UNIT II

DISPLAYING INFORMATION:
Display text on a Form using the print method.
SYNTAX:

FormName. Print expression

Auto Redraw property of the form is set to true, the

text will disappear.
Private Sub Form_Load( )
Show
Print “Hello”
End Sub
Auto ReDraw property is to simply move the
above code to both the Form_Resize event and Form_paint event
procedures as in the following code:
Private sub Form_Paint( )
Cls
Print “Hello”
End sub
Private sub Form_Resize()
Cls
Print “Hello”
End Sub
LOOP SRUCTURES:
Looping structures are used when a group a statements are to be
executed repeatedly based on a condition. VB supports two types of
looping structures. They are:
❖ Indeterminate Loops
❖ Determinate Loops
INTDETERMINATE LOOPS:
Indeterminate loop is continuing until you reach a
predetermined specific goal or until certain conditions. The
indeterminate loops:
❖ Do……Loop
❖ Do While…..Loop
❖ Do……Loop While
❖ Do until…….Loop
❖ Do…….Loop until
DO…..LOOP:
▪ A Do….Loop construct is used to repeat the
execution of a block statements based on a condition.
▪ This loop constructs, evaluates a condition to
determine whether or not to continue the execution.
▪ The condition must be value or an expression that
returns a False or a True Value.
DO WHILE…..LOOP:
First it will check the condition, if it is TRUE it executes
the statements inside the loop, otherwise it will come out of the loop.
SYNTAX:

Do While<Condition>
Statements
Loop

EXAMPLE:
Private Sub Form_Load( )
Form1.Show
Dim I As Integer
I=1
Do while I<=5
Print I
I=I+1
Loop
End Sub
DO…..LOOP WHILE:
If first executes the set of statements once and then tests the
condition. If the condition is true it enters into the loop. Otherwise it
will exit the loop.
SYNTAX:

Do
Statements
Loop while<condition>
EXAMPLE:
Private Sub Form_Load( )
Form1.Show
Dim I As Integer
I=1
Do
Print I
I=I+1
Loop While I<=5
End Sub
DO UNTIL…..LOOP:
It first checks the condition if it is false executes the
statements and it continues the loop till the condition is false.

SYNTAX:
Do Until<Condition>
Statements
Loop

EXAMPLE:
Private Sub Form_Load( )
Form1.Show
Dim I AsInterger
I=1
Do Until I>=5
 Print I
I=I+1
Loop
DO…..LOOP UNTIL:
It first executes the statements at least once and then tests the
condition, if the condition is false it will again continue loop,
otherwise it will exit the loop.
SYNTAX:
Do
Statements
Loop Until<Conditio>
EXAMPLE:
Private Sub Form_Load( )
Form1.Show
Dim iAs Integer
i=1
Do
Print i
i= i+1
Loop Until i>=5
End Sub

DETERMINATE LOOPS:
Reapting an operation a fixed number of times is called a
determinate loop. The determinate loops are
 ❖ For…..Next
❖ For Each…..Next
FOR…..NEXT:-
The For….Next Loop uses a counter that increases or decreases
the value of a variable each time the loop is executed.

SYNTAX:
For<counter>= Start To End
Statements
Next<Counter>

Where counter→Integer Variable

Start→ Initial value of Counter
End→ Stop Value of Counter
Step Value→ Increment or Decrement value of counter

EXAMPLE:
Private Sub Form_Load( )
Form1.Show
Dim I As Integer
For i= 1 to 5
Print i
Next i
End Sub
FOR EACH…..NEXT:
The For Each….Next Loop is used to perform an
operation on each element of an array or collection.

SYNTAX:
For Each element In Collection
Statements
Next

EXAMPLE:
Private Sub Form_Load( )
Form1.show
Dim CtrAs Control
For Each CtrIn Controls
Print Ctr.Name
Next
End Sub

CONDITIONAL STRUCTURES:
• Conditional structures enable you to execute a
certain set of statements set of statements based
on a condition.
• The condition should be specified at the design
time.
• At runtime, the condition is evaluated and
depending on the result of the condition, the
 block of code following the condition is
executed.

IF….THEN:
IF…Then statements evaluate whether a condition is True
or False and direct the Program’s flow accordingly.
SYNTAX:
IF<condition> Then
Statement
End IF
EXAMPLE:
If a<=5 Then
Print a
End if
If the value of “a” is less than 5 then the
value of “a” is printed. Otherwise it won’t print.

IF…THEN-ELSE:
If….then…else statements are an elaboration on the
if…then concept. An If….Then-Else block allows you to define two
block of code and have your program execute one based upon the
result of a condition.
SYNTAX:
IF<Condition> Then
Statement 1
Else
 Statement 2
End If
EXAMPLE:
IF a<=5 Then
Print a
Else
MsgBox “Number 1 to 5”
End If
If the value of ‘a’ is less than 5 then the value
of ‘a’ is printed. Else it displays an MsgBox with Message Number 1
to 5.

