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Calc_notes

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2 views

Calc_notes

Uploaded by

Rik Ledger
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Theorem 1 (Intermediate Value Theorem).

Let f be a continuous function


on the closed interval [a, b]. If N is any number between f (a) and f (b), then
there exists some c ∈ [a, b] such that f (c) = N .

Theorem 2 (Mean Value Theorem). Let f be a continuous function on


[a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). Then there exists some c ∈ (a, b) such that

f (b) − f (a)
f ′ (c) = .
b−a
Theorem 3 (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus). Let f be a continuous
function on [a, b]. Define
Z x
F (x) = f (t) dt.
a

Then F is differentiable on (a, b) and

F ′ (x) = f (x).

Theorem 4 (Taylor’s Theorem). Let f be n-times differentiable on an in-


terval containing a. Then for any x in that interval, there exists some ξ
between a and x such that

f ′′ (a) f (n) (a) f (n+1) (ξ)


f (x) = f (a)+f ′ (a)(x−a)+ (x−a)2 +· · ·+ (x−a)n + (x−a)n+1 .
2! n! (n + 1)!

Theorem 5 (L’Hôpital’s Rule). Suppose f and g are differentiable on an


open interval containing a, and limx→a f (x) = limx→a g(x) = 0 or both
′ (x)
limits are ±∞. If g ′ (x) ̸= 0 near a (except possibly at a), and limx→a fg′ (x)
exists (or is ±∞), then

f (x) f ′ (x)
lim = lim ′ .
x→a g(x) x→a g (x)

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