrs gSaA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] fgUnh dh fdlh dfork dk vuqokn fgUnh x| esa djrs gSa ;k
fgUnh dh fdlh dgkuh dks fgUnh dfork esa cnyrs gSa rks mls var%Hkkf"kd
vuqokn dgk tk,xkA blds foijhr varj Hkkf"kd vuqokn esa ge nks
fHkUu&fHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds fHkUu&fHkUu izrhdksa ds chp vuqokn djrs gSaA
varj Hkkf"kd vuqokn esa vuqokn dks u dsoy lzksr&Hkk"kk esa
y{;&Hkk"kk dh lajpukvksa] mudh izd`fr;ksa ls ifjfpr gksuk gksrk gS] oju~
mudh lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa] /kkfeZd fo'oklksa] ekU;rkvksa vkfn
dh lE;d~ tkudkjh Hkh mlds fy, cgqr t:jh gSA vU;Fkk og vuqokn ds
lkFk U;k; ugha dj ik,xkA
varj izrhdkRed vuqokn esa fdlh Hkk"kk dh izrhd O;oLFkk ls fdlh
vU; Hkk"ksÙkj izrhd O;oLFkk esa vuqokn fd;k tkrk gSA varj izrhdkRed
vuqokn esa izrhd&1 dk laca/k rks Hkk"kk ls gh gksrk gS] tcfd izrhd&2 dk
laca/k fdlh n`'; ek/;e ls gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ve`rk izhre ds
^fiatj* miU;kl dks fgUnh fQYe ^fiatj* esa cnyk tkuk varj&izrhdkRed
vuqokn gSA

4- vuqokn&izfØ;k

^izfØ;k* 'kCn vaxzsth ds ^process* dk i;kZ; gS] tks ^iz+fØ;k* ds

la;ksx ls cudj ^fof'k"V fØ;k* dk cks/k djkrk gS A fdlh dk;Z dh
izfØ;k ;k fof'k"V fØ;k dks tkuus dk vFkZ gksrk gS] dk;Z dks dSls
lEikfnr fd;k tk,A bl vFkZ esa vuqokn deZ esa ge Lkzksr&Hkk"kk ls

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 36

y{;&Hkk"kk rd igq¡pus ds fy, ftu Øec) lksikuksa ls gksdj xqt+jrs gSa]
mu lqfuf'pr o lksís'; lksikuksa dks ^vuqokn&izfØ;k* dgk tkrk gSA
vuqokn izfØ;k dh ppkZ dh 'kq#vkr [;kr Hkk"kkfoKkuh uksve
pkWeLdh¼Noam Chomsky½ ds fu"iknd O;kdj.k ¼Generative
1
Grammar ½ ls djrs gSaA

4-1 uksve pkWeLdh ¼Noam Chomsky½ dh xgu lajpuk ,oa ry

lajpuk
pkWeLdh vius fu"iknd O;kdj.k }kjk okD; ds lajpukRed fooj.k dks
fu/kkZfjr djrs gaS ftls fuEufyf[kr vkjs[k ds }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS %

iquysZ[kh; fu;e

vk/kkj xgu lajpuk jpukarj.k ry lajpuk

'kCndks'kh;fu; ¼vFkZxr O;k[;k ½ ¼LouizfØ;kRed O;k[;k½

¼vkjs[k % 1½

muds vuqlkj lajpuk dh n`f"V ls Hkk"kk ds nks rÙo gksrs gSa %

1&ry lajpuk vkSj
2&xgu lajpuk

ry lajpuk ls rkRi;Z gS Hkk"kk dh ckgjh Lou izfØ;k rFkk xgu

lajpuk ls vk'k; gS ry lajpuk esa fufgr vFkZ rÙoA pkWeLdh xgu
lajpuk dks ,d uSlfxZd vo;o ekurs gq, Hkk"kkvksa ds chp vUrj dks dsoy
ry lajpuk dk vUrj ekurs gSaA pkWeLdh us ;gk¡ tks vk/kkj ls xgu
lajpuk vkSj iqu% xgu lajpuk ls ry lajpuk dh nksgjh xfrfof/k dh
foospuk dh gS] og vuqokn&izfØ;k esa lzksr&Hkk"kk ds fodksMhdj.k rFkk
y{;&Hkk"kk esa mlds iqu% dksMhdj.k dks le>us esa lgk;d gSA vr% Åij
ds vkjs[k dks vuqokn dh izfØ;k esa fuEufyf[krkuqlkj cnyk tk ldrk
gS %

lzksr&Hkk"kk ds ys[ku fu;e y{;&Hkk"kk ds ys[ku fu;e

lzksr&Hkk"kk vFkZxr O;k[;k izfrLFkkiu y{;&Hkk"kk
lzksr&Hkk"kk ds 'kCndks'kh; fu;e y{;&Hkk"kk ds 'kCndks'kh; fu;e

¼vkjs[k % 2½

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 37

4-2 ukbMk (Nida) }kjk izfrLFkkfir vuqokn&izfØ;k
ukbMk us pkWeLdh ds ^xgu lajpuk* ,oa ^ry lajpuk* ds vk/kkj ij
vuqokn&izfØ;k esa fuEufyf[kr rhu lksikuksa dk mYYks[k fd;k gS %
1& fo'ys"k.k ¼Analysis½
2& vUrj.k ¼Transference½
3& iquxZBu ¼Restructuring½
ukbMk }kjk izfrLFkkfir vuqokn&izfØ;k dks fuEufyf[kr vkjs[k ds
ek/;e ls HkyhHkk¡fr le>k tk ldrk gS %

lzksr&Hkk"kk y{;&Hkk"kk

fo'ys"k.k iquXkZBu

vUrj.k
¼vkjs[k % 3½

ukbMk }kjk izfrLFkkfir vuqokn&izfØ;k dk ewy vk/kkj Hkk"kk

fo'ys"k.k ds fl)kUr gSA muds erkuqlkj igys lksiku esa vuqoknd
ewy&ikB ;k lzksr&Hkk"kk dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA ukbMk ewy&ikB ds
fo'ys"k.k ds fy, ,d lqfuf'pr Hkk"kk fl)kUr dh ckr djrs gSaA ;g
fo'ys"k.k Hkk"kk ds nksuksa Lrj] ckg~; lajpuk i{k rFkk vkH;Urj vFkZi{k ij
gksrk gS] ftlesa ewy&ikB dk 'kkfCnd vuqokn rS;kj gks tkrk gSA fo'ys"k.k
ls izkIr vFkZcks/k dk y{;&Hkk"kk esa vUrj.k vuqokn dk nwljk lksiku gksrk
gSA ;g vUrj.k lksiku esa lzksr&Hkk"kk ds lUns'k dks y{;&Hkk"kk dh Hkkf"kd
vfHkO;fDr esa iqufoZU;Lr fd;k tkrk gSA rhljs vkSj vfUre lksiku esa
y{;&Hkk"kk dh vfHkO;fDr iz.kkyh vkSj dFku jhfr ds vuqlkj mldk
fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ukbMk ds erkuqlkj vuqoknd dks ^lzksr&Hkk"kk ikB esa
fufgr vFkZ ;k lUns'k ds fo'ys"k.k rFkk y{;&Hkk"kk esa mlds iquxZBu* nks
/kzqoksa ds e/; fujUrj lE;d~ vkSj lVhd rkyesy fcBkuk gksrk gSA

d [k
lzksr&Hkk"kk&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&vuqoknd&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&y{;&Hkk"kk
fo'ys"k.k-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iquxZBu
¼vkjs[k % 4½

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 38

4-3 U;wekdZ (New mark) }kjk izfrLFkkfir vuqokn izfØ;k
U;wekdZ }kjk izfrLFkkfir vuqokn&izfØ;k ukbMk ds lksikuksa ls
feyrh tqyrh vo'; gS fdUrq og ukbMk ds fpUru ls vf/kd O;kid gSA
uhps fn, x, vkjs[k ls ;g ckr Li"V gks tk,xh %

cks/ku 2 vfHkO;fDrdj.k

1 3

lzksr&Hkk"kk &&&& vUrjØfed vuqokn &&&&&&&y{;&Hkk"kk

¼vkjs[k % 5½

U;wekdZ vuqokn&izfØ;k dks nks Lrjksa ij vk¡drs gSa %

1& igyk Lrj gS % vUrjØfed vuqokn] ftls [kafMr js[kk }kjk
tksM+k x;k gS] D;ksafd vUrjØfed vuqokn 'kCn&izfr&'kCn vuqokn
gksrk gS] tks fd Hkzked gSA
2& nwljk Lrj gS % ewy ikB dk vFkZ cks/ku vkSj y{;&Hkk"kk esa ml
vFkZ dk vfHkO;fDrdj.kA
U;wekdZ }kjk izLrkfor cks/ku dh izfØ;k] ukbMk ds fo'ys"k.k dh
izfØ;k ls bl n`f"V ls fHkUu gS fd blesa fo'ys"k.k ls izkIr vFkZ ds
lkFk&lkFk vuqoknd }kjk ewy&ikB dh O;k[;k dk Hkko Hkh lfEefyr gSA

4-4 ckFkxsV (Bathgate) dk fpUru

vuqokn&izfØ;k ds lEcU/k es ckFkxsV dk fpUru cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ
gSA ckFkxsV us vuqokn&izfØ;k esa ftu lksikuksa dh ifjdYiuk dh gS] og
lqfpfUrr] vk/kqfud ,oa oSKkfud gSaA ;s lksiku gSa %
lzksr&Hkk"kk

leUo;u

fo'ys"k.k

le>

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 39

 ikfjHkkf"kd vfHkO;fDr

iquxZBu

iqujh{k.k

i;kZykspu

y{;&Hkk"kk
dgus dh t+:jr ugha fd ;s lHkh lksiku ukbMk vkSj U;wekdZ }kjk
izLrkfor lksikuksa ls vf/kd laxr vkSj oSKkfud gSaA ijUrq blesa fn;k x;k
igyk lksiku ^leUo;u* vkSj vfUre lksiku ^i;kZykspu*] nksuksa dks vokUrj
ifjdYiuk dgk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd u rks lzksr&Hkk"kk ikB ds leUo;u
dh t+:jr gS u gh iqujh{k.k ds ckn i;kZykspu dh vko';drkA ^iqujh{k.k*
gh ,d izdkj dk *i;kZykspu* gSA

4-5 vuqokn&izfØ;k esa ukbMk] U;wekdZ vkSj ckFkxsV

vuqokn&izfØ;k ,d vkUrfjd izfØ;k gS] tks vuqoknd ds eu&efLr"d
esa ?kfVr gksrh gSA bls 'kCnc) djus ds ihNs ;g crykuk gS fd vuqokn
deZ esa lkekU;r% vuqoknd dks dkSu&dkSu ls pj.k ls gksdj xqt+juk gksrk
gSA lk/kkj.kr% vuqokn deZ esa fuEufyf[kr ik¡p lksiku gksrs gSa %
lzksr&Hkk"kk

fo'ys"k.k

cks/ku

Hkkf"kd vUrj.k

iquxZBu

iqujh{k.k

y{;&Hkk"kk

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 40

 mi;qZDr izfØ;k esa U;wekdZ] ukbMk ,oa ckFkxsV }kjk izLrkfor lksikuksa
dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA vc vuqokn ds bu lksikuksa ds O;kogkfjd iz;ksx
ds fy, ^gksjh dh xk; vHkh ugha vkbZ gS* dk vaxzsth vuqokn djrs gSaA ;g
iafDr izsepUn dh egku~ d`fr ^xksnku* dk fupksM+ gS tks Hkkjrh; fdlku dh
rRdkyhu o orZeku fLFkfr dks n'kkZrh gSA ^xksnku dh fo"k;&oLrq ls
ifjfpr vuqokndksa ds fy, bl iafDr dk vuqokn djuk vklku gksxk
tcfd blds foijhr ^xksnku* ls vifjfpr vuqoknd ds fy, vis{kkd`r
dfBu gks ldrk gSA og fufgr lUnHkZ dks u le>dj] bldk 'kkfCnd
vuqokn dj nsxk % ^Hori's cow has not come yet.* tks fd lgh vuqokn
ugha gSA exj ^xksnku* dh fo"k; oLrq ls ifjfpr vuqoknd tc bldk
vuqokn djsxk] rks og fuEufyf[kr lksikuksa ls gksdj xqt+jsxk %

lzksr&Hkk"kk
gksjh dh xk; vHkh ugha vkbZ gS A

1- fo'ys"k.k&
Hori's cow has not come yet.