IF….THEN-ELSE IF:
It evaluate more than one condition and also define several
blocks of statement.(Nested If).
SYNTAX:
IF<Condition1> Then
Statement 1
ElseIf<Condition2> Then
Statement 2
Else
Statement 3
End If
EXAMPLE:
b=10
 If a=5 Then
Print a
ElseIf a<=10 Then
Print b
Else
MsbBox”Number 1 to 10”
End IF
If the value of ‘a’ is less than or equal to 5 then
print the value of ‘a’. Else check whether the value of ‘a’ is less or
equal to 10 value of ‘b’ is printed. Else aMsg number 1 to 10 is
displayed the msgbox.

SELECT CASE:
In Select Case, the result of the expression is then
compared against multiple values to determine which code block is
invoked. It is also called multi-way branching statement.
SYNTAX:
Select case <expression>
Case <expression 1>
Statement 1
………..
Case <expression n>
Statement n
End Select.
EXAMPLE:
Select Case Avg
Case Is>90
Grade = “A”
Case Is>80
Grade = “B”
Case Is <40
Grade =”F”
End Select

BUILT IN FUNCTION:
A built-In function is simply a pre-packaged piece of code
that accomplishes a single task.
Some of the built-in functions are:
1. LEN:
The function counts the characters in a string and returns
the length as an Integer.
SYNTAX:
Len(String)

EXAMPLE: RESULT:
PrintLen(“Mother”) 6
2. MID:
The MID Function returns characters from any part of a
string.
 SYNTAX:
Mid(String Expression, Start Index, Length)

EXAMPLE: RESULT:
Print Mid(“Hello World”,5) o World

3. REPLACE:
This function is used to replace the string.
EXAMPLE: RESULT:
Replace(TXTY, “X”,”Y”) TYTY
4. STRCOMP:
▪ In Case-sensitive comparisons, capital letters have
different value than lowercase letters. Remember that
the ASCII value of a lower case letter is greater than
the capital letter by 32.

▪ ASC(“A”)=65
ASC(“a”)=97.
▪ In case-sensitive comparisons, “A”<”a”, and
comparisons that are not case sensitive “A”=”a”.

▪ If you are doing case-sensitive comparisons “A”=”a”

return False.
The StrComp function returns a value indicating the result of a string
comparison.

SYNTAX:
Strcomp(String1, String 2, VB Compare)
▪ Where String 1 and string 2 are any valid string
expressions.
 • Compare specifies the type of string
comparison →0 for case sensitive comparison
→1 for not case-sensitive comparisons.

The Return Values for StrComp:

RETURN COMPARISON
VALUE
-1 String 1 < String 2
0 String 1 = String 2
1 String 1 > String 2
NULL String 1 or String

EXAMPLE:
Dim Str1 as String, Str2 as String
Str1= “Abcdef”
Str2= “Abcdef”
Print strcomp(str1, str2, VbBinaryCompare)
RESULT:
1
5. ASC:
The ASC Function returns the character code
corresponding to the first letter in a string.
SYNTAX:
ASC(Str)
EXAMPLE: RESULT:
Dim Str1 As String 65
Str1=”A”
Print ASC(Str1)
6. LCASE:
The LCase function returns a string with all letters
converted to lowercase.
SYNTAX:
LCASE(String)
EXAMPLE: RESULT:
Dim Str1 As String visual basic
Str1= “VISUAL BASIC”
Print LCase(Str1)

7. UCASE:
The UCase function returns a string with all letters
converted to uppercase.
SYNTAX:
UCASE(String)

EXAMPLE: RESULT:
Dim Str1 As String VISUAL BASIC
Str1= “visual basic”
Print UCase(Str1)

8. SPACE:
The Space Function returns a string consisting of the
specified number of spaces.

SYNTAX:
SPC(Integer Value)
 EXAMPLE:
Print “Welcome” & Spc(4); & “to VB”

RESULT:
Welcome to VB.

9. TAB:
The TAB Function returns a string consisting of the
specified number of spaces.
SYNTAX:
Tab(Integer Value)
EXAMPLE:
Print “Welcome” & TAB(4); & “to VB”
RESULT:
Welcome to VB.

10. LEFT :
The Left Function returns characters from the left-hand side of
string.
SYNTAX:
Left(String, Length)
o Where string is the string from which you
are returning characters.
o Length is the number of characters to
return.
 EXAMPLE: RESULT:
Print Left(“Visual Basic”, 6) Visual
11. RIGHT :
The Right Function returns characters from the right-
hand side of string.
SYNTAX:
Right(String, Length)
o Where string is the string from which you
are returning characters.
o Length is the number of characters to
return.

EXAMPLE: RESULT:
Print Right(“Visual Basic”, 6) Basic

12. TRIM:
The Trim functions strips leading and trailing spaces from
a string.
SYNTAX:
Trim(String)
EXAMPLE:
Print Trim(“Visual Basic “) & Len (Trim(“Visual Basic”))
RESULT:
Visual Basic 12.

