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18. Vehicles

Uploaded by

Franklin Daniel Xalxo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Notes on the Given Data:

Lecture Topic: Applications of friction in engineering mechanics.


Components Discussed:
1. Pulley and Axle System: The axle supports pulleys that rotate and are driven or driving
machinery.
2. Bearings:

The journal bearings provide lateral support to the rotating shaft.


Thrust bearings were previously discussed for axial support.
Key Concepts:
Friction: Frictional resistance occurs between the axle and the bearing block, which depends
on:

The clearances between the axle and the bearing.


The speed of the rotating shaft or axle.
The viscosity of the lubricant used.
Lubrication: Lubrication is applied to reduce friction in the journal bearings.
Point and Line Contact: In partially lubricated bearings, point or line contact is assumed
between the axle and the journal.
Equilibrium Considerations:
The axle is subject to forces like weight (W) and applied moments (M).
When the wheel is stationary, the reaction from the bearing acts at the point of contact.
As the axle rotates, the point of contact shifts due to friction until slippage occurs.
Frictional Moment:
The frictional force is related to the coefficient of kinetic friction (μk) and the reaction force.
The moment to be overcome is M ≈ Rrμk, where:

R = reaction force (equal to the weight W),


r = radius of the axle,
μk = coefficient of kinetic friction.
Key Equations:
Moment: M ≈ Rrμk
Force Displacement: r sin ϕk ​ ≈ rμk ​

Approximation: For small angles, sin ϕk ​ ≈ tan ϕk , so M ≈ Rrμk .


​ ​

Example Problem Details:


1. Pulley: Diameter = 400 mm.
2. Shaft/Axle: Diameter = 200 mm, Radius = 200 mm.
3. Coefficient of Static Friction: μ = 0.2 (between pulley and shaft).
4. Load to Lift: 500 N (load attached to a belt passing over the pulley).

Tasks:
Smallest Vertical Force (P) required to start raising the 500 N load.
Smallest Vertical Force (P) required to hold the load in place to prevent it from falling when
released.
Here are the notes based on the given data:

Slippage Between Pulley and Shaft (Case A)


1. Slippage Location: Slippage occurs between the pulley and the shaft (not between the belt and
pulley).
2. Free Body Diagram:
When force P lifts weight W, the pulley tends to rotate clockwise on the shaft.
The point of contact between the pulley and the shaft, initially at point A, shifts to point B.
As the pulley rotates, the point of contact moves in the direction of rotation, and once it
reaches a maximum, slippage occurs.
The resultant force (R) at point B is a combination of normal and frictional forces.
3. Graphical Solution:
The reaction R is placed at a distance corresponding to the radius of static friction.
The radius of friction is r sin(ϕ), which for small angles can be approximated as r tan(ϕ) or
rμs , where μs is the coefficient of static friction.
​ ​

For the given case, the radius of friction is 20 mm.


4. Distance Calculations:
Distance between reaction R and the center O = 200 mm - 20 mm = 180 mm.
Distance between the vertical force (W) and reaction R = 220 mm.
5. Equilibrium and Moment Calculation:
The equation for equilibrium: 220 × 500 − 180 × P = 0.
Solving this gives P = 611 N.

Slippage for Case B (Counterclockwise Rotation)


1. Slippage Condition:
The pulley tends to rotate counterclockwise, and the point of contact shifts in the opposite
direction.
The horizontal displacement of reaction R equals the radius of static friction (20 mm).
2. Distance Calculations:
Momentum for weight W = 180 mm.
Momentum for force P = 220 mm.
3. Equilibrium and Moment Calculation:
Summing moments about point C: 180 × 500 − 220 × P = 0.
Solving gives P = 409 N.

Wheel Friction and Rolling Motion


1. Normal Reaction:
When a wheel is idle, the normal reaction from the ground (N) passes through point A, and
the wheel is in equilibrium.
2. Wheel in Motion:
When the wheel rotates in the clockwise direction, friction between the axle and wheel resists
motion.
A resisting moment (M) acts counterclockwise on the axle.
To maintain forward motion, a force P is required at the axle.
3. Frictional Moment:
The frictional force between the axle and wheel resists forward motion, and a force F at point
A is needed to maintain equilibrium.
Without force F, the wheel would slide instead of rolling.