2- cks/ku&
Hori' dream has not fulfilled yet.

3- Hkkf"kd vUrj.k&
Hori, i.e.Indian farmers are still there where they were.

4- iquxZBu&
No change occured in Indian farmers' status.

5- iqujh{k.k&
Status of Indian farmers has not been changed yet.

y{;&Hkk"kk
Status of Indian farmers has not been changed yet.

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 41

 D;ksafd ^gksjh dh xk; vHkh ugha vkbZ gS* bl iafDr ds ek/;e ls
fdlkuksa dh nqnZ'kk] mudh et+cjw h vkSj =klnh dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k
gSA vkt Hkh gtkjksa fdlku ykpkjh dh ft+nxh thus dks foo'k gSaA vuqokn
esa ;gh foo'krk o ykpkjh >yduh pkfg,A
mi;qZDr izLrkfor izfØ;k vuqokn deZ esa fufgr Hkkf"kd vUrj.k dh
izfØ;k dks le>us esa t+:j lgk;d gSa exj t+:jh ugha fd gj vuqoknd
vuqokn ds nkSjku bu lc izfØ;kvksa ls gksdj xqt+jsA ;g vuqoknd ds
Kku] dkS'ky vkSj vuqHko ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj gks ldrk gS fd dksbZ
vuqHkoh vuqoknd bu lksikuksa dks ,d Nykax esa ikj dj ysA nqHkkf"k;k
bldk loksZÙke mnkgj.k gSA njvly vuqokn dk fpUru {ks= bruk foLr`r
gS fd bls fdlh ;a=or izfØ;k dh lhek esa ugha ck¡/kk tk ldrkA

5- vuqokn dh lhek,¡
vuqokn vkSj vuqokn&izfØ;k dh ftu foy{k.krkvksa dks vuqokn
foKkfu;ksa us ckj&ckj js[kkafdr fd;k gS] mUgha ds ifjik'oZ ls fgUnh
vuqokn dh vusdkusd leL;k,¡ Hkh mHkjh gSaA cdkSy izks- ckysUnq 'ks[kj
frokjh fgUnh ds mfpr nk; dh laizkfIr esa ftu cgqr lkjh leL;kvksa dks
jkg dk iRFkj le>k tk jgk gS muesa vuqokn dh leL;k,¡ viuh fof'k"V
igpku j[krh gSaA
vuqokn ls Hkk"kk dk laLdkj gksrk gS] mldk vk/kqfudhdj.k gksrk gSA
og nks fHkUu laLd`fr;ksa dks tksM+us okyk laizs"k.k lsrq gSA ,d Hkk"kk dks
nwljh Hkk"kk esa vUrj.k dh izfØ;k esa vuqoknd nks fHkUu laLd`fr esa fLFkr
lerqY;rk dh [kkst djrk gSA ,rnFkZ mls i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa ds fofo/k :iksa
ls tw>uk iM+rk gSA blh [kkst vkSj larqyu cukus dh izfØ;k esa dHkh&dHkh
,d ,slk Hkh eksM+ vkrk gS tgk¡ vuqoknd dks fujk'k gksuk iM+rk gSA
lerqY;rk ;k i;kZ;okph 'kCn gkFk u yxus dh fujk'kkA vuuqok|rk
¼untranslatability½ dh ;gh fLFkfr vuqokn dh lhek gSA t:jh ugha fd
gj Hkk"kk vkSj laLd`fr dk i;kZ;okph nwljh Hkk"kk vkSj laLd`fr esa miyC/k
gksA izR;sd 'kCn dh viuh lÙkk vkSj lUnHkZ gksrk gSA dgk rks ;g Hkh tkrk
gS dksbZ 'kCn fdlh dk i;kZ;okph ugha gksrkA izR;sd 'kCn ,oa :i dk
viuk&viuk iz;ksx xr vFkZ&lUnHkZ lqjf{kr gSA bl n`f"V ls ,d 'kCn dks
nwljs dh txg j[k nsuk Hkh ,d leL;k gSA Li"V gS fd gj :i dh
viuh&viuh leL;k,¡ gSa vkSj bu leL;kvksa ds dkj.k vuqokn dh lhek,¡

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 42

cuh gqbZ gSaA blh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dSVQksMZ us vuqokn dh lhek,¡ nks
izdkj dh crk;h gSa&
1- Hkk"kkijd lhek,¡ vkSj
2- lkekftd&lkaLd`frd lhek,¡
Hkk"kkijd lhek ls vfHkizk; ;g gS fd lzksr&Hkk"kk ds 'kCn]
okD;jpuk vkfn dk i;kZ;okph :i y{;&Hkk"kk esa u feyukA
lkekftd&lkaLd`frd vfHkO;fDr;ksa ds vUrj.k esa Hkh dkQh lhekvksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS D;ksafd izR;sd Hkk"kk dk lEcU/k viuh
lkekftd&lkaLd`frd O;oLFkk ls tqMk+ gqvk gSA ijUrq iksiksfop dk dguk
gS fd Hkk"kkijd leL;k nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dh fHkUu lajpukvksa ds dkj.k mB
ldrh gS fdUrq lkekftd&lkaLd`frd leL;k lokZf/kd tfVy gksrh gSA
blds lkFk gh mUgksaus ;g Hkh dgk gS fd Hkk"kkijd vkSj lkekftd
&lkaLd`frd leL;k,¡ ,d&nwljs ds lkFk xq¡Fkh gqbZ gSa] vr% bldk foospu
,d nwljs dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A cgjgky] bl ppkZ ls
;g Li"V gks x;k fd vuqokn dh lhekvksa dks rhu oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k
tk ldrk gS %
1- Hkk"kkijd lhek,¡]
2- lkekftd&lkaLd`frd lhek,¡ vkSj
3- ikB&izd`frijd lhek,¡
bu lhekvksa dh laf{kIr ppkZ t:jh gSA

5-1 vuqokn dh Hkk"kkijd lhek,¡

tSlk fd Åij ladsr fd;k tk pqdk gS fd izR;sd Hkk"kk dh viuh
lajpuk ,oa izd`fr gksrh gSA blhfy, lzksr&Hkk"kk vkSj y{;&Hkk"kk ds Hkkf"kd
:iksa esa leku vFkZ feyus dh fLFkfr cgqr de gksrh gSA dbZ ckj
lzksr&Hkk"kk ds leku okD;ksa esa lw{e vFkZ dh izkfIr gksrh gS ysfdu mudk
vUrj.k y{;&Hkk"kk esa dj ikuk lEHko ugha gksrkA mnkgj.kkFkZ bu nksuksa
okD;ksa dks ns[ksa % ^ydM+h dV jgh gS* vkSj ^ydM+h dkVh tk jgh gS*A lw{e
vFkZ Hksn ds dkj.k bu nksuksa dk vyx&vyx vaxzsth vuqokn laHko ugha
gksxkA fQj fdlh d`fr esa vapy&fo'ks"k ;k {ks=&fo'ks"k ds tu&thou dk
lexz fp=.k viuh {ks=h; Hkk"kk ;k cksyh esa ftruk LokHkkfod ;k lVhd gks
ikrk gS mruk Hkk"kk ds vU; :i esa ughaA tSls fd Q.kh'ojukFk js.kq dk
^eSyk vk¡py*A bl miU;kl esa vapy fo'ks"k ds yksxksa dh tks lgt
vfHkO;fDr feyrh gS mls nwljh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djuk cgqr dfBu dk;Z
gSA blds vfrfjDr Hkk"kk dh fofHkUu cksfy;k¡ vius {ks=ksa dh fof'k"Vrk dks

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 43

vius Hkhrj lesVs gksrh gaSA ;g izo`fÙk /ofu] 'kCn] okD; vkfn ds Lrjksa ij
ns[kh tk ldrh gSA tSls phuh] tkikuh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ /oU;kRed u gksus ds
dkj.k muesa rduhdh 'kCnksa dks vuwfnr djuk Je lk/; gksrk gSA vuqokn
djrs le; ukeksa ds vuqokn dh leL;k Hkh lkeus vkrh gSA fyI;Urj.k
djus ij muds mPPkkj.k esa cgqr vUrj vk tkrk gSA LFkku fo'ks"k Hkh Hkk"kk
dks cgqr izHkkfor djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,fLdeks Hkk"kk esa cQZ ds
X;kjg uke gSa ftls nwljh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn djuk lEHko ugha gSA
okLro esa fgUnh esa vuqokn dh leL;k,¡ bl Hkk"kk ds ewyHkwr pfj=
dh U;wurkvksa vkSj fof'k"Vrkvksa ls tqMh+ gqbZ gSaA oLrqr% fgUnh tSlh fo'kky
g`n; Hkk"kk esa vuqokn dh leL;k,¡ viuh vyx igpku j[krh gSaA
fHkUukFkZdrk] U;wukFkZdrk] vkf/kdkfjdrk] inkxzg] fHkUuk'k;rk vkSj
'kCnfod`fr tSls nks"k gh fgUnh esa vuqokn dk;Z ds iFkck/kd ugha gSa] cfYd
fgUnh ds vuqoknd dks viuh jpuk dh laizs"k.kh;rk dh leL;k ls Hkh
tw>uk iM+rk gSA fuEufyf[kr vkjs[k ls ckrsa Li"V gks tk,xha&

vuqokn dh Hkk"kkoSKkfud lhek,¡

/ofu@O;aX;kFkZ Lofue Lrj

lkekftd@lkaLd`frd vFkZ vuqokn 'kCn Lrj
ikfjHkkf"kd vFkZ :i Lrj
leku 'kCnkoyh vFkZ 'kSyh okD; Lrj
leku 'kCnkoyh Lofue Lrj
esa vFkZ oSfHkU;
¼vkjs[k % 1½

5-2 vuqokn dh lkekftd&lkaLd`frd lhek,¡

/keZ ,oa n'kZu

jktuhfr ,oa lkfgR;
dwVuhfr

vuqokn
laizs"k.k f'k{kk
lapkj

O;olk;
,oa okf.kT; lkekftd
foKku
foKku ,oa rduhdh

¼ laLd`fr vkSj vuqokn ½

¼vkjs[k % 2½

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 44

mi;qZDr laLd`fr&pØ ls Li"V gS fd Hkk"kk vkSj laLd`fr dk vVwV lEcU/k
gksrk gSA vuqokn rks nks fHkUu laLd`fr;ksa dks tksM+us okyk
laizs"k.k&lkaLd`frd lsrq gSA ,d Hkk"kk dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa vUrj.k dh izfØ;k
esa vuqoknd nks fHkUu laLd`fr esa fLFkr lerqY;rk dh [kkst djrk gSA
okLro esa ekuo vfHkO;fDr ds ,d Hkk"kk :i esa HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld vkSj
lkekftd&lkaLd`frd rÙoksa dk lekos'k gks tkrk gS tks ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh
Hkk"kk esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA vr% lzksr&Hkk"kk ds dF; dks y{;&Hkk"kk esa iw.kZr;k
la;ksftr djus esa vuqoknd dks dbZ ckj vleFkZrk dk lkekuk djuk iM+rk
gSA ;g ckr vo'; gS fd lelkaLd`frd Hkk"kkvksa dh vis{kk fo"ke
lkaLd`frd Hkk"kkvksa ds ijLij vuqokn esa dqN gn rd vf/kd leL;k,¡
jgrh gaSA ^nsoj&HkkHkh*] ^thtk&lkyh* dk vuqokn ;wjksih; Hkk"kk esa ugha gks
ldrk D;ksafd Hkko dh n`f"V ls blesa tks lkekftd lwpuk fufgr gS og
'kCn ds Lrj ij ugha vk¡dh tk ldrhA blh izdkj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds
^deZ* dk vFkZ u rks ^aaction* gks ldrk gS vkSj u gh ^aperformance*
D;ksafd ^deZ* ls ;gk¡ iqutZUe fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS tcfd ^aaction* vkSj
^aperformance* esa ,slk Hkko ugha feyrkA

