DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI ERODE – 638060
OCTOBER 2024

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work II report entitled SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM USING ARDUINO is the Bonafide record of project work done by ILMUNISHA
A(21ECL237), in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Anna University, Chennai
during the academic year 2024-2025.

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. S. MAHESWARAN M.E., Ph.D., Dr. N. KASTHURI M.E., Ph.D.,
Associate Professor Professor & Head
Department of ECE Department of ECE
Kongu Engineering College Kongu Engineering College
Perundurai - 638 060. Perundurai - 638 060.

Date:
Submitted for the end semester viva voce examination held on 23.12.2024

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
 KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
PERUNDURAI ERODE – 638060
OCTOMBER 2024

DECLARATION

We affirm that the project work II report titled A WRISTBAND BASED MENSTRUAL

TRACKING FOR AUTISM CHILDREN being submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of bachelor of Engineering is the original work carried out by us. It

has not formed the part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree

of award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Date: 23.12.2024 (Signature of the

Candidates)

ILMUNISHA A
(21ECL237)
I certify that the declaration made by the above candidates is true to the best of my knowledge.

Date: 23.12.2024 Name and Signature of the supervisor

with seal
 ABSTRACT
The paper is based on the embedded system technology used in waste management system
under the health sector. Dumping garbage into the streets and in public areas is a common
synopsis found in all developing countries and this mainly end up affecting the environment
and creating several unhygienic conditions. In order to deal with these problems Smart
dustbin is an ideology which we put forward is an embedded system. The continuous growth
of the generated volumes of waste and garbage grasps the attention of researchers and experts
in various fields. The collection and management process of this massive and distributed
amount of waste presents a challenge, as it needs to be collected and processed as fast as
possible. The accumulated amounts of waste can be a fundamental source for emitting
poisonous gases and producing toxic material to the soil which leads to deadly consequences
for the environment and causes serious health issues for human so it is critical to collect it as
fast as possible. The smart waste management system is mainly for segregation of waste.
Here, we consider waste material into two categories wet and dry. The dry waste again
segregated as metal and non-metals. The main goal is to separate the metal waste which can
be used for various purposes.
Keywords: Embedded system, Sensor, Arduino, Waste Management, Servo Motor
 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CATALOUGE OF FIGURES
CATALOUGE OF ABBREVATIONS
CHAPTER
1 1.1 Prologue
1 1.2 Waste Management
2 1.3 Embedded System 6
CHAPTER
2 2.1 Block Diagram of Smart Waste Management System 9
2.2 Prototype of Smart Waste Management System 10
2.3 Working Principle
12 2.4 Circuit Diagram
13 2.5 Implementation of Smart Waste Management System 15
CHAPTER
3 3.1 Arduino IDE 16
3.2 Installing Arduino 17
CHAPTER
4 4.1 Components Required 23
4.2 Arduino UNO 23
4.2.1 Communication 26
4.2.2 Specifications of Arduino Uno 27
4.3 Sensors 4.3.1 Inductive Proximity Sensor 28
4.3.2 Proximity Sensor 30
4.3.3 Moisture Sensor 33
4.3.4 IR Sensor 35
4.4 Lead Acid Battery 39
4.5 Servo Motor 40
CONCLUSION 42
REFERENCES 43
 CATALOUGE OF ABBREVATIONS
1. UI : User Interface
2. SWM : Smart waste management
3. UID : Unique identifiers
4. ASIC : Application specific integrated circuits .
5. GPU : Graphics processing unit
6. DSP : Digital signal processors
7. GPS : Global positioning system
8. PWM : Pulse width modulation
9. SPI : Serial peripheral interface
10. UART : Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter .
11. I2C : Inter integrated circuit
12. MSW : Municipal solid waste
 CHAPTER 1
PROLOGUE
1.1Introduction
Garbage is an important issue that needs to be handled wisely. We separate household waste
for easy disposal and recycling. We've seen garbage trucks come to homes badly and cause
chaos in families.
This is why many citizens are packing too many containers in the open. This increases
environmental pollution. Waste is a problem and we cannot ignore it. Garbage is the home of
all insects that cause food poisoning and many other diseases.
Waste control refers to the techniques, strategies and technologies used to manipulate the
collection, transportation, disposal and recycling of waste.
Waste control is designed to make sure that waste is disposed of in a safe and
environmentally sound manner while promoting the conservation of assets and decreasing
the poor impact of waste on public health, cleanliness and the environment.
A typical waste management system includes many components, including waste collection,
transportation, treatment and disposal. Garbage collection involves collecting waste from
homes, businesses and other places and transporting it to waste treatment plants. Waste
transportation involves transporting waste from collection points to treatment plants, usually
using specialized trucks and equipment.
Waste treatment involves sorting, sorting and treating waste to facilitate recycling,
composting or disposal. Recycling involves turning waste into new products, while
composting breaks down organic waste into valuable nutrients that can be used as fertilizer.
Waste disposal usually involves burial in landfills or power plants that convert waste
materials into energy.
Typical, a nicely-designed waste control gadget can help reduce pollution, preserve natural
resources and help sustainable development. proper waste control requires the cooperation of
individuals, agencies and government businesses at all stages to ensure that waste is disposed
of in an green and environmentally sound manner.