Free Wheel (No Axle)


1. Ideal Rolling:
In an ideal situation, a free wheel (without an axle) can roll without stopping if surfaces are
hard and there is no relative motion at the point of contact (A).
The contact is assumed to be a point or line along the width of the wheel.
2. Real-world Scenario:
In real systems, the wheel comes to rest due to rolling resistance.
3. Rolling Resistance:
In the ideal case, the wheel and ground are deformable, and the point of contact is not a line
but a region of contact.
The reaction force at the contact is no longer a point force but a distributed force.
4. Distribution of Forces:
As the wheel rolls, compression occurs at the contact point (A) while the opposite side is
relieved.
The distribution of reaction forces changes, and the resultant force shifts from directly below
the center of the wheel (O) to a point (b) displaced in the direction of motion.

Summary
Case A: Pulley and shaft slippage leads to moments being balanced using static friction. Force P is
calculated as 611 N.
Case B: Counterclockwise rotation of pulley leads to slippage and moments calculated to find
force P as 409 N.
Wheel Friction: Friction is necessary to sustain rolling motion of wheels and prevent sliding.
Free Wheel: Ideal rolling is interrupted by real-world rolling resistance, which causes the wheel to
eventually stop due to distributed reaction forces at the contact point.

These are the key points and calculations related to pulley slippage, wheel friction, and rolling motion
from the provided data.
Notes on Given Data:
1. Vehicle Weight:
Weight of Vehicle: 65 kN
Designed for slippery tracks (ice or steel tracks).
Coefficient of friction between wheels and track: 0.005.
Coefficient of rolling friction: 0.8 mm.
2. Vehicle Specifications:
Four-wheel drive: All four wheels propel the vehicle forward.
Two wheels in the front, two in the rear.
The thrust developed by the wheels must be less than the maximum friction between the
wheels and the track for the vehicle to move.
3. Normal Reactions:
Normal Reaction on Rear Wheels (N1): 33.8 kN
Normal Reaction on Front Wheels (N2): 31.2 kN
4. Maximum Available Friction:
Maximum frictional force at rear wheels: μ × N1 = μ × 33.8 kN.
Maximum frictional force at front wheels: μ × N2 = μ × 31.2 kN.
Total friction force available: 0.325 kN (sum of friction forces from all wheels).
5. Rolling Resistance Calculation:
The rolling resistance is given by: W × b / r (where W is the weight, b is the horizontal
displacement, and r is the radius of the wheel).
Total rolling resistance: 0.1040 kN.
The rolling resistance must be less than the available friction for the vehicle to move.
6. Roller Thrust Bearing Problem:
Mean radius of the balls: 30 mm.
Diameter of the balls: 10 mm.
Coefficient of rolling resistance: 0.127 mm.
Load supported: P.
Torque (T) required to keep the shaft in motion.
Radius of the balls (bearing radius): 5 mm.
7. Rolling Resistance Displacement in Roller Bearings:
The rolling resistance displacement is 0.0127 mm for both the top and bottom surfaces of
the balls.
The reactions from the ground (R2) and top surface (R1) result in the same direction cosine
with respect to the load.
8. Torque Calculation for Roller Bearing:
Torque required to rotate the shaft: 0.190 Nm.

Key Concepts:
Rolling Resistance: The force resisting the rolling motion of a wheel or roller.
Coefficient of Rolling Resistance: A dimensionless quantity that measures the rolling resistance,
but when specific values (like in mm or m) are given, it corresponds to the distance the contact
point shifts due to deformation.
Traction Force: The force developed by the wheels that propels the vehicle, which should not
exceed the maximum available friction.
Torque for Rolling Bearings: The torque needed to overcome rolling resistance in systems like
roller thrust bearings.

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