5-3 vuqokn dh ikB&izd`frijd lhek,¡

vuqokn dh vko';drk dk vuqHko fgUnh esa blh dkj.k rhozrk ls
fd;k x;k fd Hkk"kkvksa ds ikjLifjd vknku&iznku ls fgUnh dks le`) gksus
esa lgk;rk feysxh vkSj Hkk"kk ds oSpkfjd rFkk vfHkO;atukewyd Lo:i esa
ifjorZu vk,xkA fgUnh esa vuqokn ds egÙo dks e/;dkyhu Vhdkdkjksa us
ikafMR; ds /kjkry ij Lohdkj fd;k Fkk] ysfdu ;wjksih; lEidZ ds i'pkr~
fgUnh dks vuqokn dh 'kfDr ls ifjfpr gksus dk o`gÙkj vuqHko feykA
fgUnh esa vuqokn dh ijEijk Hkys gh vuqdj.k ls izkjEHk gqbZ] ysfdu vkt
Kku&foKku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa vuqokn dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa us fgUnh
dk jkLrk jksd j[kk gSA fofHkUu fo"k;ksa rFkk dk;Z{ks=ksa dh Hkk"kk fof'k"V
izdkj dh gksrh gSA iz'kklfud {ks= esa dbZ ckj ^asanction* vkSj ^aapproval*
dk vFkZ lUnHkZ ds vuqlkj ,d tSlk yxrk gS] vr% ogk¡ nksuksa 'kCnksa esa
Hksn dj ikuk lEHko ugha gSA blh izdkj thofoKku esa ^apoison* vkSj
^avenom* 'kCnksa dk vFkZ ,d gS fdUrq ;s vius fof'k"V xq.kksa ds dkj.k fHkUu
gks tkrs gSaA vr% ikB dh izd`fr ds vuqlkj ikB dk foU;kl djuk iM+rk
gSA tc rd ikB dh izd`fr vkSj mlds ikBd dk fu/kkZj.k ugha gks ikrk
rc rd mldk vuqokn dj ikuk lEHko ugha gks ikrkA

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 45

 dqy feykdj dgk tk ldrk gS fd gj Hkk"kk dh viuh lajpukRed
O;oLFkk vkSj lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ijEijk gksrh gSA blds lkFk&lkFk
fofHkUu iz;kstuksa esa iz;qDr gksus ds dkj.k mldk viuk Lo:i Hkh gksrk gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd vuqokn dh izfØ;k esa lzksr&Hkk"kk vkSj y{;&Hkk"kk dh
lerqY;rk ds cnys mldk U;wukuqokn ;k vf/kvuqokn gh gks ikrk gSA

lUnHkZ &
1& Generative grammar : a particular grammar of a particular language which, in a
purely mechanical way, is capable of enumerating all and only the grammatical
sentence of that language. Generative grammar in this sense was introduced by Noam
Chomsky in the 1950s.

6- cks/k iz'u

1- vuqokn&izfØ;k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \

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2- vuqokn ds O;kid Lo:i dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS \
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3- vuqokn ds lhfer Lo:i ds fdrus vk;ke gksrs gSa \
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4- ukbMk }kjk izLrkfor vuqokn dh izfØ;k esa vk, rhuksa lksikuksa dh ppkZ
dhft, \
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5- U;wekdZ }kjk ladsfrr cks/ku dh izfØ;k dks ukbMk }kjk izLrkfor

fo'ys"k.k izfØ;k ls vf/kd O;kid D;ksa ekuk x;k gS \
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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 46

7- lkjka'k
izLrqr lkexzh esa geus ns[kk fd vuqokn ,d Hkkf"kd izfØ;k gSA
y{;&Hkk"kk esa fufgr vFkZ ;k lans'k dk lzksr&Hkk"kk esa varj.k djuk vuqokn
dgk tkrk gSA vuqokn ds Lo:i dh ppkZ djrs gq, geus ik;k fd O;kid
Lo:i esa vuqokn dks ^izrhdkarj.k* ds :i esa xzg.k fd;k tkrk gS tcfd
lhfer Lo:i esa mls ^Hkk"kkarj.k* ds :i esa Lohdkjk tkrk gSA geus tkuk
fd vuqokn izfØ;k ,d ekufld dk;Z&O;kikj gS vkSj ;g t:jh ugha fd
fo}kuksa }kjk izfrikfnr vuqokn izfØ;kvksa ds gj lksiku ls Øe'k% xqtjdj
gh vuqokn dk;Z fd;k tk,A geus ;g Hkh tku fd vuqokn nks fHkUu
laLd`fr;ksa dks tksM+us okyk laizs"k.k lsrq gSA ,d Hkk"kk dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa
vUrj.k dh izfØ;k esa vuqoknd nks fHkUu laLd`fr esa fLFkr lerqY;rk dh
[kkst djrk gSA ijUrq ;g t:jh ugha fd gj Hkk"kk vkSj laLd`fr dk
i;kZ;okph nwljh Hkk"kk vkSj laLd`fr esa miyC/k gksA izR;sd 'kCn dh viuh
lÙkk vkSj lUnHkZ gksrk gSA dgk rks ;g Hkh tkrk gS dksbZ 'kCn fdlh dk
i;kZ;okph ugha gksrkA izR;sd 'kCn ,oa :i dk viuk&viuk iz;ksx xr
vFkZ&lUnHkZ lqjf{kr gSA bl n`f"V ls ,d 'kCn dks nwljs dh txg j[k nsuk
Hkh ,d leL;k gSA Li"V gS fd gj :i dh viuh&viuh leL;k,¡ gSa vkSj
bu leL;kvksa ds dkj.k vuqokn dh lhek,¡ cuh gqbZ gSaA blfy, lzksr&Hkk"kk
dh vfHkO;fDr esa tks vFkZ O;Dr gksrk gS mldh rqyuk esa y{;&Hkk"kk eas
O;Dr fd;k x;k vFkZ ;k rks foLr`r ;k ladqfpr ;k dqN fHkUu gksrk gSA

8- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- ns[ksa Hkkx 4
2- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-2
3- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-1
4- ns[kas Hkkx 4-2
5- ns[ksa Hkkx 4-3

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 47

bdkbZ&4 % vuqokn ,oa Hkk"kkfoKku
:ijs[kk
1- mís';
2- izLrkouk
3- vuqokn vkSj Hkk"kkfoKku
3-1 Hkk"kk dk vuqokn vkSj vuqokn dh Hkk"kk
3-2 vuqokn vkSj vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku
4- vuqokn vkSj Hkk"kkfoKku dk vUrlZEcU/k
4-1 Hkk"kkfoKku ,oa vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku
4-2 vuqokn ,oa O;frjsdh Hkk"kkfoKku
4-3 vuqokn ,oa /ofufoKku
4-4 vuqokn ,oa vuqys[ku
4-5 vuqokn ,oa :ifoKku
4-6 vuqokn ,oa 'kCnfoKku
4-7 vuqokn ,oa vFkZfoKku
4-8 vuqokn ,oa okD;foKku
5- cks/k iz'u
6- lkjka'k
7- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- mís';
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki%
• Hkk"kk dk vuqokn ,oa vuqokn dh Hkk"kk ds ckjs eas lkekU; ifjp; ik
ldsaxs(
• vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ,oa vuqokn ds lEcU/k dks js[kkafdr dj
ldsaxs(
• Hkk"kkfoKku ,oa vuqokn ds var% lEcU/k dks igpku ldsaxs(

2- izLrkouk
Hkk"kk foKkfu;ksa us vuqokn ds v/;;u dh tks Hkk"kkoSKkfud n`f"V dk
fodkl fd;k gS mldk lh/kk lEcU/k vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ¼Applied
Linguistics½ ls gSA bl n`f"V ls izLrqr v/;k; ^vuqokn vkSj Hkk"kkfoKku*

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 48

esa vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ds lkekU; ifjp; djkus ds lkFk&lkFk
Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj vuqokn ds lEcU/k dh ppkZ dh xbZA

3- vuqokn vkSj Hkk"kkfoKku

vuqokn ,d Hkkf"kd dyk gSA lkekU; vFkZ esa] ,d Hkk"kk esa dgh xbZ
ckr dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa dguk ^vuqokn* gSA ;gk¡ dFku ;k vfHkO;fDr dk
ek/;e gS ^Hkk"kk*A Li"V gS fd vuqokn fØ;k iw.kZr% Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr gSA
dnkfpr blhfy, HkksykukFk frokjh th us vuqokn dks ^Hkk"kkUrj* dgk gSA
,d Hkkf"kd fØ;k gksus ds ukrs vuqokn dk Hkk"kk ls gh ugha] Hkk"kkfoKku ls
Hkh xgjk lEcU/k gS] D;ksafd Hkk"kkfoKku esa ^Hkk"kk* dk oSKkfud v/;;u gksrk
gSA Hkk"kk dh lajpuk esa /ofu] 'kCn] :i] vFkZ] okD; vkfn dbZ Lrj gksrs
gSaA buds vk/kkj ij Hkk"kkfoKku ds vUrxZr /ofufoKku] :ifoKku]
vFkZfoKku] okD;foKku vkfn dk fof/kor o oSKkfud v/;;u fd;k tkrk
gSA vuqokn esa Hkh /ofu] 'kCn] :i vkfn dh n`f"V ls lzksr&Hkk"kk vkSj
y{;&Hkk"kk dh rqyuk djuh gksrh gSA bu fofo/k Lrjksa ij nks Hkk"kkvksa dh
izd`fr] lajpuk] 'kSyh vkfn esa tks vUrj gksrs gSa] os leku izrhr gksus okys
izlaxksa esa Hkh vyx&vyx vFkZ Hkj nsrs gSaA vuqokn esa Hkk"kkUrj.k ds ckotwn
vFkZ dh j{kk vifjgk;Z gksrh gSA vr% vuqoknd dks lzksr&Hkk"kk rFkk
y{;&Hkk"kk dh izd`fr] lajpuk] fofo/k Hkkf"kd rFkk O;kdjf.kd Lrjksa]
fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa rFkk bu reke i{kksa ls lEc) vFkZ O;atukvksa dk lEiw.kZ
Kku gksuk pkfg,A

3-1 Hkk"kk dk vuqokn vkSj vuqokn dh Hkk"kk

Hkkjro"kZ foHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ,oa miHkk"kkvksa :ih lfjrkvksa dk laxe gSA
;gk¡ ,d vksj laLd`fr dh ikou xaxk izokfgr gS ftlus ve`r ok³~e; ls
leLr {ks=h; Hkk"kkvksa dks Hkh vuqizkf.kr fd;k gS] nwljh vksj gekjh laLd`fr
dh var%lfyyk ljLorh gS tks fofof/k os'kHkw"kk] jhfrfjoktksa ds ckg~; Hksnksa
dh fo|ekurk ds ckotwn leLr Hkkjr dks jkxkRedrk ds ,d lw+= esa ck¡/ks
gq, gSaA Hkk"kk gh og thou&T;ksfr gS tks ekuo dks ekuo ls tksM+rh gSA
;g fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku esa lgk;d gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ijEijkvksa]
laLd`fr;ksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa ,oa fo'oklksa dks le>us dk l'kDr ek/;e Hkh
gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k dh /kM+du mldh Hkk"kk esa gh fufgr gksrh gSA tgk¡ Hkk"kk
fopkjksa dh laokfgdk gS] ogha vuqokn fofo/k Hkk"kkvksa ,oa fofo/k laLd`fr;ksa