1.2Waste Management
Waste control answers encompass smart sensors that use ultrasonic era to measure fill
levels in and out of packing containers. They send data to the clever Waste control device,
a powerful cloud-based platform, thru diverse IoT communications.
The aim is to provide cities and businesses with data-driven decision making and waste
collection optimization. Monitoring and finding the appropriate process is an important
issue, some processes, such as the government, should establish strict rules to prevent
people from littering against businesses that do not use Biodegradable materials, use
recycled materials, reduce bad products, reuse the product, such use will reduce waste to
some extent.
Along with this, the idea of using technology is introduced to dispose of garbage correctly
and reduce its damage. Everyone wants to visit a new and clean city. A stinking city full
of garbage does not attract tourists, does not waste money and time. For the reason that
we're a developing united states, waste control may be very critical and like a rustic with
a huge populace, we need to govern and control the whole thing effectively.
stable waste management (SWM) is a primary undertaking going through many city
municipalities (ULB) in India, where urbanization, industrialization and economic growth
are leading to an boom in municipal stable waste (MSW) in line with capita. effective
SWM is a chief challenge for towns with high populace density. reaching sustainable
improvement in a rustic with a unexpectedly growing populace and rising dwelling
standards is greater difficult in India as it's miles a various country 3 with many faiths,
cultures and traditions. no matter social, financial and environmental traits, the SWM
device in India has remained unchanged. T
he casual zone plays an vital function in reaping the value of waste, and presently round
90% of waste is thrown away as opposed to well disposed of. there may be an urgent need
to transition to a extra sustainable SWM, which requires new management structures and
waste control facilities.
The contemporary SWM gadget is ineffective and wastes negatively affect public health,
the environment and the economy.
Waste management in India is managed by using the Ministry of surroundings and
Forestry (MoEF), however exercise is variable and limited. A developing country like
India can support smart technologies that will help our country in the future.
Therefore, smart waste management systems have the best development potential in our
country, where sanitation is an important issue. We implemented a small-scale waste
management model using IoT technology, which is briefly described below Waste
separation refers back to the separation of waste into dry waste and moist waste. Dry
waste consists of timber and other substances, metal and glass. moist waste typically
refers to waste produced through cooking centers this is heavy due to moisture. Waste
sorting isn't the same as waste sorting.
Waste separation is the separation of wastes into special categories. each type of waste is
placed in its very own category whilst dumped or gathered, however identity takes
vicinity after dumping or series.
Waste evaluation ensures that the information is clean and good. on the other hand,
analysis creates an impure made from poor quality.
et waste refers to food, contaminated food, hygiene products, garden waste, all organic
Wet Waste
We materials such as wipes and paper towels, and other products. Dirt that can be
recycled. Used for wet waste composting. it's far vital to split wet and dry waste because
dry waste need to be freed from contamination for recycling.
Wet waste, also known as organic waste, is biodegradable waste that contains organic
compounds such as food waste, garden waste, and animal waste. Such waste usually has a
high moisture content and is easy to decompose.
moist waste is frequently separated from other types of waste along with plastic and paper
and can be used for composting or shredding to supply biogas and compost. Proper
management of wet waste is important to reduce carbon monoxide emissions and
conserve natural resources.

Dry Waste
Dry waste contains paper, glass, plastic, cardboard, rubber, metallic, food packaging
cloth, and many others. Even milk cartons and packets pass right into a dry waste bin.
Dry waste is recyclable however could be rejected if it's far infected or dirty. In dry there
have been many cloth that may be recycled and reuse a number of them are paper and
steel. Dry waste refers to non-biodegradable waste that does not decompose easily, such
as plastic, metal, glass, and paper. Unlike wet waste, dry waste does not contain organic
compounds and has a low moisture content. Dry waste is usually recycled and can be
processed into new products such as paper or plastic. However, if not managed properly,
dry waste can have adverse environmental impacts, including pollution and resource use.
Therefore, it is important to separate dry waste from wet waste for easy recycling and
proper disposal.