13. CINT:
It converts the string into Integer.
 SYNTAX:

CINT(Text Box) CINT(INPUTBOX(“ “))

EXAMPLE:
CInt(Text1.Text)
CInt(IntegerBox(“Enter the Value”))
14. CDBL:
It converts the string value to double.
SYNTAX:
Cdbl(TextBox)
Cdbl(InputBox(“ “))
EXAMPLE:
Cdbl(Text2.Text)
Cdbl(InputBox(“Enter your Salary”))

15. CSNG:
It converts the string value to single.

SYNTAX:
Csng(TextBox)
Csng(InputBox(“ “))

EXAMPLE:
Csng(Text1.Text)
Csng(InputBox(“Enter your age”))

16. CLNG:
It converts the string value to long.

SYNTAX:
Clng(TextBox)
Clng(InputBox(“ “))
 EXAMPLE:
Csng(Text1.Text)
Csng(InputBox(“Enter your ID”))

17.STRING :
The string function returns a repeating character string of
the length specified.

SYNTAX:
String (Number, String Expression $)

➢ Where number is the length of the returned string.

➢ Character is the character code specifying the
character or string expression whose first character is
used to build the return string

EXAMPLE:
Dim Str As String
Str= String(20,”*”)
Print Str
RESULT:
********************

18.RND:
Returns a random number less than 1 but greater than or
equal to 0.

SYNTAX:

Rnd
 EXAMPLE:

Dim I As Integer
For I=1 to 5
Print Rnd
Next I
End Sub

RESULT:

1
2
3
4
5

19.LIKE:
The Like function lets you to compare the strings using
wildcards.

SYNTAX:
If(Condition) Like

EXAMPLE:
If(“0-9”) Like A

20.INSTR:
The Instr function returns the first position of a string
inside another string. If the substring isn’t found Instr
returns 0.
SYNTAX:
Instr(<Start Position>, String 1, String 2, Compare)
 ▪ Where start position is a numeric
expression that sets the start position for
the search of substring in string. If Start
position is omitted, Instr begins searching
at the first position 1.
▪ String is the string being searched
▪ Substring is the string you are looking for
in string.
EXAMPLE:
Instr(1, “Visual Basic”, “Basic”, VbBinaryCompare)
RESULT:
6
21.INSTRREV:
This function returns the position of a string after a
substring.
SYNTAX:
Instrrev(Original String, sub String, Start Index, Compare)
EXAMPLE:
Instrrev(“Sis.Vbp”,”.”, Len(“sis.vbp”), Vbcompare)

22.VAL:
This function will convert string into integer. It is also
called blessing. It is equal to variant datatype.

SYNTAX:

Val(TextBox)

EXAMPLE:
Val(Text6.Text)
 23.ROUND:
The round function that used to round of the numeric
values in visual basic statements.

SYNTAX:
Round(Expression[,number of decimal places])

Here the optional second parameter allows the user to

round the decimal point .If it is left become an Integer.

EXAMPLE:
Round(3.7) → 4
Round(3.75, 1) → 3.76
Round(3.786, 2) → 3.789= 3.79

PROCEDURES:
➢ A Procedure is a set of one or more program
statements that can be executed by referring to the
procedure name.
➢ Calling refers to a program statement that instructs
the compiler to execute a set of statements stored as a
procedure.
➢ The data values that the calling application supplies
to procedures are known as arguments.

ADVANTAGES OF USING PROCEDURES:

• The application is easier to debug because you
can easily trace the source of an error to a
single procedure.
• The code in a procedure I reusable because
once the procedure has been tested and stored.
It can be called from any module.
TYPES OF PROCEDURES:
1. Sub Procedure
2. Function procedure

1. SUB PROCEDURE:
Sub procedures can be further divided into two types.
➢ General
➢ Event

GENERAL PROCEDURE:
These are special purpose blocks of code that perform a
single task. You can create general procedure in all types of modules.
They can perform tasks common to all the application such as
connecting to a database.
SYNTAX:

(Public/Private) Static Sub <Procedure Name>[arguments]

Statements
End sub
EXAMPLE:
Public Sub fnsqrt (num as Integer)
Print sqr(num)
End Sub
EVENT PROCEDURE:
Event procedure is a block of code that are executed when
a specific event occurs, such as a command button is clicked or a
form is loaded into the memory. Events are associated with both
controls and forms.

SYNTAX:
Private sub <object name_event name> ([arguments])
Statements
End Sub

EXAMPLE:
Private Sub CmdAdd_Click( )
Txtno.Font.Italic= True
End Sub

FUNCTION PROCEDURES:
A Function procedure, like a sub procedure is used to
execute a set a statements. It can take arguments and also change the
value of the arguments, but unlike sub procedures. It can return values
to the calling procedures.

SYNTAX:
[Private/Public] Static Function [as<Function_Name> As <Data …..
Type>]
Statements
End Function
EXAMPLE:
Public Function fnsqrt(num As Integer) As Double
FnSqrt= sqr(num)
End Function