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 49

ls lk{kkRdkj djkus okyk lk/kuA vuqoknd vius HkkxhjFk iz;kl ls nks
fHkUu ,oa vifjfpr laLd`fr;ksa] ifjos'kksa ,oa Hkk"kkvksa dh lkSUn;Z psruk dks
vfHkUu vkSj ifjfpr crk nsrk gSA
vuqokn mruk gh izkphu gS ftruh fd Hkk"kkA gekjk Hkkjr Hkk"kkvksa
vkSj muds cksyus okyksa dh la[;k dh n`f"V ls ;wjksi ls cgqr cM+k gSA vkSj
lp rks ;g gS fd Hkk"kkvksa ds ekeys esa ge nqfu;k ds fljekSj gSaA nqfu;k
dh ipkl cM+h Hkk"kkvksa esa ls ,d frgkbZ Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk,¡ gaSA vukfn dky
ls os euq"; tkfr ds ikjLifjd vknku&iznku dk l'kDr ek/;e jgh gSaA
Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; gekjh laLd`fr ds mn~xkrk vkSj laokgd jgh gSaA
Hkk"kk vkSj vuqokn dk Hkfo"; ijLij vU;ksU;kfJr gSA Hkk"kk dk
Hkfo"; vuqokn dk Hkh Hkfo"; gS A orZeku Hkk"kk ds :i dks igpkurs gq,
Hkfo"; dh dYiuk dh tkrh gSA vkt dbZ izdkj ds Hkk"kk&:i gSa] tSls
cksypku dh Hkk"kk] lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk] ek/;e Hkk"kk] lEidZ Hkk"kk] tulapkj
ek/;e dh Hkk"kk bR;kfnA cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa O;kdj.k ds Kku dh
vko';drk ugha] tcfd lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk esa jpuk/kfeZrk izdV gksus ds
dkj.k O;kdj.k dk Kku vko';d gSA ek/;e Hkk"kk ds }kjk f'k{k.k izkIr
djrs gSaA tulapkj dh Hkk"kk ds fizaV vkSj bysDVªkWfud nks vyx izdkj ds
ek/;e gSaA bldk eq[; mn~ns'; turk dks lwpuk nsuk] izf'k{k.k] izcks/ku]
vfHkizsj.k] izksRlkgu rFkk euksjatu djuk gSA blh dkj.k bl ek/;e esa
Hkk"kk dks jkspd :i esa izLrqr djus dk fo'ks"k iz;kl jgrk gSA
;g vyx ckr gS fd ckt+kjokn ds pyrs vkt Hkk"kk dk
O;kolk;hdj.k gks x;k gSA baVjusV] daI;wVj vkfn ds dkj.k nSufUnu thou
dh vko';drkvksa esa iz;ksx gksus okyh Hkk"kk ij foLrkj nsus dk iz;kl gksus
yxk gSA Hkk"kk esa fnuksafnu ifj"dkj gks jgk gS] ftlls 'kCnksa esa fu[kkj vkrk
tk jgk gSA igys ^Public Latrine* 'kCn fy, ^laMkl* 'kCn dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk Fkk] tks lquus vkSj cksyus esa cM+k v#fpdj yxrk Fkk] ijUrq
/khjs&/khjs blds LFkku ij izlk/ku] lqyHk 'kkSpky;] tulqfo/kk,¡ vkfn 'kCn
vk,] ;s 'kCn T;knk xfjek eafMr gSaA
Hkk"kk dh lcls cM+h 'kfDr mldh xzg.k {kerk gS] ftl Hkk"kk esa ;g
xq.k ugha] og Hkk"kk ne rksM+ gSA fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk ls vuqokn djrs le;
vuqokn ds ljyhdj.k dk iz;kl jguk pkfg,A ;fn vuqokn dks tfVy
cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k rks fLFkfr fcxM+us dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA
laizs"k.k xzkg~;rk tc rd Hkk"kk esa ugha gksxh] og vuqokn ;k Hkk"kk
tulEidZ dk ek/;e ugha cu ldrhA Hkk"kk HkkokfHkO;fDr ds lkFk&lkFk
fpUru dk Hkh ek/;e gSA gj 'kCn dh O;atuk] izd`fr] izo`fÙk] laLd`fr]

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 50

bfrgkl vyx gksrk gSA vr% vuqokn djrs le; bls le>uk gksxkA Hkk"kk
vkSj 'kCn dh izd`fr ls HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gksuk gksxkA

3-2 vuqokn vkSj vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku

vk/kqfud ;qx dks vuqokn dk ;qx dgsaxs vfr'k;ksfDr u gksxhA
D;ksafd vuqokn&v/;;u vkSj vuqla/kku vk/kqfud ;qx dh iqdkj gSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] vk/kqfud ;qx esa thou ds vusd {ks=ksa ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk
Hkk"kk;h Lrj ij] laizs"k.k&O;kikj gsrq vuqokn ,d vge~ vko';drk ds :i
esa mHkjdj lkeus vk;k gSA orZeku ifjizs{; esa tc ge fdlh ,d Hkk"kk eas
vfHkO;Dr Hkko ;k fopkjksa ds fyf[kr :i dks fdlh vU; Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh
leqnk; ds laizs"k.kkFkZ] nwljh Hkk"kk esa ;Fkklk/; ewyfu"B fdUrq cks/kxE; :i
esa ifjofrZr djrs gSa rks ;g Hkko ;k fopkjksa ds lksís';iw.kZ Hkk"kkUrj&izfØ;k
^vuqokn* dgykrh gSA
vk/kqfud Hkk"kkfoKku esa Hkk"kk ds vuqizk;ksfxd i{k ij Hkh fpUru
gqvk gSA ^Hkk"kk dk lS)kfUrd fo'ys"k.k vkSj okD;] :fie] Lofue vkfn
mlds O;kdjf.kd Lrjksa dk oSKkfud v/;;u Hkk"kkfoKkUk dk fl)kUr
dgykrk gS] tcfd lkS)kfUrd Hkk"kkfoKku ds fu;eksa fl)kUrksa] rF;ksa vkSj
fu"d"kksaZ dk fdlh vU; fo"k; esa vuqiz;ksx djus dh izfØ;k vksj fØ;k
dyki dk foKku gh vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku(Applied Linguistics) gSA*
cdkSy d`".kdqekj xksLokeh vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku izk;ksfxd ,oa dk;ksZUeq[k
,d ,slh oSKkfud fo/kk gS] tks ekuo dk;Z&O;kikj esa mBus okyh Hkk"kkxr
leL;kvksa dk lek/kku <w¡<rh gSA Hkkf"kd {kerk ,oa Hkkf"kd O;ogkj ds
lUnHkZ esa vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku dk lEcU/k izR;{kr% O;ogkj i{k ls tqM+k
gqvk gSA ;fn Hkk"kkfoKku izR;sd ^D;k* dk mÙkj nsrk gS vuqiz;qDr
Hkk"kkfoKku izR;sd ^dSls* rFkk ^D;ksa* dk mÙkj nsrk gSA ;g miHkksDrk lkis{k
gksrk gS] ftlesa Hkk"kk ds miHkksDrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr y{;
ds lUnHkZ esa Hkk"kk&fl)kUrksa dk vuqiz;ksx gksrk gSA okLro esa Hkk"kk ls ge
D;k&D;k dke ys ldrs gSa] vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ml fn'kk esa dke djrk
gSA blfy, tSls&tSls bldh mi;ksfxrk c<+rh xbZ] ns'k ,oa dky ds
vuqlkj mls fHkUu&fHkUu fo/kkvksa ls lEc) fd;k tkrk jgk gS( ;Fkk
Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k] vuqokn] dks'kfoKku] 'kSyhfoKku] daI;wVj Hkk"kkfoKku] lekt
Hkk"kkfoKkuA
lkekU;r% vuqokn ls vfHkizk; ,d Hkk"kkbZ lajpuk ds izrhdksa ds
}kjk lEizs"; vFkZ dks nwljh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk ds izrhdksa esa ifjofrZr djus
ls fy;k tkrk gSA MkVsZLV us vuqokn dks vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku dh ,d

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 51

'kk[kk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd vuqokn] vuqiz;qDr
Hkk"kkfoKku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlesa fo'ks"kr% ,d izfrekfur izrhd lewg ls
nwljs izfrekfur izrhd lewg esa vFkZ dks vUrfjr djus dh leL;k ;k rr~
lEcU/kh rF;ksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tkrk gS %
^Translation is that branch of applied science of language
which is specifically concerned with the problem -or the fact- of the
transference of meaning from one set of patterned symbols into
another set of patterned symbols.* (&Loche & Booth, 1995, pg. 124)
vuqokn dks vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ds vUrxZr 'kkfey djus dk
dkj.k ;g gS fd vuqokn deZ esa lzksr&Hkk"kk ls y{;&Hkk"kk rd igq¡pus esa
ge ftu izfØ;kvksa ls gksdj xqtjrs gSa mldk oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k
(scientific analysis) fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkk"kk foKkfu;ksa dk ekuuk gS
fd vuqokn fØ;k esa igys lzksr&Hkk"kk dk fodksMhdj.k (Decoding of
Source Language) gksrk gS ftldk ckn esa y{;&Hkk"kk esa iqu%
dksMhdj.k (Encoding of Target Language) fd;k tkrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr Øe dks ns[ksa %
1- lzksr&Hkk"kk (Encoding of Source Language ) 2- lzksr&Hkk"kk
dk dksMhd`r lans'k (Encoded message S.L.) 3- vUrj.k
vFkkZr~ lzksr&Hkk"kk dk fodksMhdj.k (Decoding of S.L.)
4- y{;&Hkk"kk dk dksMhd`r lans'k (Encoded message of
Target Language) 5- y{;&Hkk"kk (Encoding of T.L.)

bls fuEufyf[kr vkjs[k ls lgt gh le>k tk ldrk gS %

1- lzksr&Hkk"kk 5-y{;&Hkk"kk

2- lzksr&Hkk"kk 4- y{;&Hkk"kk
dk dksMhd`r dk dksMhd`r
lans'k && &&&&&&&&&&¼vUrj.k½&&&&&&&&&&& lans'k

3- fodksMhdj.k

vkjs[k % 1

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 52

 vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ds {ks= ds lEcU/k esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSaA
blh ifjizs{; ea johUnzukFk JhokLro] HkksykukFk frokjh vkSj d`".kdqekj
xksLokeh us vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ds dk;Z{ks= dk v/;;u djrs gq, mlds
rhu lUnHkZ crk, gSa %
1- Kku&{ks= dk lUnHkZ
2- fo/kk&{ks= dk lUnHkZ
3- Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk lUnHkZ
Kku&{ks= esa Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj mlds fl)kUrksa dk vuqiz;ksx Kku ds
vU; {ks=ksa dks Li"V djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls euksHkk"kkfoKku]
lektHkk"kkfoKku] daI;wVj Hkk"kkfoKku vkfnA
fo/kk&{ks= esa Hkk"kkoSKkfud fl)kUrksa dk vuqiz;ksx fo'ks"k fo/kkvksa esa
fd;k tkrk gSA 'kSyhfoKku] vuqoknfoKku] dks'kfoKku] okd~fpfdRlk
foKku vkfnA
tgk¡ rd Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk iz'u gS] nwljh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ¼Second
Language Teaching½ vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ 'kk[kk gSA
Hkk"kkfoKku ds {ks= esa nwljh Hkk"kk* in ,d ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn ds :i esa
iz;qDr gksrk gS ftldh ,d fuf'pr ladYiuk gSA ekr`Hkk"kk gekjh izFke
Hkk"kk¼First Language½ gksrh gSA nwljh Hkk"kk dks lh[kus esa ek/;e curh gS
ekr`Hkk"kkA nwljh Hkk"kk ds :i esa tc og dksbZ vU; Hkk"kk i<+rk gS rc
mlds lkspus&le>us esa ekr`Hkk"kk mldh O;kogkfjd Hkk"kk jgrh gS D;ksafd
og O;fDr dh thou i)fr] vkpkj&fopkj vkSj O;ogkj dh Hkk"kk gksrh gSA
nwljh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa vuqokn dh izfØ;k dks Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k ds
:i esa viuk;k tkrk gSA vuqokn Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh ijEijkxr vkSj fl)
i)fr gSA ekr`Hkk"kk vFkok izFke Hkk"kk dk tks lajpukxr <k¡pk O;fDr ds
efLr"d esa O;kogkfjd Lrj ij fo|eku gksrk gS] mldk mi;ksx bl i)fr
ls nwljh Hkk"kk fl[kkus esa dj fy;k tkr gS vkSj O;fDr /khjs&/khjs
lqfo/kktud <ax ls nwljh Hkk"kk O;ogkj esa n{krk vftZr dj ysrk gSA
vuqokn&izfØ;k dh Hkk¡fr mls viuh Hkk"kk ¼lzksr&Hkk"kk½ dh 'kCnkoyh ds
i;kZ; mls nwljh Hkk"kk esa [kkstdj ;kn djus gksrs gSa] bu 'kCnksa ds fofHkUu
:iksa ls ifjp; izkIr djuk gksrk gS rFkk Hkk"kk ds lajpukxr ¼O;kdj.k
laca/kh½ fu;eksa dh tkudkjh gkfly djuh gksrh gSA bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx
djrs gq, okDr&jpuk djrs le; og fu;eksa dk lrdZrkiwoZd ikyu
djrk gSA ,slk djrs le; og viuh Hkk"kk esa lksprk gS] fQj ml ckr dks
ml Hkk"kk esa i<+rk gS] ml ikB ds i;kZ; viuh Hkk"kk es ryk'krk gS vkSj
dF; dks nwljh Hkk"kk¼y{;&Hkk"kk½ esa izLrqr djrk gSA

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 53

 vuqokn ds ek/;e ls nwljh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k nqfu;k Hkj esa cgqr le;
ls izpfyr jgk gSA lfn;ksa ls yksx bl i)fr ls Hkk"kk lh[krs jgs gSaA