Metal Waste
Scrap metal refers to scrap metal products and materials that are no longer useful or
desirable. This includes materials such as steel, aluminum, copper, brass and copper.
Metal waste comes from many sources, together with groups, production websites and
families.
Recycling steel waste is vital because it enables preserve natural sources and decrease
waste despatched to landfills.
steel recycling includes sorting and separating exclusive varieties of metals, casting off
impurities and melting them to make new merchandise.
Recycling scrap steel additionally enables lessen greenhouse gasoline emissions because
producing new metallic from ore requires extra strength than recycling existing metal
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals, together with but not restrained to steel roofing, rebar,
coatings, pipes manner substances.
window frames, doors, stoves, pipes, wires, cables, showers, fences, bicycle frames, auto
body parts, machinery, garbage, metal furniture. In dry waste, we must distinguish
between metals and non-metals. We consider all non-metallic materials as non-ferrous
metals.
Non – Metal waste Non-metal waste, paper, plastic, glass, textile, rubber, wood, etc.
refers to wastes that do not contain metal, such as These materials are usually derived
from natural materials and may be biodegradable or non-biodegradable.

Non-metallic
waste is generated from many sources, including households, businesses and industries.
Recycling non-metallic waste is important for conserving natural resources, reducing
energy consumption and reducing waste sent to landfills.
Recycling non-metallic materials often involves sorting and sorting different materials,
cleaning to remove contaminants, and making new products. Waste management is
important to reduce pollution, conserve natural resources and promote sustainable
practices.
To distinguish metal from nonmetal, we should use 6 sensors that can distinguish metal
from nonmetal. Finally, we can distinguish wet waste from dry waste, then distinguish
and separate non-ferrous and non-ferrous waste.

Embedded Systems
 An embedded gadget is a microprocessor-primarily based computer hardware system
whose software is designed to run standalone or as a part of a larger system. In essence,
there are combos designed to satisfy the functions of time. The complexity tiers from a
microcontroller to a fixed of processors with related peripherals and networks; from no
man or woman interface to complicated graphical consumer interfaces. The complexity
of an embedded device varies significantly relying on the duties it poses. Embedded
system programs variety from virtual clocks and microwave ovens to hybrid motors and
avionics. as plenty as 98 percent of all microprocessors produced are used in embedded
structures. Embedded structures are controlled via microcontrollers or virtual sign
processors (DSPs), software-particular integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable
gate arrays (FPGAs), GPU technology, and gate arrays. This commercial company
approach is blanketed with unique merchandise for the delivery of electricity and/or
associated device. Embedded device programming commands, called firmware, are
saved in read-most effective reminiscence or flash memory chips to artwork with limited
hardware components. Embedded structures communicate with the outside worldwide
thru peripheral devices that connect input and output devices. Common examples of
systems include assembly lines, movie theaters, DVD players, cell phones, heaters,
automatic washing machines, dryers, LED tracking machines, remote control toys, etc.
takes place.
The simple model of the embedded gadget has the subsequent components:
Sensor: A sensor measures the bodily cost and converts it into an electrical signal that can
be study via the electrical or digital system production technician. The sensor stores the
measured values in its memory.
A-D Converter: The analog to digital converter converts the analog sign despatched
through the sensor into a digital signal.
processor and ASIC: The processor evaluates the data to evaluate the output and save it
in reminiscence.
D-A Converter: digital-to-Analog Converter converts virtual information supplied by
using the processor to analog data. memory: reminiscence, difficult disk, programs,
software, statistics entry adjustments, features, teaching messages, and so on. It’s miles a
garage tool used to store all of the data of the device, including examine handiest
reminiscence (ROM), Random get admission to reminiscence (RAM), Flash, Cache and
many others. It additionally depends on the responsibilities and processors used inside
the system. The evolution of the modern-day internet and the rise of robots in lots of
daily responsibilities inside the internet of factors have taken all of the burden that
humans convey

EMBEDDED SYSTEM
 CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 Block Diagram of Smart Waste Management System
2.2 Prototype of Smart Waste Management System
WET & DRY SEPARATION
Working Principle
The working of the complete smart waste control system is based on sensors, the response
from the sensors make the work of servomotor which directs the waste materials in a
particular direction. Intially the waste that is placed on the primary plate there the wet and the
dry waste will get separated.
There we place a moisture sensor and a normal proximity sensor that detect presence of an
object. Here how we are going to separate is taking response from both the sensors.
If both the sensors give output value high that means it is a wet waste and the servo motor
will rotate to 45 degrees in clockwise direction. In another case only the proximity sensors
will get high value that means it is a dry waste and the motor will go to angle 315 in
clockwise direction.
By that way wet and dry waste will get separated. Now we have to separate metal and non-
metals from dry waste for this have to an proximity sensor and Inductive proximity sensor
which detect only metal objects.
The separated dry waste got placed on plate 2 here the metallic sensor and proximity sensor
readings will be taken and based on that response the plate using servomotor will be rotated.
If both the sensors give high value that will be consider as metal and the motor will rotate 45
degrees in anti-clock wise direction.
If only proximity sensor got high value then it will be non-metal.

