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Computer_Networks_Important_Topics

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Computer_Networks_Important_Topics

Uploaded by

skushwaha82004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Important Topics in Computer Networks

1. Digital vs Analog Transmission

Digital transmission involves discrete binary data (0s and 1s), whereas analog transmission involves

continuous signals. Digital transmission is more reliable, with error detection and correction

capabilities, and less prone to noise, while analog is susceptible to interference.

2. Full Duplex Communication

Full duplex allows simultaneous two-way communication. Both devices can send and receive data at

the same time without waiting for the other to finish, improving communication efficiency.

3. Difference between MAN and WAN

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) covers a city or a large campus, providing high-speed

connections within a limited area. WAN (Wide Area Network) covers broader geographical areas,

such as countries or continents, using long-distance telecommunications networks.

4. OSI vs TCP/IP Models

The OSI model has seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation,

and Application. The TCP/IP model, used in practical networking, has four layers: Link, Internet,

Transport, and Application. OSI is a reference model for understanding network functions, while

TCP/IP is the protocol suite of the internet.

5. Attenuation

Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength over a distance. It occurs due to absorption,

scattering, and other factors as the signal propagates through a medium. The longer the distance,

the weaker the signal becomes.


6. PPP Protocol

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer protocol used to establish direct connections

between two nodes, often in dial-up internet connections. It supports authentication, encryption, and

compression for secure data transfer.

7. CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is used in wired networks like

Ethernet. It detects collisions and retransmits data if needed. CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance) is

used in wireless networks, preventing collisions by checking if the channel is clear before sending

data.

8. Congestion Control Policies

Congestion control policies help manage and reduce network congestion. Techniques include traffic

shaping, TCP windowing, and fair queueing. These methods ensure data flow remains efficient

without overwhelming the network.

9. Internetworking

Internetworking refers to the connection of different types of networks to form a larger, global

network. It enables communication between separate networks, often using routers and internet

protocols such as IP.

10. Cryptography

Cryptography is the practice of securing information by transforming it into an unreadable format

using encryption. Only authorized users with the correct decryption key can read the data. It ensures

confidentiality, integrity, and security of information.

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