4- vuqokn vkSj Hkk"kkfoKku dk vUrlZEcU/k

4-1 Hkk"kkfoKku ,oa vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku

Hkk"kk dk fof/kor ,oa oSKkfud v/;;u Hkk"kkfoKku fl)kUr dgykrk
gS tcfd lS)kfUrd Hkk"kkfoKku ds fu;eksa] fl)kUrksa] rF;ksa vkSj fu"d"kksZa dk
fdlh vU; fo"k; esa vuqiz;ksx djus dh izfØ;k vkSj fØ;k&dyki dk
foKku gh vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks] vuqiz;qDr
Hkk"kkfoKku esa Hkk"kkfoKku ls izkIr lS)kfUrd tkudkjh dk fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa
vuqiz;ksx djrs gSaA vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKkuh vius Kku HkaMkj ds foospukRed
ijh{k.k ds i'pkr~ mldk vuqiz;ksx mu {ks=ksa esa djrk gS tgk¡ ekuo&Hkk"kk
,d dsUnzh; ?kVd gksrh gS ftlls mu {ks=ksa dh dk;Z{kerk dk lao)Zu
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ,d ,slh izk;ksfxd] dk;ksZUeq[k oSKkfud fo/kk
gS tks ekuo dk;Z&O;kikj eas mBus okyh Hkk"kkxr leL;kvksa dk lek/kku
<w¡<+rh gSA Hkkf"kd {kerk ,oa Hkkf"kd O;ogkj ds lUnHkZ esa vuqiz;qDr
Hkk"kkfoKku dk lEcU/k izR;{kr% O;ogkj i{k ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ;fn
Hkk"kkfoKku izR;sd ^D;k* dk mÙkj nsrk gS rks vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku izR;sd
^dSls* rFkk ^D;ksa* dk mÙkj nsrk gSA pw¡fd vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku dk lEcU/k
fo'ks"k fo/kkvksa ls gS] vr% blesa Hkk"kkoSKkfud fl)kUrksa dk tks vuqiz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS mldk y{; lafØ;kRed gksrk gSA lafØ;kRed :i esa
'kSyhfoKku] vuqoknfoKku] dks'kfoKku] okd~fpfdRlk foKku vkfn fo"k;ksa esa
Hkk"kkoSKkfud fl)kUrksa dk vuqiz;ksx vfuok;Zr% gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;s eq[;r%
Hkk"kk ls lEc) gSaA bu fo/kkvksa dks ,d fuf'pr lS)kfUrd lUnHkZ nsus esa
vkSj mlds v/;;u&fo'ys"k.k ds fy, ,d lqfuf'pr oSKkfud rduhd
fodflr djus esa Hkk"kkoSKkfud fl)kUr ,oa iz.kkyh ds vuqiz;ksx dk
lokZf/kd ;ksxnku gSA

4-2 vuqokn ,oa O;frjsdh Hkk"kkfoKku

^O;frjsd* dk vFkZ gS ^vlekurk* ;k ^fojks/k*A ^O;frjsdh Hkk"kkfoKku*
esa nks Hkk"kkvksa dh rqyuk djds nksuksa dh vlekurkvksa dk irk yxk;k tkrk
gSA vuqokn ds lUnHkZ esa dgsa rks O;frjsdh fo'ys"k.k dk eq[; mís';

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 54

:ikRed rqyukRedrk vkSj ml rqykukRedrk ds vk/kkj ij lzksr&Hkk"kk
vkSj y{;&Hkk"kk esa fo|eku vlekurkvksa dh O;k[;k djuk gSA bl izdkj
O;frjsdh rduhd ds :i esa vuqokn esa lzksr&Hkk"kk vkSj y{;&Hkk"kk ds chp
O;kIr vlekurkvksa ds izfr Hkk"kk;h ltxrk iSnk djuk gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy, fgUnh esa rhu e/;e iq#"k % rw] rqe] vki gSa tcfd vaxzsth esa dsoy
^you*A bl izdkj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa vaxzsth ds ^small* 'kCn ds
lekukUrj fgUnh esa ^NksVk*] ^NksVh*] ^NksVs* rhuksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
mnkgj.k %
SmalI boy : NksVk yM+dk
SmalI girl : NksVh yM+dh
SmalI boys : NksVs yM+ds
,dk/k vkSj mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsa %
fgUnh ds ^xkusokyh* 'kCn dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn lUnHkkZuqlkj
^singer* vkSj ^about to sing* gksxkA bl izdkj ^Vksihokyk* dk vuqokn
^wearing cap* vkSj ^cap seller* gksxkA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqokn
dk lh/kk lEcU/k O;frjsdh fo'ys"k.k ls gSA

4-3 vuqokn ,oa /ofufoKku

^/ofu* Hkk"kk dh ewyHkwr bdkbZ gksrh gS rFkk gj Hkk"kk dh viuh
vyx /ofu O;oLFkk gksrh gSA nks Hkk"kkvksa ds chp dqN leku] dqN yxHkx
leku vkSj dqN fHkUu /ofu;k¡ gksrh gSaA ;gk¡ vaxzsth vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk dh
leku /ofu;ksa dh rqyuk djrs gSa %

fgUnh % d x t V u i Q c e j y o 'k l
vaxzsth % k g j t n p f b m r l v sh s

rqyuk ls Li"V gS fd vaxzsth esa fgUnh dh ^r* /ofu ugha gS rks ^v*
vkSj *W* dk lw{e vUrj fgUnh esa ugha gSA ,sls vkSj dbZ mnkgj.k <w¡<s tk
ldrs gSaA tSlk fd Åij dgk x;k] Hkk"kk dh ewyHkwr bdkbZ gS ^/ofu* vkSj
lkFkZd /ofu;ksa ls ^'kCn* dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;g 'kCn tc okD; esa iz;qDr
gksrk gS rc og ^:i* cu tkrk gSA vuqokn deZ esa ges'kk nks Hkk"kkvksa ds
chp fLFkr lekukFkZd 'kCnksa dh ryk'k jgrh gSA exj ;g t+:jh ugha fd
,d Hkk"kk dh lEiw.kZ vfHkO;fDr fdlh nwljh Hkk"kk esa miyC/k gksA gj Hkk"kk
esa dqN ,sls 'kCn gksrs gSa ftlds lekukFkZd 'kCn nwljh Hkk"kk esa miyC/k

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 55

ugha gksrs] tSls ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn] feFk&fo'ks"k ls tqM+s 'kCn] lkaLd`frd 'kCn
vkfnA ,sls esa ge ewy 'kCn dk vuqokn u dj mls y{;&Hkk"kk dh fyfi esa
ifjofrZr dj T;ksa dk R;ksa xzg.k dj ysrs gSaA blds fy, gesa fyI;arj.k ;k
Transliteration dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gS vkSj fyI;Urj.k esa /ofufoKku dk
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgrk gSA dqN 'kCnksa dk fyI;Urj.k nz"VO; gS %
Bureau - C;wjks] Voucher - okmpj] Macbath - eSdcsFk vkfnA

4-4 vuqokn ,oa vuqys[ku

vuqys[ku dk vFkZ gS Lkzksr&Hkk"kk ds 'kCn dh orZuh ij /;ku u
nsdj mlds mPpkj.k dks vk/kkj eku dj y{;&Hkk"kk esa ml mPpkj.k ds
vuq:i fy[kukA vuqys[ku dks izfrys[ku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vuqokn izfØ;k
ds nkSjku vuq| lkexzh esa gesa nks izdkj ds 'kCn feyrs gSa % 1& ftudk
vuqokn fd;k tkuk gS vkSj 2& ftudk vuqokn u dj FkksM+s&cgqr :ikUrj
ds lkFk izk;% ewy :i esa gh y{;&Hkk"kk esa fy[k fn;k tkrk gSA vuqys[ku
esa lzksr&Hkk"kk ds ,sls 'kCnksa dks y{;&Hkk"kk esa fy[kus dh leL;k ij fopkj
fd;k tkrk gS ftldk lEcU/k fyfifoKku ls gSA HkksykukFk frokjh bls
Li"V djrs gq, fy[krs gSa fd vuqokn esa ,slh leL;k nks :iksa esa vkrh gSA
;fn vuqoknd fdlh ls dksbZ ckr lqudj mldk vuqokn djds fy[k jgk
gS rks og lzksr&Hkk"kk dh /ofu dks igys y{;&Hkk"kk dh /ofu esa ifjofrZr
djrk gS vkSj fQj y{;&Hkk"kk dh mu /ofu;ksa dks izfrfuf/k fyfi&fpg~uksa esa
mUgsa fy[krk gS&

lzksr&Hkk"kk /ofu y{;&Hkk"kk /ofu y{;&Hkk"kk fyfifpg~u

fdUrq ;fn og fdlh fyf[kr lkexzh ls vuqokn dj jgk gks rks bl

Øe esa o`f) gks tkrh gS&
1-Lkzksr&Hkk"kk fyfi fpg~u 2-lzksr&Hkk"kk /ofu
3- y{;&Hkk"kk /ofu 4-y{;&Hkk"kk fyfifpg~u
vuqokn esa Lkzksr&Hkk"kk fyfi fpg~u ls lh/ks y{;&Hkk"kk fyfifpg~u
rd igq¡pus dh izfØ;k lgh ugha gksrhA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn fyfi fpg~uksa
ds vk/kkj ij ^Jesperson* dk vuqokn ^tsLilZu* dj fn;k tk, rks xyr
gksxk D;ksafd bldk lgh vuqokn rks ^;sLilZu* gSA ,sls gh ^Rousseau* vkSj
^Meillet* dk vuqokn Øekuqlkj ^:lks* vkSj ^esb;s* gksxk] u fd
^jkmLlsvm* rFkk ^esbYysr*A

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 56

4-5 vuqokn ,oa :ifoKku
:ifoKku ds vUrxZr Hkk"kk dh :i&jpuk dk v/;;u gksrk gSA
:i&jpuk esa O;kdjf.kd fu;eksa dk vkdyu ,oa fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
blds v/;;u dk {ks= cgqr gh foLr`r gSA pw¡fd Hkk"kk ds :i&foU;kl ij
gh ewy dk vk'k; fNik jgrk gS] blhfy, vuqoknd dks lzksr&Hkk"kk vkSj
y{;&Hkk"kk] nksuksa dh :i&jpuk] O;kdjf.kd fu;eksa vkfn ls HkyhHkk¡fr
ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, vaxzsth ds nks okD;ksa dk xyr vkSj
lgh vuqokn nz"VO; gS %

mnkgj.k&1
Prima has a pair of scissors.
d& izhek ds ikl ,d tksM+h dSaph gSaA ¼&xyr vuqokn½
[k& izhek ds ikl ,d dSaph gSA ¼&Lkgh vuqokn½

mnkgj.k&2
Her hair is beautiful.
d& mldk lqUnj cky gSA ¼&xyr vuqokn½
[k& mlds cky lqUnj gSa A ¼&Lkgh vuqokn½
dgus dh t+:jr ugha fd vaxzsth esa ^a pair of scissors*] ^a pair of
trousers* vkfn dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] exj fgUnh esa mls ^,d tksM+h dSaph^ ;k
^,d tksM+h ik;tkek* u dgdj flQ+Z ^,d dSaph* ;k ^,d ik;tkek* dgk
tkrk gSA ,sls gh vaxzsth esa ^hair* 'kCn ,dopu ds :i esa iz;ksx gksrk gS]
tcfd fgUnh esa ^cky* cgqopu esaA

4-6 vuqokn ,oa 'kCnfoKku

fdlh Hkk"kk dh lkFkZd /ofu;ksa ds leqPp; dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA
'kCnfoKku esa 'kCnksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djds fofHkUu vk/kkjksa ij mudk
oxhZdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA vuqokn esa 'kCnksa ds ewy vFkZ dk lzksr ;k iz;ksx
lUnHkZ dks tkuus ds fy, 'kCn dk oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k vkSj oxhZdj.k djuk
iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ^ikuh* 'kCn dks yhft, %

ikuh

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ty okfj uhj vEcq lfyy vaHk rks; mnd ?kulkj r`lkg iztkfgr lj

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 57

 fu'p; gh bu lekukFkhZ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh dqN gn rd fuf'pr
gh gS vkSj vuqoknd dks lUnHkkZuqlkj bu 'kCnksa esa ls ,d gh izfr'kCn dks
xzg.k djuk iM+rk gSA tSls %
d& xaxk ty ¼xaxk uhj ;k xaxk ikuh ugha½
[k& ihus dk ikuh ¼ihus dk uhj ;k ty ugha½
x& uhj <yuk* ¼ty ;k ikuh <yuk ugha½
¼*uhj <yuk = vk¡lw cgkuk½