2.4 Circuit Diagram

This Circuit belongs to smart Waste control machine. This Circuit consists of Arduino ,
Esp8266, Servo Motor, Lead Acid Battery , set of Sensors(Proximity Sensor, Inductive
Proximity Sensor, IR Sensor , Ultrasonic Sensor, Moisture Sensor) . right here the Arduino is
major controller of the entire circuit which collects the facts from all of the sensors and
primarily based on the sensor reaction it controls the Servo Motor to rotate wherein attitude
and the course. The Moisture Sensor offers Analog value and the remaining all of the sensors
deliver virtual price this is binary 1 or zero.
For power we use Lead Acid Battery as we can rate it future . The Lead Acid Battery has two
Terminals i.e superb and bad. The nice terminal is attached with Vcc of Node MCU and
negative terminal is connected with Gnd pin of Arduino. Initially when the garbage is thrown
it will check for wet or the dry Waste. For that we used proximity sensor and moisture sensor.
Here a simple LOGICAL AND operation is used. We have kept some threshold value for
moisture sensor i.e if the value is above that moisture level then we can say it wet waste or
else it will be dry waste.
Here the moisture sensor gives value above that threshold and proximity sensor gives value 1
then it will be consider as wet waste then the servo motor will be rotated in clock wise
direction.
If only Proximity sensor gives the value and there is no response from the moisture sensor the
it will dry waste then the servo motor will rotate in opposite direction. In dry waste we again
separate that into metal and non-metal.
For that we use Inductive Proximity sensor for metal detection. Here we the same LOGICAL
AND operation if only Proximity Sensor gives Digital 1 then it is Non-Metal the servo motor
will be rotated in clock-wise direction.
If both the metal sensor and the proximity sensor gives the response then it is a metal waste
and the servo motor will be rotated in opposite direction.

2.5 Implementation of Smart Waste Management System

 CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
Arduino IDE: Arduino IDE is the software program used to operate the Arduino
board. The software program is used as a text editor to create, open, edit and examine
Arduino code. The code or program in Arduino is known as a "comic strip".
The Arduino incorporated development surroundings (IDE) is a software program
program for writing, writing and uploading code to the Arduino board. It provides an easy-to-
use interface for programming Arduino boards and simplifies the code era and add process.
The Arduino IDE is primarily based on a programming language and open supply,
which means it's loose to apply and may be modified by way of every body. it's miles to be
had for windows, Mac OS X and Linux working structures.
Arduino IDE includes code editor, compiler, bootloader and serial reveal. The code
editor is used to write and edit Arduino code based on the C/C++ programming language. T
he compiler is used to convert the code into a format the Arduino board can
understand and the bootloader is used to upload the code to the board. The serial monitor is
used to communicate with and receive data from the development board. Overall the Arduino
IDE is a must-have tool for all Arduino board development users as it simplifies the process
of working and passing code to the board leader.
Its userfriendly interface and clear nature make it popular with hobbyists, students and
professionals.

INSTALLING ARDUINO IDE:

Step 1: Download the Arduino IDE file To download the free software,click the
following link in any explorer: There are 3 download alternatives for home windows on this
web page.
1. windows Installer: This software might be installed within the windows running
gadget and ought to have administrator rights.
2. home windows Zip document: rau transportable installation.
3. home windows application: Rau windows 8.1 Losis 10.
Step 2: Installation Option
 Step 3: Destination File
Arduino will automatically be established in "C:program files (x86)Arduino". 1. in
case you want to alternate the folder, click on "Browse" and pick out the preferred folder. 2.
click deploy to start the installation.
Step 4: Setup installation
Step 5: Setup Unit Completed
Step 6: View Arduino IDE
Step 7: Show Arduino IDE
 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE REQUIRED
4.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED
➢ Arduino Uno

➢ Inductive Proximity Sensor

➢ Proximity sensor

➢ IR sensor

➢ Moisture sensor

➢ Servo Motor

➢ Lead Acid Battery

➢ Rotating Plates

➢ Connecting Jumper wires

4.2 Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is an ATmega328P based totally microcontroller board. It has 14 input/output
pins (6 of which can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, 16 MHz ceramic resonator
(CSTCE16M0V53-R0), USB connection, energy enter, ICSP header and reset button.
microcontroller; simply join it to a laptop with a USB cable or strength it with an AC-DC
adapter or battery and you are geared up to head.
You may tamper with your Uno and not worry too much about doing some thing incorrect,
you can update the chip for a couple of dollars and begin over. Arduino UNO is the high-
quality development board for getting started out with electronics and coding. If that is your
first enjoy with the platform, UNO is the most powerful board you can start playing with.
UNO is the most available and quality model of the whole Arduino own family. "Uno", which
means "Uno" in Italian, became used to mark the discharge of Arduino software program
(IDE) 1.0. Uno board and version 1.
Arduino software program (IDE).zero is the consumer model of Arduino advanced for a new
version. The Uno board is the primary of the USB Arduino board and is the reference board
for the Arduino platform; See the Arduino Board Index for a complete list of present day, past
or modern-day forums. The Uno differs from all previous forums in that it does not use a
FTDI USB to UART serial chip, even as communicating the use of the original STK500
protocol. as an alternative, it uses an Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 from R2 upgrade)
programmed as a USB.
 Fig. Arduino Uno

