Module 1:

The special role of mathematics in education is

Mathematics reveals hidden patterns that help a consequence of its universal applicability. The
us understand the world around us.Now much
results of mathematics – theorems and theories
more than arithmetic and geometry,
mathematics today is a diverse discipline that – are both significant and useful;the best results
deals with data,measurements, and are also elegant and deep. Through its
observations from science; with theorems, mathematics offers science both a
inference,deduction, and proof; and with foundation of truth and a standard of certainty
mathematical models of natural phenomena, of
human behaviour, and of social systems.

“Without mathematics, there's nothing you can Pythagoras (570-495 BC), the "Father of
do. Everything around you is mathematics. Numbers," discovered numerical reasons in
Everything around you is numbers.”–Shakuntala musical harmony.
Devi
The word mathematics comes from the Greek
(máthēma), which, in the ancient Greek
John William Navin Sullivan "Mathematics, as
language, means that which is learnt." or
much as music or any other art, is one of the
"lesson" in modern Greek.Mathema is derived
means by which we rise to a complete
from "manthano"
self-consciousness”

Rudimentary mathematics - was especially Universal Turing Machine, theorized by Alan

useful during the development of agriculture Turing in 1937. The Universal Turing Machine,
when surpluses in food allowed trade which began as an abstract idea, later laid the
Plato pioneered the study of the ontology of groundwork for the development of the modern
mathematical objects, and computer.
Aristotle studied logic and issues related to Dr. Tanya Evans of Stanford University
infinity indicates that children who know math can
realism-math exists objectively and independent recruit certain brain regions more reliably, and
of human thought. Mathematical concepts are have higher gray matter volume in those
disembodied in the universe and available for us regions, than those who perform more poorly in
to uncover and bring into practical use. math.
anti-realism or idealism holds that mathematics MODULE 2:
is a product of the human imagination and is
carefully engineered to make formal statements Ian stewart- Mathematics is the science of
about nature in order to aid our understanding of patterns, and nature exploits just about every
the behavior of the universe. pattern that there is.
Applied mathematics is the branch of
Patterns in Nature
mathematics that are involved in the study of the Millions of patterns can be found in the
physical, biological, or sociological world; environment. These patterns occur in various
construct theories. forms and in different contexts which can be
pure mathematics is driven by abstract modelled mathematically. Some examples are
problems, rather than real world problems. Much symmetries, trees, spirals, waves, tessellations,
of what's pursued by pure mathematicians can stripes, meanders, cracks, and many more.
have their roots in concrete physical problems,
Symmetry comes from a Greek word which
but a deeper understanding of these means “to measure together" Mathematically,
phenomena brings about problems and symmetry means that one shape becomes
technicalities; Prove theories exactly like another shape when you move it in
some way. You can draw an imaginary line
across an object and the resulting parts are As such, this ratio is visible in many works of art
mirror images of each other. and architecture such as in the Mona Lisa, the
Line or bilateral symmetry- is evident in most Notre Dame Cathedral, and the Parthenon
animals, including humans.
Module 3:
radial or rotational symmetry- if you rotate the lily
flower above by several degrees you can still Galileo Galilei
achieve the same appearance as the original The laws of nature are written by the hand of
position. God in the language of mathematics.
Angle of rotation - The smallest angle that a Linguist Noam Chomsky defined language as a
figure can be rotated while sill preserving the set of sentences constructed using a finite set of
original formation. elements