4-7 vuqokn ,oa vFkZfoKku

vFkZfoKku esa Hkk"kk ds vFkZ i{k dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA pw¡fd
vuqokn esa 'kCn dk ugha vFkZ dk izfrLFkkiu gksrk gS] blhfy, vuqokn esa
vFkZfoKku dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA lkFk gh vuqokn deZ esa
vuqoknd dsoy vfHk/kkFkZ ds lgkjs vkxs ugha c<+rk] cfYd fufgrkFkZ ¼y{k.kk
vkSj O;atuk½ dks Hkh cjkcj lkFk fy, pyrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d i{kh
ds lUnHkZ esa ^og mYYkw gS* dguk lk/kkj.k vFkZ dk cks/k djkrk gS] exj ,d
O;fDr ds lUnHkZ esa tc ^og mYyw gS* dgk tkrk gS rks O;aX;kFkZ dk cks/k
djkrk gSA fQj tks ^mYyw* fgUnh esa ew[kZ dk izrhd gS] ogh ^Owl* vaxzsth
eas ^fo}ku* dk izrhd gSA bruk gh ugha] dqN 'kCnksa ds dbZ vFkZ gksrs gSaA
tSls ^okfj* 'kCn dh rhu vFkZ Nfo;ksa dks nsf[k, %
1& ty
okfj 2& ljLorh
3& gkFkh ck¡/kus dh tathj
vuqoknd dks lUnHkkZuqlkj bu vFkZ Nk;kvksa esa ls ,d vFkZ dks xzg.k
djuk iM+rk gSA

4-8 vuqokn ,oa okD;foKku

vuqokn esa okD;foKku dh Hkh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA okD;foKku
esa Hkk"kk fo'ks"k ds lUnHkZ esa okD; jpuk vkSj blds fofHkUUk i{kksa dk
fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS A vuqokn esa Hkh y{;&Hkk"kk dh izd`fr] O;kdjf.kd
fu;e vkfn dk /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ^og Hkkstu dj
jgk gS* dk vaxzsth vuqokn ^He is doing meal.* u gksdj ^He is taking
meal.* gksxk A ;gk¡ ^Hkkstu djuk* fgUnh Hkk"kk dh izd`fr ds vuqdwy gS
vkSj ^taking meal* vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh izd`fr dsA ,sls gh ^?kksa?kk /khjs&/khjs
py jgk gS* dk vaxzsth vuqokn ^Snail is slowly slowly creeping.* u
gksdj ^Snail is creeping slowly.* gksxkA dgus dh t+:jr ugha fd fgUnh

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 58

Hkk"kk dh lajpuk ^drkZ + deZ + fØ;k fo'ks"k.k + fØ;k* fu;e ij
vk/kkfjr gksrh gS] tcfd vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh lajpuk ^drkZ + deZ + fØ;k +
fØ;k fo'ks"k.k* fu;e ijA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd vuqokn dk Hkk"kkfoKku] [k+kldj
vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ,oa O;frjsdh Hkk"kkfoKku ls cgqr xgjk lEcU/k gSA
gj vuqoknd dks Hkk"kfoKku ds bu fu;eksa dh tkudkjh gksuk t+:jh gS]
vU;Fkk og lgh vkSj lkFkZd vuqokn dj gh ugha ldrkA

5- cks/k iz'u

1- Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku ds LkEcU/k dks Li"V dhft, \

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2- ^vuqokn dh Hkk"kk* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
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3- vuqokn ds lUnHkZ esa fodksMhdj.k vkSj dksMhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks Li"V
dhft, \
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4- vuqokn ,oa vFkZfoKku ds vUrlZEcU/k dh ppkZ dhft, \
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5- vuqokn ,oa vuqys[ku ds lEcU/k dks Li"V dhft, \
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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 59

6- lkjka'k

,d Hkkf"kd fØ;k gksus ds ukrs vuqokn dk Hkk"kk ls gh ugha]

Hkk"kkfoKku ls Hkh xgjk lEcU/k gS] D;ksafd Hkk"kkfoKku esa ^Hkk"kk* dk
oSKkfud v/;;u gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dh lajpuk esa /ofu] 'kCn] :i] vFkZ] okD;
vkfn dbZ Lrj gksrs gSaA buds vk/kkj ij Hkk"kkfoKku ds vUrxZr
/ofufoKku] :ifoKku] vFkZfoKku] okD;foKku vkfn dk fof/kor o
oSKkfud v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA vuqokn esa Hkh /ofu] 'kCn] :i vkfn dh
n`f"V ls lzksr&Hkk"kk vkSj y{;&Hkk"kk dh rqyuk djuh gksrh gSA bu fofo/k
Lrjksa ij nks Hkk"kkvksa dh izd`fr] lajpuk] 'kSyh vkfn esa tks vUrj gksrs gSa] os
leku izrhr gksus okys izlaxksa esa Hkh vyx&vyx vFkZ Hkj nsrs gSaA vuqokn
esa Hkk"kkUrj.k ds ckotwn vFkZ dh j{kk vifjgk;Z gksrh gSA
Hkk"kk vkSj vuqokn dk Hkfo"; ijLij vU;ksU;kfJr gSA Hkk"kk dk
Hkfo"; vuqokn dk Hkh Hkfo"; gSA orZeku Hkk"kk ds :i dks igpkurs gq,
Hkfo"; dh dYiuk dh tkrh gSA vkt dbZ izdkj ds Hkk"kk&:i gSa] tSls
cksypky dh Hkk"kk] lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk] ek/;e Hkk"kk] lEidZ Hkk"kk] tulapkj
ek/;e dh Hkk"kk bR;kfnA cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa O;kdj.k ds Kku dh
vko';drk ugha] tcfd lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk esa jpuk/kfeZrk izdV gksus ds
dkj.k O;kdj.k dk Kku vko';d gSA

7- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-2

2- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-1
3- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-2
4- ns[kas Hkkx 3-3-7
5- ns[ksa Hkkx 3-3-4

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 60

bdkbZ&5 % vuqokn % egÙkk ,oa vko';drk
:ijs[kk

1- mís';
2- izLrkouk
3- vuqokn dh egÙkk
3-1 vuqokn dh egÙkk
3-2 21oha lnh esa vuqokn dh egÙkk
4- vuqokn dh vko';drk
4-1 jk"Vªh; ,drk esa vuqokn dh vko';drk
4-2 laLd`fr ds fodkl esa vuqokn dh vko';drk
4-3 lkfgR; ds v/;;u esa vuqokn dh vko';drk
4-4 O;olk; ds :i esa vuqokn dh vko';drk
4-5 uO;re Kku&foKku ds {ks=ksa esa vuqokn dh vko';drk
5- Ckks/k iz'u
6- lkjka'k
7- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
8- Lo&fodkl ds fy, dqN dk;Z

1- mís';

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki%

• vuqokn dh egÙkk ls ifjfpr gksaxs(
• vuqokn dh vko';drk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsaxs(
• 21oha lnh esa vuqokn dh izklafxdrk dks le> ldsaxs(

2- izLrkouk

vuqokn ds lkekU; ifjp;] vuqokn&izfØ;k] izd`fr] izdkj vkfn dh

ppkZ ds mijkUr izLrqr v/;k; esa ^vuqokn % egÙkk ,oa vko';drk* dh
ppkZ dh tk jgh gSA Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa vuqokn dh egÙkk ls
ifjfpr gksuk ijeko';d gSA lkaLd`frd lEcU/kksa ls tqM+us ds dkj.k

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 61

vuqokn dk egÙo fnuksafnu c<+ jgk gSA Hkk"kkvksa ds chp esa ln~Hkko vkSj
le>nkjh ds iqy ck¡/kus dk iquhr deZ vuqokn ls gh lEHko gksrk gSA
lektksa vkSj ns'kksa ds chp dh eS=h dks vuqokn etcwr cukrk gSA

3- vuqokn dh egÙkk

3-1 vuqokn dh egÙkk

mÙkj&vk/kqfud ;qx esa vuqokn dh egÙkk o mikns;rk dks fo'oHkj esa
Lohdkjk tk pqdk gSA oSfnd ;qx ds ^iqu% dFku* ls ysdj vkt ds
^Vªkalys'ku* rd vkrs&vkrs vuqokn vius Lo:i vkSj vFkZ esa cnyko ykus
ds lkFk&lkFk vius cgqeq[kh o cgqvk;keh iz;kstu dks fl) dj pqdk gSA
izkphu dky esa ^Lokar% lq[kk;* ekuk tkus okyk vuqokn deZ vkt laxfBr
O;olk; dk eq[; vk/kkj cu x;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks vuqokn
izkphu dky dh O;fDr ifjf/k ls fudydj vk/kqfud ;qx dh lef"V ifjf/k
esa lek x;k gSA vkt fo'oHkj esa vuqokn dh vko';drk thou ds gj {ks=
esa fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa vo'; eglwl dh tk jgh gSA vkSj bl rjg
vuqokn vkt ds thou dh vfuok;Z vko';drk cu x;k gSA
chloha 'krkCnh ds volku vkSj bDdhloha lnh ds Lokxr ds chp
vkt thou dk dksbZ Hkh ,slk {ks= ugha gS tgk¡ ij ge fpUru vkSj O;ogkj
ds Lrj ij vuqokn ds vkxzgh u gksaA Hkkjr esa vuqokn dh ijEijk iqjkuh gS
fdUrq vuqokn dks tks egÙo 21oha lnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa izkIr gqvk og igys
ugha gqvk FkkA lu~ 1947 esa Hkkjr ds Lora= gksus ds i'pkr~ ns'k dh
vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu vk;kA fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa ds
lkFk Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd lehdj.k cnysA jktuSfrd vkSj
vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ds lkFk foKku ,oa izks|kSfxdh dk fodkl Hkh bl ;qx dh
izeq[k ?kVuk gS ftlds QyLo:i fofHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh leqnk;ksa esa lEidZ dh
fLFkfr mHkj dj lkeus vk;hA vkt fo'o ds vf/kdka'k cM+s ns'kksa esa ,d
izeq[k Hkk"kk ds lkFk&lkFk vU; dbZ Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh xkS.k Hkk"kk ds :i esa
lekUrj py jgh gSaA vr,o ,d gh HkkSxksfyd lhek dh jktuSfrd]
iz'kklfud bdkbZ ds vUrxZr Hkk"kk;h cgqla[;d Hkh jgrs gSa vkSj Hkk"kk;h
vYila[;d HkhA vr% fofHkUu Hkk"kkHkkf"k;ksa ds chp mUgha dh viuh Hkk"kk esa
lEidZ LFkkfir dj yksdra= esa lcdh fgLlsnkjh lqfuf'pr dh tk ldrh
gSA oLrqr% vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chp jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd]

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 62

lkaLd`frd rFkk foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa c<+rh gqbZ vknku&iznku
dh vfuok;Zrk us vuqokn ,oa vuqokn dk;Z ds egÙo dks c<+k fn;k gSA
gekjs ns'k esa vuqokn dk egÙo izkphu dky ls gh Lohd`r gSA
izks- th- xksihukFku us Bhd gh y{; fd;k Fkk fd vuqokn vkt O;fDr dh
lkekftd vko';drk cu x;k gSA vkt ds fleVrs gq, lalkj esa lEizs"k.k
ek/;e ds :i esa vuqokn Hkh viuk fuf'pr ;ksxnku ns jgk gSA Hkkjr tSls
cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa vuqokn dh mikns;rk Lo;a fl) gSA Hkkjr ds fofHkUu
izns'kksa ds lkfgR; esa fufgr ewyHkwr ,drk ds Lo:i dks fu[kkjus ds fy,
vuqokn gh ,d ek= vpwd lk/ku gSA bl rjg vuqokn }kjk ekuo dh
,drk dks jksdusokyh HkkSxksfyd vkSj Hkk"kk;h nhokjksa dks <gkdj fo'oeS=h
dks vkSj lqn`<+ cuk ldrs gSaA