Pin Configuration of ArduinoUno

Fashionable pin functions
• LED: Onboard LED driven by pin 13. When the pin is high the LED is on and when the pin
is low the LED is off.
• VIN: Input voltage to Arduino board when using external power (about 5 volts from USB
connection or other power management). You can supply 25 voltage from this pin, or if you
are supplying voltage from a power supply, you can access it from this pin.
• 5V: This pin allows 5V from the on-board controller. The board can be powered by DC
power supply (7 - 20V), USB connection (5V), or the board VIN pin (7-20V). Supplying
power from the 5V or 3.3V pins will bypass the controller and may damage the board.
• 3V3: 3.3 volt supply generated by the built-in voltage regulator. The maximum current is 50
mA
• GND: START. • IOREF: The pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage on which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured circuit board can read the IOREF pin voltage
and select the appropriate input or output voltage to work with 5V or 3.3V.
• RESET: Usually used to add a reset button to the shield button on the shield. Special pin
capabilities Every of the 14 virtual and six analog pins at the Uno may be used as an enter or
output based totally on software program manage (the usage of the pinMode(), digitalWrite()
and digitalRead() features).
They function at 5 volts. each pin can get preserve of or obtain 20 mA steady with the
encouraged operation and has an internal pull-up of 20-50K ohms (unconnected through
default). The most modern-day drawn from an I/O pin need to not exceed 40mA to keep
away from eternal harm to the microcontroller.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs classified A0 thru A5; every offers 10-bit resolution (eg. to.
1024 unique values). by means of default, they degree as much as five volts from floor,
however the top restrict of the range may be modified using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function.
Further, a few pins have specialised functions:
• Serial/UART: Pins zero (RX) and 1 (TX). TTL is used to obtain (RX) and transmit (TX)
serial facts. those pins connect to the corresponding pins at the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
serial chip.
• External interrupt: Pins 2 and three. these pins can be configured to cause an interrupt on a
low price, rising or falling area, or value change.PWM (pulse-width modulation): pins 3, five,
6, 9, 10, and eleven. Can provide eight-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() characteristic.
• SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): Pins 10 (SS), eleven (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK).
those pins help SPI communique using the SPI library.
• TWI (Two-Wire Interface)/I²C: pin SDA (A4) and pin SCL (A5). TWI communication is
supported using Wire Library. • AREF (Analog Reference): Reference voltage for analog
input.

4.2.1 Communication
Arduino Uno has many tools for speaking with a laptop, every other Arduino board or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication placed on
pins zero (RX) and 1 (TX). The ATmega16U2 on the motherboard takes the USB
communication interface and looks as a digital port for computer software program. The
16U2 firmware makes use of general USB COM drivers and does not require outside drivers.
however, on home windows a. inf record is required. The Arduino software (IDE) includes a
controller that lets in smooth sending and receiving of records to and from the board. The RX
and TX LEDs at the board will flash whilst sending information to the laptop through the
USB-serial chip and USB connection (however now not for communication among pins 0
and 1). The serial software library allows conversation thru any of the Uno's digital pins. The
board has two 5V pins, 3V3 pins and seven ground pins (0V)