The Streptococcus bacteria exhibits spherical A language contains the following

geometry as anyway you cut it components:
along its center, it will generate two identical ● There must be a vocabulary of words
halves. An endless, or great but finite, number of or symbols.
symmetry axes can be drawn through the body. ● Meaning must be attached to the words
or symbols.
Order of Rotation A figure has a rotational ● A language employs grammar, which
symmetry of order n (n-fold rotational symmetry) is a set of rules that outline how
if 1/n of a complete turn leaves the figure vocabulary is used.
unchanged. ● A syntax organizes symbols into linear
Packing problems involve finding the optimum structures or propositions.
method of filling up a given space such as a ● A narrative or discourse consists of
cubic or spherical container. strings of syntactic propositions.
● There must be (or have been) a group
of people who use and understand the
symbols.
Arithmetic sequences are generated by adding a The language of mathematics makes it easy to
common difference to the next term. express the kinds of thoughts that
Geometric sequences are generated by mathematicians like to express. It is:
multiplying a common ratio. 1. precise (able to make very fine distinctions);
Harmonic Sequence It is a sequence formed by 2. concise (able to say things briefly);
taking the reciprocals of an arithmetic sequence. 3. powerful (able to express complex thoughts
Fibonacci Sequence It is a sequence such that with relative ease).
each number is the sum of the two preceding
ones, starting from 0 and 1. mathematical expression is a name given to
Leonardo of Pisa, also known as Fibonacci (c. some mathematical object of interest. In
1170-1250) is one of the best-known mathematics, an object of interest is often a
mathematicians of medieval Europe. Fibonacci number, a set, or a function.
wrote the book Liber Abaci Ex: 2+3 ,10÷2, (6-2)+1
A recursive definition for a sequence is one in Real numbers are usually named with lowercase
which each successive term of the letters (like a, x, t, α, β, and
sequence is defined by using some of the γ)
preceding terms. sets are usually named with capital letters (like
Spiral patterns can be seen in whirlpools, plants, A, B, and C).
and in the shells of snails and other similar A mathematical sentence is the analogue of an
molluscs. English sentence; it is a correct arrangement of
Golden Ratio The ratios of successive Fibonacci mathematical symbols that states a complete
numbers approach the number φ (Phi);The thought.
golden ratio can also be expressed as the ratio Examples:
between two numbers, if the latter is also the 2𝑥 − 4 = −2 5𝑦 − 3 > 6 4 ∈ ℕ
ratio between the sum and the larger of the two Truth of Sentences A mathematical sentence
numbers. should show the relationship of different
expressions thus you can determine whether
they are true or false.
Open sentences The truth of sentences is not
Symbol Symbol Meaning/ Example
limited to just whether they are true or false.
name definition
Some sentences are true depending upon the
number that is chosen for the variable.
= equals Equality 5 = 2+3
Paradoxes - There are some sentences that are
sign 5 is equal
impossible to determine their truthfulness
to 2+3
because they present a contradiction.
1.Mathematical ‘nouns’ refer to numbers or
≠ not equal Inequality 5≠4
values that are manipulated in a mathematical
sign 5 is not
sentence.
equal to
● Variables symbols or letters that may
4
have one or more possible value.
● constants are numbers with fixed value.
≈ approxim Approxim sin (0.01)
ately ation ≈ 0.01,
● Mathematical constant are special
equal x≈y
symbols that have exact numerical
means x
value.
is
Symbol Symbol Meaning/ Example approxim
Name definition ately
equal to y
Hindu-Ar constant digits to 523
abic form 10.537 > Strict Greater 5>4
Numerals numbers inequality than 5 is
0, 1, 2, 3, greater
4, 5, 6, 7, than 4
8, 9
< Strict Less than 4<5
English Variable Unknown 𝑎 inequality 4 is less
Alphabet value to 2+𝑏 than 5
Letters find 2=𝑐
A, B, C, 2 ≥ Strict Greater 5 ≥ 4,
D, …, X, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + inequality than or x≥y
Y, Z 𝑏 equal means x
a, b, c, d, is greater
…, x, y, z than or
equal to y
Greek variable unknown 𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓
Alphabet value to sin2 𝜃 + ≤ Strict Less than 4 ≤ 5,
Letters find cos2 𝜃 = inequality or equal x≤y
α, β, γ, δ, 1 means x
ε, θ, λ, … is less
than or
Some mathem- number 𝑖 = √−1 𝑒 equal to y
Greek & atical with fixed ≈ 2.718
English constant value 𝜋≈
3. Basic Mathematical Operations
Letters 3.1416 𝜑
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
i, e, π, φ, ≈ 1.618
are the basic mathematical operations. The
following symbols are different variations of the
2.Mathematical ‘Verbs’ four operations:
Mathematical ‘verbs’ are symbols that show the
relationship of at least two expressions. Two
Symbol Symbol Meaning/ Exam-
expressions are either equal or unequal.
 name definition ple • Period decimal 2.56 =
point, 2+56/
+ Plus sign Addition 1+1= decimal 100
2 separator

- Minus sign Subtract-i 2−1= ab Power Exponents 2³= 8

on 1
n√a n-th root indicate √9 = 3,
± Plus-min-u Both plus 3±5= (radical) that a root √125 3
s and 8 or -2 is being =5
minus taken
operation
% Percent 1%=1= 10% ×
_ Minus-pl-us Both 3∓5= 100 30 = 3
+ minus -2 or 8
and plus
operation

× Times sign Multiplica 2×3=

tion 6

• Multiplic-ati Multiplica 2⋅3=

on dot tion 6

÷ Division Division 6÷2=3

sign/obelus

/ Division Division 6/2=3

slash

— Horizont-al Division/ 6
line Fraction — =3
2

4. Other Mathematical Symbols

Other symbols include grouping symbols which
are used to indicate order of operations,
exponents and radicals, and miscellaneous
symbols such as decimal point and percent.

Symbol Symbol Meaning/d Exam-

Name efinition ple

() Parenth calculate 2×
eses expressio (3+5) =
n inside 16
first

[] Brackets Calculate [(1+2)

Expressio ×
ns inside (1+5)]
first = 18