3-2 21oha lnh esa vuqokn dh egÙkk

21oha 'krkCnh ds ekStwnk nkSj esa vuqokn ,d vfuok;Z vko';drk
cu x;k gSA Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kk&Hkk"kh ns'k ds tu&leqnk;ksa ds chp
var%laizs"k.k ds laokgd ds :i esa vuqokn dk cgqvk;keh iz;kstu loZfofnr
gSA ;fn vkt ds bl ;qx dks ^vuqokn dk ;qx* dgk tk, rks dksbZ
vfr'k;ksfDr u gksxh] D;ksafd vkt thou ds gj {ks= esa vuqokn dh
mikns;rk dks lgt gh fl) fd;k tk ldrk gSA /keZ&n'kZu]
lkfgR;&f'k{kk] foKku&rduhdh] okf.kT; O;olk;] jktuhfr&dwVuhfr]
vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa ls vuqokn dk vfHkUu laca/k jgk gSA vr% fparu vkSj
O;ogkj ds izR;sd Lrj ij vkt euq"; vuqokn ij vkfJr gSA bruk gh
ugha fo'o&laLd`fr ds fodkl esa Hkh vuqokn dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA
fo'o ds fofHkUu izns'kksa dh turk ds chp var%laizs"k.k dh izfØ;k ds :i esa]
muds chp HkkokRed ,drk dks dk;e j[kus esa] ns'k&fons'k ds uohu
Kku&foKku] 'kks/k&fparu dks nqfu;k ds gj dksus rd gh ugha] vke turk
rd Hkh igq¡pkus esa rFkk nks fHkUu laLd`fr;ksa dks utnhd ykdj ,d lw= esa
fijksus esa vuqokn dh egrh Hkwfedk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA izks- th-
xksihukFku ds 'kCnksa esa] ^vuqokn ekuo dh ewyHkwr ,drk dh O;fDr&psruk
,oa fo'o&psruk ds v}Sr dk izR;{k izek.k gS*A vr% ekStwnk 'krkCnh esa
vuqokn us viuh ladqfpr lkfgfR;d ifjf/k dks yk¡?kdj iz'kklu] foKku]
izkS|ksfxdh] rduhdh] fpfdRlk] dyk] laLd`fr] vuqla/kku] i=dkfjrk]
tulapkj] nwjLFk f'k{kk] izfrj{kk] fof/k] O;olk; vkfn gj {ks= esa izos'k dj
;g lkfcr dj fn;k gS fd vuqokn ledkyhu thou dh vfuok;Zrk gSA

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 63

 fgUnh vc cktkj&ra= dh] O;olk;&O;kikj dh] lapkj&ra= dh rFkk
'kkldh; O;oLFkk dh Hkk"kk cu jgh gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk esa vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk ls
vuqokn dh ijEijk vc lqnh?kZ gksus ds lkFk&lkFk iq[rk vkSj mYys[kuh;
Hkh gksrh tk jgh gSA yksBkj yqRls dh ckr ij xksj djsa rks gesa fgUnh]
ejkBh] ckaXyk] rfey] rsyqxw ;k dUuM+ ys[kdksa dks mudh Hkk"kk ds ugha]
Hkkjrh; ys[kd ds :i esa ns[kuk pkfg,A rHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkkjr esa vkSj
fQj fo'o esa izfr"Bk izkIr djsaxhA vksfM+vk dk ys[kd lkjs vksfM+'kk esa
izfr"Bk izkIr dj ys rks ;g dksbZ NksVh ckr ugha gksxh] ysfdu vksfM+vk dk
ys[kd iwjs Hkkjr esa izfr"Bk gkfly djs rks ;g mlls Hkh cM+h ckr gksxh
vkSj mlds fy, pqukSrh HkhA vkSj tks ys[kd bl pqukSrh dks LOkhdkj dj
mlesa [kjs mrjrs gSa] os lpeqp cM+s] cgqr cM+s ys[kd fl) gksrs gSaA blds
fy, t:jh gS fd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn dh izfØ;k dks rst fd;k
tk,A vuqokn ds fcuk gekjk dksbZ Hkh ys[kd ;wjksi&vesfjdk rks nwj vius
gh ns'k esa Hkkjrh; ys[kd ds :i esa izfrf"Br ugha gks ldrkA mnkgj.k ds
fy, Qdhj eksgu lsukifr] izfrHkk jk;] lhrkdkUr egkik= vkfn vxj
fgUnh esa vuwfnr u gksrs rks D;k Hkkjrh; ys[kd ds :i esa brus cM+s iSekus
ij ns'k vkSj nqfu;k esa Lohdk;Z gks ldrs Fks \ fu'p; gh ughaA vuqokn dh
rkdr ikdj gh dksbZ cM+k ys[kd vkSj Hkh cM+k fl) gksrk vkSj viuh
lkeF;Z dks fnx&fnxar rd QSyk ikrk gSA vuqokn ds cxSj og] og fl)
ugha gks ldrk] tks njvly og gksrk gS vkSj ;g dke vuqoknd gh dj
ldrk gSA ,sls esa vuqokn dh egÙkk dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkuk
vkSj vuqokndksa dks lEekutud LFkku fnykuk t:jh gks x;k gS rkfd
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; vkSj euh"kk dks nwljksa rd igq¡pk dj jk"Vªh; lsrq dk
fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldsA
vuqokn vkt ds O;kolkf;d ;qx dh vis{kk gh ugha vfuok;Zrk Hkh
cu x;k gSA ;g ,d lsrq gSA lkaLd`frd lsrqA lkaLd`frd ,drk] ijLij
vknku&iznku rFkk ^fo'odqVqEcde~* ds LoIu dks lkdkj djus dh n`f"V ls
vuqokn dh Hkwfedk mYys[kuh; jgh gSA bl izdkj orZeku ;qx esa vuqokn
dh egÙkk vkSj mi;ksfxrk dsoky Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; rd gh lhfer ugha gS]
og gekjh lkaLd`frd] ,sfrgkfld vkSj jk"Vªh; lagfr vkSj ,sD; dk ek/;e
gS tks Hkk"kk;h lhekvksa dks ikj djds Hkkjrh; fpUru vkSj lkfgR; dh
ltZukRed psruk dh le:irk ds lkFk&lkFk] orZeku rduhdh vkSj
oSKkfud ;qx dh vis{kkvksa dh iwfrZdj gekjs Kku&foKku ds vk;keksa dks
ns'k&fons'k esa lai`Dr djrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vuqokn fo'o&laLd`fr]
fo'o&ca/kqRo] ,drk vkSj lejlrk LFkkfir djus dk ,d ,slk lsrq gS

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 64

ftlds ek/;e ls fo'o Kku&foKku ds {ks= esa {ks=h;rkokn ds ladqfpr ,oa
lhfer nk;js ls ckgj fudy dj ekuoh; ,oa HkkokRed ,drk ds dsUnz
fcUnq rd igq¡p ldrk gS vkSj ;gh vuqokn dh vko';drk vkSj mi;ksfxrk
dk l'kLr ,oa izR;{k izek.k gSA
vkt tc lkjk fo'o lkekftd iquO;ZoLFkk ij ,d u;s fljs ls
fopkj dj jgk gS vkSj O;fDr rFkk lekt dks ,d uO; Lora= n`f"V feyh
gS ogha ge Hkh O;fDr vkSj ns'k dks fo'o ds ifjizs{; esa ns[kus&le>us dk
iz;Ru dj jgs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa vuqokn dk egÙo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA
fdlh lekt vkSj ns'k dh vfHkO;fDr Hkk"kk dh lhek ds dkj.k ,d {ks=
fo'ks"k rd gh lhfer jg tk, vkSj nwljksa rd u ig¡qp ik, rks fo'o Lrj
ij ,d uO; lkekftd iquO;ZoLFkk dh ckr lkFkZd dSls gks ldrh gS!

4- vuqokn dh vko';drk

chloha 'krkCnh eas ns'kksa ds chp dh nwfj;k¡ de gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:i

fofHkUu oSpkfjd /kjkryksa vkSj vkfFkZd] vkS|ksfxd Lrjksa ij ikjLifjd
Hkkf"kd fofue; c<+k gS vkSj bl fofue; ds lkFk&lkFk vuqokn dk iz;ksx
vkSj vf/kd fd;k tkus yxk gSA vkt ds oSKkfud ;qx esa vuqokn cgqr
egÙoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA ;fn gesa nwljs ns'kksa ds lkFk da/ks ls da/kk feykdj
pyuk gS rks gesa muds ;gk¡ foKku ds {ks= esa] lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd
{ks= esa gqbZ izxfr dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, vkSj ;g tkudkjh gesa vuqokn
ds ek/;e ls feyrh gSA fo'o dh dqN Js"B d`fr;ksa dks vuqokn ds dkj.k
gh lEeku feykA johUnzukFk VSxksj dh ^xhrkatfy* dks ukscsy iqjLdkj muds
}kjk fd, x, vuqokn dk;Z ij gh feykA 'ksDlfi;j] cukZM 'kk] vjLrw]
ekDlZ] xksdhZ vkfn tSls fo'o ds egku~ lkfgR;dkjksa ,oa n'kZu'kkfL=;ksa dks
ge vuqokn ds ek/;e ls gh tkurs gSaA cgqr igys gekjs jk"Vªdfo
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr us ^vuqokn dh vko';drk* ij cy nsrs gq, Li"V dj
fn;k Fkk&
^^lTtuks] HkxhjFk iz;Ru Qysa vkids
ys tk ldrs gSa ;gk¡ xaxk ls izokg dksA
vki vuqokn dh gh ;kstuk,¡ dj nsa
rks dg ldsa ge lxoZ fo'o&Hkj ds
ok³~e; esa tks gS og pqu fy;k geus
vkSj tks gekjk viuk gS] vfrfjDr gSA**

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 65

 vk/kqfud ;qx esa tSls&tSls LFkku vkSj le; dh nwfj;k¡ de gksrh
xbZa oSls&oSls f}Hkkf"kdrk dh fLFkfr;ksa vkSj ek=k esa o`f) gqbZ vkSj blds
lkFk&lkFk vuqokn esa HkhA vU; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k esa vuqokn fof/k dk iz;ksx u
dsoy if'peh ns'kksa esa oju~ iwohZ ns'kksa esa Hkh fujUrj fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
ge ;gk¡ thou vkSj lekt ds dqN izeq[k {ks=ksa eas vuqokn dh vko';drk
dh ppkZ djsaxsA

4-1 jk"Vªh; ,drk esa vuqokn dh vko';drk

Hkkjr tSls fo'kky jk"Vª dh ,drk ds izlax es vuqokn dh
vko';drk vlafnX/k gSA Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd lhek,¡ u dsoy d'ehj ls
dU;kdqekjh rd fc[kjh gqbZ gSa cfYd bl fo'kky Hkw[k.M esa fofHkUu
fo'oklksa ,oa lEiznk;ksa ds yksx jgrs gSa ftudh Hkk"kk,¡ ,ao cksfy;k¡ ,d
nwljs ls fHkUu gSaA Hkkjr dh vusdrk esa ,drk bUghsa vFkksZa esa gS fd fofHkUu
Hkk"kkvksa] fofHkUu tkfr;ksa] fofHkUu lEiznk;ksa ,oa fofHkUu fo'oklksa ds ns'k esa
HkkokRed ,oa jk"Vªh; ,drk dgha Hkh ckf/kr ugha gksrhA ,d le; esa
egkjk"Vª dk tks O;fDr lksprk gS ogh fgekpy dk fuoklh Hkh fpUru
djrk gSA Hkkjr ds gtkjksa o"kksZa ds v|ru bfrgkl fpUru us bl /kkj.kk
dks iq"V fd;k gS fd e/;;qxhu HkfDr vkUnksyu ls ysdj vkt ds
izxfr'khy vkUnksyu rd Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh fn'kk ,d jgh gSA ;g ckr
vuqokn ds }kjk gh lEHko gks ldh fd ftl le; xksLokeh rqylhnkl jke
ds pfj= ij egkdkO; fy[k jgs Fks] fgUnh ds lekukUrj vksfM+vk esa cyjke]
ckaXyk eas d`fÙkokl] rsyqxq esa iksruk] rfey esa dEcu rFkk gfj;k.koh esa
vgenc['k vius&vius lkfgR; esa jke ds pfj= dks u;k :i ns jgs FksA
Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa ftl lkezkT;okn vkSj lkeUrokn ds fojks/k dh
fpaxkjh lqyxh Fkh mldk mRd"kZ Nk;koknh nkSj dh fofHkUu Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa
dh dfork esa feyrk gSA

4-2 laLd`fr ds fodkl esa vuqokn dh vko';drk

nqfu;k ds ftu ns'kksa esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ,oa laLd`fr;ksa dk feyu
gqvk gS ogk¡ lkekfld laLd`fr ds fuekZ.k esa vuqokn dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
jgh gSA vuqokn dh ijEijk ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd bZlk ds rhu
lkS o"kZ iwoZ jkseu yksxksa dk xzhd ds yksxksa ls lEidZ gqvk ftlds
QyLo:i xzhd ls ySfVu esa vuqokn gq,A blh izdkj X;kjgoha] ckjgoha
'krkCnh esa Lisu ds yksx bLyke ds lEidZ esa vk, vkSj cM+s iSekus ij
;ksjih; Hkk"kkvksa esa vjch dk vuqokn gqvkA Hkkjr esa Hkh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ,oa