Automatic (software) reset

The Arduino Uno board is designed so that it could be rebooted from software jogging on the
connected laptop, in place of bodily urgent the reset button earlier than uploading. One of the
voltage regulator traces (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 / 16U2 is hooked up to the reset line of the
ATmega328 thru a one hundred nanofarad capacitor. while this line is stated (pulled down),
the reset line drops sufficient to reset the chip. This configuration has another impact. While
the Uno is hooked up to a laptop jogging Mac OS X or Linux, it resets every time a
connection is made through software (thru USB). For 1/2 a 2nd, the bootloader works on
Uno. while programmed to ignore invalid information (other than uploading new code), it
captures the primary few bytes of information sent to the clipboard after beginning the
relationship.
4.2.2 Specifications of Arduino Uno Microcontroller:
❖ ATmega328P operating Voltage: 5V
❖ input Voltage (pom zoo): 7-12V
❖ input Voltage (restrained): 6-20V
❖ virtual I/O Pins: 14WM (6 Output four)
❖ PWM digital I /O pins: 6
❖ Analog input pins: 6
❖ DC modern-day in step with I/O pin: 20 mA DC full sim no rau three.
❖ 3V pins: 50 mA
❖ Flash: 32 KB (ATmega328P) and its zero ,
❖ five KB bootloader SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328P)
❖ EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328P)
❖ Clock : 16 MHz
❖ operating Voltage: 5V
❖ enter Voltage (encouraged): 7-12V
❖ Input Voltage (restrict): 6-20V
❖ digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 offer PWM output)
❖ PWM virtual I/O Pins: 6
❖ Analog input Pins: 6 DC cutting-edge consistent with
❖ I/O Pin: 20 mA DC cutting-edge for three.
❖ 3V Pin: 50 mA
❖ Flash reminiscence: 32 KB of which zero
❖ five KB utilized by bootloader SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328P)
❖ EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328P)
❖ Clock pace: 16 MHz
❖ LED_BUILTIN: 13
❖ length: sixty eight.6 mm
❖ Width: fifty eight.4 mm
❖ Weight: 25 g

4.3 SENSORS
4.3.1 Inductive Proximity Sensor
Inductive proximity sensors can locate metallic goals near the sensor without making
contact with the target. Inductive proximity sensors are divided into 3 kinds according to
their working patterns: high-frequency oscillating type using electromagnetic induction,
magnetic kind the usage of magnets, and capacitive kind the use of capacitance alternate.
Specification of Inductive Proximity Sensor
• Sensing distance: 2 mm ± 10%, 4 mm ± 10%, 5 mm ± 10%, eight mm ± 10%,12 mm ±
10%
• Differential travel: max. 10% of sensing distance
• Detectable item: Ferrous steel
• power deliver Voltage (working Voltage variety): 12 to 24 VDC, ripple (p-p): max. 10%
• modern-day intake: 15 mA max
• Output Load modern: 200 mA max Residual voltage: 2V max. (load contemporary: 200
mA, cable period: 2 m)
• indicators: Operation indicator (purple)
• Operation Mode (with Sensing object approaching): NPN: NO / NC; PNP: NO / NC
• Ambient Temperature range: – working: working: -25 ~ +70 ºC / garage: – 40 ~ eighty
ºC (and not using a icing or condensation)
• Connection technique: 3 wires 2m cable and M12 connector with 200mm cable.

Working of Inductive Proximity Sensor:

Inductive proximity sensors come across magnetic area loss because of eddy present day-
day created thru the outside magnet of electrical tool. An AC magnetic area is created
through the sensing coil to experience the impedance trade because of the eddy cutting-
edge produced on the metal object.
different methods consist of aluminum detection sensors that hit upon the frequencyto-
segment level, and all-steel sensors that use coils to hit upon the impedance exchange of
the product. There are also impulse response sensors that create eddy contemporary in
pulses and stumble on the time variation of eddy modern with voltage induced in the coil.
The change-like coupling is changed by way of impedance trade because of eddy
contemporary loss. The alternate in impedance may be considered because the change in
resistance positioned in series with the source

4.3.2 Proximity Sensor :

E18-D80NK adjustable infrared sensor switch 3-80cm is a photoelectric switch sensor
integrating transmitter and receiver. The measured distance may be adjusted as wanted.
The measuring variety of the size is three-80 cm. 31 The adjustable infrared sensor
transfer is small, smooth to use, low cost, and easy to put in. it can be broadly used in lots
of conditions, which includes robot safety, verbal exchange and meeting traces. alternate
the output sign differently with boundaries. stay excessive whilst there is no hassle and
stay low while there is a hassle. there may be a robust mild behind the probe, and the
detection variety is 3cm-80cm

1.2.1.1.1.1.1

Connections:
• Brown wire: +5v
• Blue cord: GND
• Black wire: digital output.
Specifications: Luminescence fount - Infrared Discern gamut - 3cm – 80cm Load
Potential - 5v contemporary - 300mA Cord extent - 1meter

Working of Proximity Sensor:

