First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)

Second Semester
Relative Frequency Graphs
The histogram, the frequency polygon, and the ogive shown previously
were constructed by using frequencies in terms of the raw data. These
distributions can be converted to distributions using proportions instead of
raw data as frequencies. These types of graphs are called relative frequency
graphs.
Example: Construct a histogram, frequency polygon, and ogive using relative
frequencies for the distribution (shown here) of the miles that 20 randomly
selected runners ran during a given week.
Class boundaries Frequency
5.5 -10.5 1
10.5 -15.5 2
15.5 - 20.5 3
20.5 - 25.5 5
25.5 - 30.5 4
30.5 - 35.5 3
35.5 - 40.5 2
20
Step 1: Convert each frequency to a proportion or relative frequency by
dividing the frequency for each class by the total number of observations.
For class 5.5 - 10.5, the relative frequency is 1/20= 0.05; for class 10.5 - 15.5,
the relative frequency is 2/20 = 0.10; for class 15.5 - 20.5, the relative
frequency is 3/20 = 0.15; and so on. Place these values in the column labeled
Relative frequency.

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First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)
Second Semester

Step 2: Find the cumulative relative frequencies. To do this, add the

frequency in each class to the total frequency of the preceding class. In this
case, 0 + 0.05 = 0.05, 0.05 + 0.10 =0.15, 0.15 + 0.15 = 0.30, 0.30 + 0.25=
0.55, etc. Place these values in the column labeled Cumulative relative
frequency. An alternative method would be to find the cumulative frequencies
and then convert each one to a relative frequency.

Step 3: Draw each graph as shown in below. For the histogram and ogive, use
the class boundaries along the x axis. For the frequency polygon, use the
midpoints on the x axis. The scale on the y axis uses proportions.

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First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)
Second Semester

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First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)
Second Semester
Bar Graphs
When the data are qualitative or categorical, bar graphs can be used to
represent the data. A bar graph can be drawn using either horizontal or vertical
bars.
A bar graph represents the data by using vertical or horizontal bars
whose heights or lengths represent the frequencies of the data.
Example: The table shows the average money spent by first-year college
students. Draw a horizontal and vertical bar graph for the data.

Solution
1. Draw and label the x and y axes. For the horizontal bar graph place the
frequency scale on the x axis, and for the vertical bar graph place the
frequency scale on the y axis.
2. Draw the bars corresponding to the frequencies.

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First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)
Second Semester
Pareto Charts
When the variable displayed on the horizontal axis is qualitative or
categorical, a Pareto chart can also be used to represent the data.
A Pareto chart is used to represent a frequency distribution for a categorical
variable, and the frequencies are displayed by the heights of vertical bars,
which are arranged in order from highest to lowest.
Example: The table shown here is the average cost per mile for passenger
vehicles on state turnpikes. Construct and analyze a Pareto chart for the
data.

Solution
Step 1 Arrange the data from the largest to smallest according to frequency.

Step 2 Draw and label the x and y axes.

Step 3 Draw the bars corresponding to the frequencies.

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First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)
Second Semester

The Time Series Graph

When data are collected over a period of time, they can be represented
by a time series graph. A time series graph represents data that occur over a
specific period of time.
Example: The arson damage for the years 2001 through 2005 is shown.
Construct and analyze a time series graph for the data.

Solution
Step 1: Draw and label the x and y axes.
Step 2: Label the x axis for years and the y axis for the damage.
Step 3: Plot each point according to the table.

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First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)
Second Semester
Step 4: Draw line segments connecting adjacent points. The graph shows a
steady increase over the 5-year period.

The Pie Graph

Pie graphs are used extensively in statistics. The purpose of the pie
graph is to show the relationship of the parts to the whole by visually
comparing the sizes of the sections. Percentages or proportions can be used.
The variable is nominal or categorical.
A pie graph is a circle that is divided into sections or wedges according
to the percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution.
Example: This frequency distribution shows the number of pounds of each
snack food eaten during the Super Bowl. Construct a pie graph for the data.

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First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)
Second Semester

Solution
Step 1: Since there are 360o in a circle, the frequency for each class must be
converted into a proportional part of the circle. This conversion is done by
using the formula.

Where f= frequency for each class and n= sum of the frequencies. Hence, the
following conversions are obtained. The degrees should sum to 360o.

Step 2: Each frequency must also be converted to a percentage.

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First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)
Second Semester

Step 3 Next, using a protractor and a compass, draw the graph using the
appropriate degree measures found in step 1, and label each section with the
name and percentages.

Example: Construct a pie graph showing the blood types of the people. The
frequency distribution is repeated here.

Solution
Step 1 Find the number of degrees for each class, using the formula

For each class, then, the following results are obtained.

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First Stage ELEMENTARY STATISTICS lecture (3)
Second Semester

Step 2 Find the percentages.

Step 3 Using a protractor, graph each section and write its name and
corresponding percentage.

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