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MATH154 mid2 formula sheet

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8 views

MATH154 mid2 formula sheet

Uploaded by

Sukhman Sidhu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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f a cu lty of science MATH 895-4 Fall 2010

d epa r tm ent of m athema tic s Course Schedule


MATH 154, M IDTERM #2F ORMULA S HEET
Limits and Continuity. The limit of the function f (x) at a, limx→a f (x), is the value f (x) tends to
–Week Date
if it exists –Sections Part/ References
as the independent
from FS2009
Topic/Sections
variable Notes/Speaker close to a.
x gets arbitrarily
The
1 limit
Sept 7 of
I.1,fI.2,
(x)I.3 at a, does exist
limx→a f (x), Symbolic
Combinatorial methods only if limx→a− f (x) = limx→a+ f (x); otherwise the limit
does not exist (DNE). Structures
2 14 I.4, I.5, I.6 Unlabelled structures
FS: Part A.1, A.2
Comtet74
If 3f (x)21 is a II.1, II.2, II.3
polynomial, Handoutlim Labelled structures I
#1x→a f (x) = f (a).
(self study)
If f (x) is an exponential function bLabelled
4 28 II.4, II.5, II.6 x , limstructures II
x→a f (x) = f (a) = b .
a

For Combinatorial Combinatorial


5 logarithms
Oct 5 III.1, III.2functions, f (x) = logb (x) we have Asst also that limx→a f (x) = f (a) = logb (a), but if a = 0,
#1 Due
parameters Parameters
as 0 is not in the domain FS A.III of f : limx→a+ f (x) = −∞ (DNE, divergent limit).
6 12 IV.1, IV.2 (self-study) Multivariable GFs

In7all 19rulesIV.3,below,
IV.4 weAnalytic
assume Methodsthat Complex
the individual
Analysis limits of f and g do exist.
lim8 x→a26 (f (x) ± g(x)) FS: = Part B: IV, V, VI
lim x→a
Appendix B4
(f (x)) ± lim
Singularity (g(x))
Analysis
x→a
IV.5 V.1
lim9 x→aNovcf2 (x) = c limx→a Stanley 99: Ch. 6 where c is a constant
f (x) Asst #2 Due
Handout #1 Asymptotic methods
limx→a9 f (x)g(x)VI.1
= lim f
(self-study)
x→a (x) lim x→a g(x) Sophie
10 n ) = (lim n
lim x→a
12
(f (x)A.3/ C
x→a f (x)) Introduction to Prob. Mariolys
limx→a18 fg(x)
(x)
= limx→a f (x)
IX.1 limx→a g(x)
if lim x→a g(x) ̸
= 0
Limit Laws and Comb Marni
If 11limx→a
20
g(x)
IX.2
= 0, try to simplify
Random Structures
f (x)/g(x). Actually
Discrete Limit Laws Sophie
always try simplifying if you can.
and Limit Laws
A function FS: Part C
f (x) is continuous if, at Combinatorial
any point a in Mariolys
its domain, limx→a− f (x) = limx→a+ f (x) = f (a).
23 IX.3
(rotating instances of discrete
12
presentations)
25 examples
Typical IX.4 Continuous
of divergent limits Limit Laws Marnifunctions:
for elementary
lim 30+ logb
13x→0 (x) = −∞.
IX.5
Quasi-Powers and
Sophie
1 1 Gaussian limit laws
limx→a+ x−a = ∞, limx→a− x−a = −∞.
14 Dec 10 Presentations Asst #3 Due

Typical examples of limits at infinity for elementary functions:


If f (x) is a polynomial of degree n, with coefficient an for xn , then limx→∞ f (x) = ∞ if an > 0 and −∞
if an < 0.
Logarithms: limx→∞ logb (x) = ∞
Exponentials: if b > 1 limx→∞ bx = ∞, if b ∈ (0, 1), limx→∞ bx = 0.
Ratio of polynomials: consider the ratio of the terms of highest degree.

Dr. Marni MISHNA, Department of Mathematics, SIMON FRASER


′ UNIVERSITY
f (a+∆x)−f (a)
Derivatives. Formal definition: f (a) = lim
Version of: 11-Dec-09
∆x ∆x→0 .
′
Tangent: f (a) is the slope of the line tangent to f (x) at x = a.
Rate of change: f ′ (a) is the rate of change of f (x) at x = a.

Derivatives of elementary functions:


d
Constant functions: dx a = 0, where a is a constant.
d
Polynomials: dx a0 + a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · + ak xk + · · · + an xn = a1 + 2a2 x + · · · + kak xk−1 + · · · + nan xn−1

d 1 1
Logarithms: dx logb (x) = ln(b) x
d x
Exponentials: dx b = ln(b)bx

Derivative rules:
d d
The constant factor rule: dx af (x) = a dx f (x), where a is a constant.
d a a−1
The power rule : dx x = ax .
d
The sum rule: dx (f (x) + g(x)) = dx d
f (x) + dx d
g(x) (aka (u + v)′ = u′ + v ′ )
The product rule: dxd
f (x)g(x) = f (x) dx d
g(x) + g(x) dx d
f (x) (aka (uv)′ = u′ v + uv ′ )
d d
d f (x) g(x) dx f (x)−f (x) dx g(x) u ′ ′ ′
= u v−uv

The quotient rule: dx g(x) = g(x) 2 (aka v v2
)
d d d
The chain rule: dx (f ◦ h)(x) = du f (u) u=h(x) dx h(x)

MATH 154, D R . C. C HAUVE / D R . L. S TACHO, FALL 2024 1

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