4.3.3 Moisture Sensor
A humidity sensor, also called a humidity sensor or hygrometer, is an electronic tool that
measures the humidity or humidity of the surrounding environment. Humidity sensors are
frequently used in many programs which includes agriculture, home automation and
commercial processes. 33 The Humidity Sensor works by detecting changes in resistance,
capacitance, or other physical properties that are affected by humidity or humidity.
They usually have a sensor element made of a material that detects humidity or changes in
humidity, and an electronic sensor that measures the meter's output and is converted into a
reading.
The Humidity Sensor may be used to screen and manipulate humidity in numerous areas. for
example, in agriculture, moisture sensors can be used to screen soil moisture and optimize
irrigation in real time, at the same time as in domestic automation they may be used to
manipulate HVAC structures to display humidity and preserve indoor situations.
In industrial processes, moisture meters are used to monitor the moisture content of materials
such as wood, paper and textiles to maintain quality and prevent defects. In general, the
humidity sensor is a useful tool for many applications where it is important to control and
monitor humidity
via providing accurate and dependable measurements, they are able to help enhance tactics,
reduce waste and growth average productivity. The Soil Moisture Sensor measures the
moisture content of the soil. since the direct gravimetric dimension of soil moisture calls for
eliminating, drying, and weighing the sample, a soil moisture meter directly measures the
quantity of the soil the usage of positive residences of the soil, which include electric
resistance, permeability, or interactions with neutrons. representatives of moisture. contents.
Specifications Of Moisture sensor
• running Voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC
• running modern: 15mA
• Output digital - 0V to 5V, Adjustable trigger level from preset
• Output Analog - 0V to 5V based on infrared radiation from fireplace flame falling at the
sensor
• LEDs indicating output and electricity
• PCB size: three.2cm x 1.4cm
• LM393 based totally layout
• easy to apply with Microcontrollers or even with normal digital/Analog IC
Working of Moisture Sensor:
A soil moisture meter measures the amount of water in the soil and can be used to estimate
water garage within the soil layer. Soil moisture sensors do no longer measure soil moisture
without delay. alternatively, they predictably measure changes in different soils related to
water content material.
Every producer uses a special approach to degree soil moisture. an electrical device known
as a capacitor has three components.
the space between the nice plate, the terrible plate and the plate is known as the dielectric.
real capacitors vary in physical form and production, and distinctive types of capacitors are
commonly used. most capacitors contain as a minimum two electrodes, commonly within the
shape of steel or separated by using a dielectric medium. 35 A capacitive moisture sensor
works by means of measuring the modifications in capacitance as a result of the changes
inside the dielectric.
It does no longer measure moisture at once (pure water does now not conduct strength
nicely), as a substitute it measures the ions which are dissolved within the moisture those ions
and their concentration may be laid low with more than a few of things, as an instance adding
fertilizer as an instance will lower the resistance of the soil. Capacitance measures the
dielectric medium created via the soil, and water is the maximum critical thing influencing
the dielectric.
The capacitance of the sensor is measured with a a 555-primarily based circuit that produces
a voltage proportional to a capacitor located to ground. This voltage can be measured the
usage of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that produces a number we will interpret as
humidity.
The final release charge is stricken by how deep the probe is inserted and how compact the
surrounding soil is. Value_1 is the value for dry soil and Value_2 is the cost for saturated soil.

4.3.4 Infrared (IR) sensor:

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects infrared radiation in
the surrounding environment. In 1800, astronomer William Herchel discovered infrared
radiation. When measuring the temperature of each color of light (separated by prisms), only
red light is found to have the highest temperature. Infrared is invisible to the human eye, as it
has a longer wavelength than visible light (although still in the same electromagnetic
spectrum). Anything that emits heat (anything with a temperature higher than five degrees
Kelvin) emits infrared radiation. An infrared sensor, also known as an infrared sensor, is an
electronic device that detects electromagnetic radiation in the environment. Infrared radiation
is a type 36 of radiation emitted by any material whose temperature is above zero. Infrared
sensors are frequently used in many applications such as temperature measurement, motion
detection and remote control
The Infrared Sensor works by detecting changes in the intensity of infrared radiation at a
particular wavelength. They have emitters that produce infrared radiation and detectors that
capture the radiation and convert it into an electrical signal.
Detection equipment is usually made of infrared radiation sensitive materials such as
thermopiles or bolometers. The Infrared Sensor has many applications. For example, they can
be used to measure the temperature of an object without touching its body, making them
useful in applications such as industrial process control, medical imaging, and building
automation.
Infrared sensors are also used in security systems and motion detection devices, as they can
detect people or objects based on changes in infrared radiation. Finally, IR sensors are often
used in remote controls of electronic devices such as TVs and DVD players so that users can
control them remotely

Specifications:
• 5V DC running voltage
• I/O pins 5v and three.3v
• variety upto 20cm
• Adjustable sensing variety
• built in ambient mild sensor
• 20mA deliver voltage
• Mounting hollow

