PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER

Matter- is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Around 2000 years ago, A Greek philosopher named Democritus suggested that matter is made up of tiny particles too
small to be seen. He believed that if you keep on cutting a substance into smaller and smaller pieces, you will eventually
come to the smallest possible particle, which he believed to be the building blocks of matter, and this idea paved way for
the development of the four main ideas about the
Particle Model of Matter:
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles;
2. The particles of matter are always moving;
3. The particles have spaces between them; and
4. Adding heat to matter makes the particles move faster.

Solid Liquid Gas

Shape and It has definite shape and It has no definite shape and It has no definite shape and
Volume volume. volume. volume.
Rigidity Rigid Not Rigid Not Rigid
Arrangement Particles are in a regular Particles are in a random Particles are in a random
arrangement and very close arrangement with small gaps arrangement and spread far
together. between them. apart from one another.
Motion Particles vibrate around Particles can slide past one Particles are free to move in all
fixed position another directions
Compressibility Incompressible Compressible to a small extent Highly compressible

 Chemical properties are properties that can be observed or measured when a substance undergoes a chemical
change.
Examples: Iron metal rusts, a green banana turns yellow when it ripens.
 Physical properties are properties that can be observed without bringing a chemical change.
Examples: Folding of clothes, tearing a paper, cutting a wood and etc.

IMPORTANT TERMS:
 The intermolecular force of attraction is the force that holds the particles together.
 The kinetic energy of a particle is the energy possessed by a particle by its motion.

PHASE CHANGES
- It is a change from one state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) to another.

Changes between a Liquid and a Gas

1. Evaporation
 The process by which the molecules on the surface of a liquid break
away and change into gas.
 Increasing temperature of liquid water, made the particles separate
far apart from one another which caused the increase of the
movement of particles. In this way, the kinetic energy overcomes the
intermolecular force of attraction, so evaporation occurred.
 When the heat was applied to the liquid, the particles vibrate more
and more and it loosened, then they separate from one another, which produced wider space between them and
they were able to move faster, this means the kinetic energy increased.
 The molecules that escape from the liquid and go into the gaseous phase is called vapor and in this case, water
vapor.
Examples of evaporation in everyday life:
 Steam from boiling water
 Wet clothes drying in the sun
 Making tea or hot chocolate
 Drying of wet hair

2. Condensation
 Condensation is the opposite of evaporation.
 This is a process where gas particles turn to liquid by clumping
together.
 Here, the gas particles will clump together when the temperature is
decreased. At this point, the particles come closer together; this
makes the intermolecular force of attraction overcome the kinetic
energy.
 Examples of condensation in everyday life:
 Morning dew/ Dew formation on grass
 Air conditioner dripping
 Water droplets on cold glass
 Cloud formation

Changes between a Solid and a Liquid

1. Melting
 process in which a solid turn into liquid
 When a solid is heated, it transforms to liquid.
 Heat is absorbed (added).
 As the temperature increases, the water particles move freely and
become farther from each other.

Examples of melting in everyday life:

 Ice cube shifting to a puddle of water
 Butter to liquid butter (when cooking)
 Melting of steel (requires very high temperature)

2. Freezing
 the process in which a liquid is changed to a solid.
 When a liquid is cooled, it transforms to solid.
 Freezing is the opposite of melting.
 Heat is removed (released).
 The liquid particles move close to each other until they could hardly move, they just vibrate and jiggle one to
another.
NOTE THAT:

 Melting and freezing are state transitions that occurs when there is a change in temperature (either heating or
cooling).
 The freezing point of water and the melting point of an ice is at the same temperature (0°C).

Comparison

Phase Change Temperature Motion (Kinetic Arrangement of

energy) particles
Evaporation Increasing Fast Far
(Liquid – Gas)
Condensation Decreasing Slow Quiet close
(Gas – Liquid)
Melting Increasing Fast Quiet close
(Solid – Liquid)
Freezing Decreasing Slow Very close
(Liquid – Solid)

ATOMS: INSIDE OUT

Atom is the basic unit of matter and is composed of parts referred to as

subatomic particles that carry different charges. The atomic
structure of matter is made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons. The
nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively
charged) and the neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of
the atom are called electron shells and contain the electrons
(negatively charged). Atoms have different properties based on the
arrangement and number of their basic particles.

Properties of Subatomic Particles

NOTE:
The electrons have an extremely small mass (lighter), compared to either protons or neutrons. On the other hand, the
masses of protons and neutrons are fairly similar, although not exactly, the mass of a neutron is slightly larger than the
mass of a proton. Because protons and neutrons that are relatively heavier than electrons, almost all of the mass of any
atom comes from the nucleus. Protons and neutrons compose the nucleus and are collectively called nucleons.

Particles that are smaller than the atom are called subatomic particles namely, protons, electrons and neutrons. Atoms
of different elements have different atomic structures because they contain different numbers of protons and electrons. This
is the unique characteristics of different elements. An atom that has an equal number of protons and electrons is said
to be neutral.

Note: Isotopes have the same atomic number but differ in the number of neutrons

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

The periodic table of chemical elements, often called the periodic table,
organizes all discovered chemical elements in rows (called periods) and
columns (called groups) according to increasing atomic number.

Development of Periodic Table of Elements

 The development of the periodic table began with Johann Dobereiner in 1817, who established triads of
elements with similar properties.
 In 1863, John Newlands proposed the Law of Octaves, noting similarities every eighth element when arranged
by increasing atomic mass.
 In 1869, Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev independently developed periodic tables, grouping elements by
increasing atomic mass and similar properties. Despite living in different countries and not knowing each other, both
scientists arrived at similar conclusions. They left blank spaces in their tables for undiscovered elements.
Arrangement of the Elements on the Periodic Table are based on their:
 Atomic Number- The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.
 Atomic Mass - the average mass of a single atom of a chemical element.
 Properties- the characteristics that enable us to differentiate one material from another

Properties of Metal, Nonmetals and Semi-Metals/Metalloids

Elements that are found far right of the periodic table are called
nonmetals which may be solids, liquids or gases. A stair-step line
on the table separates the metals from nonmetals. The elements
along this line are called metalloids. Metalloids exhibit the
properties of metals and nonmetals. The seven elements
commonly regarded as metalloids are silicon, germanium, arsenic,
antimony, tellurium, and polonium.

REACTIVITY OF METALS
 With respect to position in the periodic table of the representative
elements, metallic character increases from top to bottom and
decreases from left to right; while nonmetallic character
decreases from top to bottom and increases from left to right, as
seen in the figure on the right.
 Metallic property relates to how easy it is for an atom to lose an
electron. On the other hand, nonmetallic property relates to how
easy it is for an atom to gain an electron. When atoms react, it is
the electrons that interact. Many of these
physical and chemical properties of
elements can be correlated to their unique
electron configurations.
 The way the electrons of an atom are
distributed in the various energy levels or
electron shells is called electronic
configuration.