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 66

fo'oklksa ds yksx vk,A vkt dh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ftls ge lkekfld
laLd`fr dgrs gSa mlds fuekZ.k esa gtkjksa o"kksZa ds fofHkUu /keksZa] erksa ,oa
fo'oklksa dh lk/kuk fNih gqbZ gSA bu lHkh erksa ,oa fo'oklksa dks vkRelkr
dj ftl Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS mlds ihNs vuqokn dh
egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vlafnX/k gSA

4-3 lkfgR; ds v/;;u esa vuqokn dh vko';drk

lkfgR; ds v/;;u esa vuqokn dk egÙo vkt O;kid gks x;k gSA
lkfgR; ;fn thou vkSj lekt ds ;FkkFkZ dks izLrqr djrk gS rks fofHkUu
Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; ds lkewfgd v/;;u ls fdlh Hkh lekt] ns'k ;k fo'o
dh fpUrUk&/kkjk ,oa laLd`fr dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA vuqokn dk egÙo
fuEufyf[kr lkfgR;ksa ds v/;;u esa lgk;d gS&
¼1½ Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk v/;;uA
¼2½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; lkfgR; dk v/;;uA
¼3½ rqyukRed lkfgR; dk v/;;uA

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds v/;;u ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd fofHkUu

lkfgR;d] lkaLd`frd ,oa jktuSfrd vkUnksyuksa esa fgUnh ,oa fgUnhrj Hkk"kk
ds lkfgR;dkjksa dk Loj izk;% ,d tSlk jgk gSA e/;dkyhu HkfDr
vkUnksyu] LorU=rk vkUnksyu rFkk uDlyckM+h vkUnksyuksa dks izk;% lHkh
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; esa vfHkO;fDr feyh gSA
vUrjkZ"Vªh; lkfgR; ds vuqokn ls gh ;g rF; izdk'k esa vk;k fd
nqfu;k ds fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa fy[ks x, lkfgR; esa Kku dk foiqy Hk.Mkj
fNik gqvk gSA Hkkjr esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lkfgR; dk vuqokn rks Hkkjr esa lwfQ;ksa
ds nk'kZfud fl)kUrksa ds izpyu ds lkFk gh 'kq: gks x;k Fkk( fdUrq bls
O;ofLFkr Lo:i vk/kqfud ;qx esa gh izkIr gqvkA 'ksDlfi;j] Mh-,p- ykWjsal]
eksiklk¡ rFkk lk=Z tSls fpUrdksa dh jpukvksa ds vuqokn ls Hkkjrh;
tuekul dk lk{kkRdkj gqvk ,oa dkfynkl] johUnzukFk VSxksj ,oa izsepUn
dh jpukvksa ls fo'o izHkkfor gqvkA
nqfu;k ds fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds vuqokn }kjk gh rqyukRed lkfgR; ds
v/;;u esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA rqyukRed lkfgR; }kjk bl ckr dk irk
yxk;k tkrk gS fd ns'k] dky vkSj le; dh fHkUurk ds ckotwn fofHkUu
Hkk"kkvksa ds jpukdkjksa ds lkfgR; esa lkE; vkSj oS"kE; D;ksa gS \ vuqokn ds
}kjk gh tks rqyuh; gS og rqyukRed v/;;u dk fo"k; curk gSA izsepUn

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 67

vkSj xksdhZ] fujkyk vkSj bfy;V rFkk jktdey pkS/kjh ,oa eksiklk¡ ds
lkfgR; dk rqyukRed v/;;u vuqokn ds QyLo:i gh lEHko gks ldkA

4-4 O;olk; ds :i esa vuqokn dh vko';drk

orZeku ;qx esa vuqokn Kku dh ,slh 'kk[kk ds :i esa fodflr gqvk
gS tgk¡ bTtr] 'kksgjr ,oa iSlk rhuksa gSaA vkt vuqoknd nwljs ntsZ dk
lkfgR;dkj ugha cfYd mldh viuh ekSfyd igpku gSA foKku vkSj
izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa rsth ls gq, fodkl ds lkFk Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; esa d`f"k]
m|ksx] fpfdRlk] vfHk;kfU=dh vkSj O;kikj ds {ks= esa ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu
gqvk gSA bu {ks=ksa esa iz;qDr rduhdh 'kCnkoyh dk Hkkjrh;dj.k dj bUgsa
yksdksUeq[k djus esa vuqokn dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
chloha 'krkCnh dk mÙkjk)Z jkstxkj ds {ks= esa vuqokn dks egÙoiw.kZ
in ij vklhu djrk gSA lafo/kku esa fgUnh dks jktHkk"kk dk ntkZ fn,
tkus ds i'pkr~ dsUnz ljdkj ds dk;kZy;ksa] lkoZtfud miØeksa] laLFkkuksa
vkSj izfr"Bkuksa esa jktHkk"kk izHkkx dh LFkkiuk gqbZ tgk¡ vuqokn dk;Z esa
izf'kf{kr fgUnh vuqoknd ,oa fgUnh vf/kdkjh dk;Z djrs gSaA vkt jkstxkj
ds {ks= esa vuqokn lcls vkxs gSA izfr lIrkg vuqokn ls lEcfU/kr ftrus
in ;gk¡ foKkfir gksrs gSa vU; fdlh Hkh {ks= esa ughaA

4-5 uO;re Kku&foKku ds {ks=ksa esa vuqokn dh vko';drk

vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa tulapkj ds ek/;eksa esa gq, vR;k/kqfud fodkl us
fo'o dh fn'kk gh cny nh gSA vkS|ksfxd mRiknu] forj.k rFkk vkfFkZd
fu;U=.k dh fofHkUu iz.kkfy;ksa ij iwjs fo'o esa vuqla/kku gks jgk gSA ubZ
[kkst vkSj ubZ rduhd dk fodkl dj iwjs fo'o esa vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr eph
gqbZ gSA bl {ks= esa gksus okys v|ru fodkl dks fofHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh jk"Vªksa
rd igq¡pkus esa Hkk"kk ,oa vuqokn dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
oSKkfud vuqla/kkuksa dks rhoz xfr ls iwjs fo'o esa igq¡pk nsus dk Js;
uO;re fodflr tulapkj ds ek/;eksa dks gSA vkt foKku] izkS|ksfxdh]
fpfdRlk] d`f"k rFkk O;olk; vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa tks dqN Hkh u;k gksrk gS
og dqN gh iyksa esa VsyhQksu] VsysDl rFkk QSDl tSlh rduhdksa ds ek/;e
ls iwjs fo'o esa izpkfjr ,oa izlkfjr gks tkrk gSA vkt tulapkj ds ek/;eksa
esa gksus okys fodkl us fgUnh Hkk"kk ds iz;qfDr&{ks=ksa dks foLr`r dj fn;k
gSA foKku] O;olk;] [ksydwn ,oa foKkiuksa dh viuh vyx 'kCnkoyh gSaA
lapkj ek/;eksa esa xfr'khyrk c<+kus dk dk;Z vuqokn }kjk gh lEHko gks
ldk gS rFkk xk¡o ls ysdj egkuxjksa rd tks Hkh v|ru lwpuk,¡ gaS os

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 68

vuqokn ds ek/;e ls ,d lkFk lcksa rd igq¡p jgh gSaA dgus dh
vko';drk ugha fd vuqokn us vkt iwjs fo'o dks ,d lw= esa fijks fn;k
gSA

5- Ckks/k iz'u
1- vuqokn dh egÙkk ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, \
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2- vuqokn dh vko';drk dh lfoLrkj ppkZ dhft,A

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6- lkjka'k

vkt ds fleVrs gq, lalkj esa lEizs"k.k ek/;e ds :i esa vuqokn Hkh viuk
fuf'pr ;ksxnku ns jgk gSA Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa vuqokn dh
mikns;rk Lo;a fl) gSA Hkkjr ds fofHkUu izns'kksa ds lkfgR; esa fufgr
ewyHkwr ,drk ds Lo:i dks fu[kkjus ds fy, vuqokn gh ,dek= vpwd
lk/ku gSA bl rjg vuqokn }kjk ekuo dh ,drk dks jksdusokyh HkkSxksfyd
vkSj Hkk"kk;h nhokjksa dks <gkdj fo'o&eS=h dks vksj lqn`<+ cuk ldrs gSaA
vkt dk ;qx vuqokn dk ;qx gS D;ksafd thou ds gj {ks= esa
vuqokn dh vko';drk dk vuqHko fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa vo'; fd;k tk
jgk gSA ekStwnk nkSj esa vuqokn viuh izkjafHkd lkfgfR;d lhek dks yk¡?kdj
Kku&foKku dh gj 'kk[kk esa lfØ; gSA Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kk&Hkk"kh laizs"k.k
ds laokgd ds :i esa vuqokn dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk Lo;afl) gSA fo'o&
laLd`fr ds fodkl esa Hkh vuqokn dh Hkwfedk loZfofnr gSA bruk gh ugha
vuqokn] nks fHkUu&fHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds chp lkaLd`frd lsrq dk dke djrk gS

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 69

ftlls nks fHkUu leqnk;ksa] lektksa ds e/; HkkokRed ,drk LFkkfir gksrh
gSA nqfu;k ds ftu ns'kksa esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ,oa laLd`fr;ksa dk feyu gqvk
gS ogk¡ lkekfld laLd`fr ds fuekZ.k esa vuqokn dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh
gSA

7- cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- ns[ksa Hkkx 3
2- ns[ksa Hkkx 4

8- Lo&fodkl ds fy, dqN dk;Z

1- vuqokn ,d vH;kfld dyk gSA blds fy, de&ls&de nks Hkk"kkvksa dk

Kku cgqr t:jh gSA ekStwnk ifjfLFkfr esa Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa
vius ekr`Hkk"kk ds vykok fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth dk Kku cgqr gh t:jh gSA
vr% vki lHkh dks fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth ds v[kckj] f}Hkk"kh i=&if=dk,¡
vkfn i<+uk pkfg,] blls vki bu nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dh izd`fr] lajpuk]
'kCn :i ls lgt gh ifjfpr gksaxsA
2- iqLrdky;ksa esa miyC/k egÙoiw.kZ iqLrdksa ds ewy&ikB o muds vuqokn
igys if<+, vkSj fQj nksuksa dh rqyuk dhft,A
3- fofHkUu vuwfnr iqLrdksa dks if<+, vkSj muesa fn, x, egÙoiw.kZ funsZ'kksa]
fu;eksa] mnkgj.kksa ij /;ku nhft,A

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 70

mi;ksxh iqLrdsa %
1- vuqokn foKku] HkksykukFk frokjh] fdrkc?kj izdk'ku] fnYyh
2- vuqokn foKku] la- MkW- uxsUnz] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;]
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh
3- vuqokn dyk] MkW- ,u- bZ- fo'oukFk v;~;j] izHkkr izdk'ku] fnYyh
4- vuqokn foKku dh Hkwfedk] d`".kdqekj xksLokeh] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ
fnYyh
5- vuqokn lk/kuk] MkW- iwjupUnz VaMu] vfHkO;fDr izdk'ku] fnYyh
6- vuqokn Hkk"kk¡a&leL;k,¡] MkW- ,u- bZ- fo'oukFk v;~;j] Kku xaxk] fnYyh
7- vuqokn vkSj e'khuh vuqokn] o`"kHkizlkn tSu] lkjka'k izdk'ku] fnYyh
8- vuqokn dh leL;k,¡] th- xksihukFku ,oa ,l- danLokeh] yksdHkkjrh
izdk'ku] bykgkckn
9- vuqokn fl)kUr ,oa iz;ksx] th- xksihukFku] yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku]
bykgkckn
10- vuqokn fl)kUr ,oa O;ogkj] MkW- johUnzukFk JhokLro o MkW- d`".kdqekj
xksLokeh] vkys[k izdk'ku] fnYyh
12- vuqokn fl)kUr] MkW- lqjs'k dqekj] ok.kh izdk'ku] fnYyh
13- vuqokn foKku] la- ckysUnq 'ks[kj frokjh] izdk'ku laLFkku] fnYyh
14- vuqokn % izfØ;k ,oa iz;ksx] MkW- Nfcy dqekj esgsj] vuU; izdk'ku]
fnYyh
15- cSadksa esa vuqokn izfof/k] MkW- lhrk dqfprikne] Hkkjrh; vuqokn ifj"kn]
fnYyh

vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 71

 :uksVl~ :
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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 72

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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 73

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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 74

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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 75

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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 76

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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 77

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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 78

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vksfM+'kk jkT; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] lEcyiqj 79

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