Digital Design And Computer Organisation 2024-25

ACTIVITY REPORT - 2

Aim :-
Design and elevator control system using Encoders and Decoders to process floor requests
and move the elevator between floor.

Objectives :-
> Efficient Floor Request Management: Ensure that the elevator responds to floor requests
from any floor (up or down) with minimal delays and logical decision-making.
> Control of Elevator Movement: Safely and efficiently move the elevator between floors
based on input from the user and internal sensors.
> Encoder-Based Positioning: Use encoders to track the current position of the elevator,
ensuring precise movement and stopping at the correct floor.
> Decoder for Request Processing: Implement decoders to process floor requests, which will
signal the system on where to move the elevator.
> Error Handling: The system should detect potential faults (e.g., button malfunction, ) and
handle these gracefully.

Methodologies :-
1 . Encoder-Based Position Tracking :-

> Function : An encoder is placed on the motor shaft or the elevator's pulley system. As the
motor moves, the encoder generates pulses, allowing the system to track the position of the
elevator.

> Types of Encoders :

1. Incremental Encoders : These provide relative position data. The system counts the pulses
to determine the elevator’s position in relation to the starting point.

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2. Absolute Encoders : Provide the exact position at any given time, eliminating the need for
homing or resetting.

> Implementation : A counter in the microcontroller counts the pulses from the encoder,
and software compares this with the requested floor to determine when the elevator should
stop.

2 . Decoder-Based Floor Request Handling :-

> Function : The decoder processes signals from floor request buttons and the elevator’s
internal control panel.

> Decoder Operation : Each floor is assigned a unique binary code. The floor request signals
(usually in binary form)are sent to a decoder circuit, which translates the signal into a
specific floor number.

> Example : If a user presses the "3rd floor" button, the signal is sent to a binary decoder,
which activates the "move elevator to floor 3" logic.

> Implementation : A keypad with floor buttons generates a binary signal for each button.
This is processed by a decoder (e.g., 3-to-8 line decoder) and the microcontroller determines
the appropriate action.

3 . Motor and Actuator Control :-

The motor's direction is controlled based on the encoder position and floor requests.

> Motor Driver : The microcontroller outputs control signals (such as PWM) to drive the
motor.

> Limit Switches : Placed at each floor or at the extreme top/bottom of the shaft to detect
when the elevator has reached a floor.

4 . Safety Features :-

> Emergency Stops : An emergency stop button can interrupt the elevator's movement at
any time.

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> Overload Detection : If the elevator exceeds its weight limit, a sensor or load cell could
trigger an alarm or prevent the elevator from moving.

> Inter-floor Stops : If the elevator encounters a malfunction or floor sensor failure, the
system should automatically stop at the nearest functional floor.

5 . User Interface :-

> Inside the Elevator : A keypad allows users to select their desired floor. A display can show
the current floor and requested floors.

> Outside the Elevator : Call buttons at each floor allow passengers to request the elevator
to move up or down.

> Control Logic : elevator will prioritize the floor requests, moving in the most efficient
direction to reduce wait time.

Circuit diagram :-

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Theory of Activity :-

1. User Requests a Floor : A user presses a floor button, which sends a signal to the encoder.

2. Encoder Encodes the Request : The encoder encodes the floor request into a unique
binary code.

3. Decoder Decodes the Request : The decoder receives the encoded binary code and
decodes it into a unique floor.

4. Elevator Controller Receives the Request : The elevator controller receives the decoded
floor number and checks if the elevator is already moving.

5. Elevator Controller Controls the Elevator : If the elevator is not moving, the elevator
controller sends a signal to the elevator motor to move the elevator to the requested floor.

6. Elevator Motor Moves the Elevator : The elevator motor moves the elevator to the
requested floor based on the signal received from the elevator controller.

7. Floor Sensors Detect the Current Floor : The floor sensors detect the current floor
position of the elevator and send a signal to the elevator controller.

8. Elevator Controller Updates the Current Floor : The elevator controller updates the
current floor position based on the signal received from the floor sensors.

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Simulation tools with result :-

1. Encoder : A 4-bit digital encoder is used to encode the floor requests from the users. Each
floor button is connected to a unique combination of encoder inputs.

2. Decoder : A 4-bit digital decoder is used to decode the encoded floor requests. The
decoder outputs a unique binary code for each floor.

3. Elevator Controller : The elevator controller is the brain of the system. It receives the
decoded floor requests and controls the elevator movement.

4. Elevator Motor : The elevator motor is responsible for moving the elevator between
floors.

5. Floor Sensors : Floor sensors are used to detect the current floor position of the elevator.

Conclusion :-

In conclusion, the elevator control system design using encoders and decoders is a reliable
and efficient solution for processing floor requests and moving the elevator between floors.
The system has several advantages, including improved reliability, increased flexibility, and
reduced cost. Future enhancements to the system could include adding more floors,
implementing priority scheduling, and integrating with other building systems .It is flexible,
and cost-effective solution for controlling elevator movement in a building. The system can
be easily modified to accommodate changes in the building layout or the addition of new
floors.

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