Working of IR Sensor:
Active infrared sensors work in conjunction with radar technology, simultaneously emitting
and receiving infrared radiation. These electrons hit nearby objects and return to the receiving
device. With this technology, the sensor detects not only the movement of the environment,
but additionally how near the object is to the device. this is in particular useful in robotics to
govern proximity.
Infrared radiation paperwork the lower quit of the electromagnetic spectrum and
consequently is invisible to the human eye. The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum
is among seen waves and microwaves.
Infrared wavelengths range from zero.75 to one thousandµm and are divided into 3 zones.
Infrared radiation is function of all materials with a temperature above zero (zero Kelvin or -
273 ranges Celsius). Those items are thermal and emit infrared waves. Infrared sensors
commonly use infrared lasers and LEDs with infrared wavelengths. For thermal electricity to
attain the infrared scale, it ought to use a transmission medium. the published medium is air,
vacuum or fiber optic.
Optical lenses made from a combination of metals and materials such as quartz, calcium
fluoride, polyethylene, germanium, aluminum and silicon are used as electronic components.
The light or spotlight is then detected by an infrared detector. Infrared detectors require a
preamplifier to amplify the signal.

4.4 LEAD ACID BATTERY:

Lead acid batteries have electrodes immersed in a sulfuric acid electrolyte. The positive
electrode is made of lead oxide whilst the negative electrode is hooked up to the lead grid.
There are types of lead-acid batteries: flooded and valve-regulated. Acid flooded batteries are
much less high-priced than acid manage valve batteries, but require greater upkeep and air
flow. Lead-acid batteries are transportable . 39 The price is low. but, those batteries face
many problems throughout their lifetime, including low price, low strength intake, short
existence and gradual charging. extra superior lead-acid batteries are being brought. The
brand new lead acid battery makes use of carbon monoxide on the terrible electrode to form a
poor electrode supercapacitor. In those batteries, the chemistry of the wonderful electrode
does not trade in any manner, and the chemistry of the bad electrode does no longer.
therefore, the coolest electrode is less vulnerable to corrosion, ensuing in longer life and
better performance than lead-acid batteries.

4.5 Servo Motor

A servo motor is a field device or power line that provides particular manage of attitude or
immediately line, speed and velocity. It has a suitable frame connected to the sensor for the
remarks feature. It additionally calls for a extraordinarily complex controller, commonly a
unique module designed to be used with servo cars. It isn't always a specific motor elegance,
however the time period servo motor is often used to consult automobiles appropriate to be
used in closed loop manage systems. The Servo Motor is a powerful motor often used in
many packages inclusive of robotics, production and automation. it is an digital field that
offers unique manipulate of angular role, speed and acceleration. 40 The servo motor operates
by receiving a control signal that determines the desired position of the motor shaft. The
control signal is usually in the form of a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal, in which the
pulse timing determines the desired position. The servo motor then uses the feedback from
the internal sensors to adjust the position of the motor until it matches the desired position.
Servo Motors are popular in robotic applications due to their ability to accurately control the
position and speed of robotic joints. They are also frequently used in manufacturing and
electronics, where they can be used to control the position of conveyor belts, robotic arms,
and other mechanical systems.
In addition to their precise control capabilities, Servo motors are known for their high
electrical properties that allow them to move heavy objects with ease.
They are available in various sizes and torque ratings for a variety of applications. In general,
servo motors are a popular choice for applications that require precise control of motor
position and speed. Their ability and versatility to deliver high output torque make them
useful tools for a variety of industries and applications.
A servomotor is a "servomotor-controlled" motor. Servos use sensors to track the position of
the motor shaft and actuators to control the motor. Receives a signal indicating where the axis
should be set.
It then moves the motor to the desired position. When simulating a servo motor, we use a
control signal whose pulse width is a PWM signal that determines the angle of the motor
shaft.
The motor itself is a simple DC motor with a lot of power to reduce speed and increase
torque. In order for the servo motor to work properly, it needs a sensor that can measure the
position of the shaft. In some commercial and high-end servos this is done with an optical
marking disc, but in most standard hobby servos the sensor is a potentiometer.
This works well because the servos move between 180 and 270 degrees, which is usually
within the range of the potentiometer.
 CONCLUSION
Although there many Smart Waste Management and segregation systems developed in the
past , in real implementation there were some flaws in that where we can only separate the
wet and dry. As per research the metal objects present the waste or the garbage are way
harmful then plastic , which pollute environment.
The metal is also way useful for many purposes , so we aimed to separate the metal from
waste. Here Arduino is the main heart of our system which completely controls the servo
motor rotation so the separation was done. As of now moist and parched squander got
separated and in dry waste the metal as well as non-metal got separated. In non-metal we
have paper, wood, plastic etc.
After the complete implementation of this prototype in future we can look into the separation
of plastic which is one of the major pollutants in our environment. We can improve the
performance of the system by going with high level sensors with better specification which
may have better accuracy and response times.
The sensors we have used were basic level sensors through which we can get exact prototype
of our idea. We can also inferface this circuit with blynk application to live status of the bin
so that whenever it is filled the management team will collect it. So then we can call it as
complete waste management system.
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