SESSION 2024-25
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-
MR. RAVINDRA PRATAP SINGH TEJSVANA SINGH SENGAR
12 - C
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project has been
made by Tejsvana Singh Sengar of class
12th – C on the topic "to find the diffractive
density of (a) water (b) oil using plane
mirror an equipment, convex lens and
adjustable object needle" investigatory file
under the guidance of our physics teacher
Mr.Ravindra Pratap Singh and have been
completed it successfully.
INTERNAL EXAMINER: PRINCIPAL: EXTERNAL EXAMINER:
Signature Signature Signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my physics teacher "Mr.
Ravindra Pratap Singh" without whose help
this project would not be possible. He had
provided all the help needed for the
completion of this project. I am thankful to
him because he gave me this golden
opportunity of making such a wonderful
project. I am also grateful to my classmates
who helped me during the finalization of my
project named, " To find the diffractive
density of (a) water (b) oil using plane mirror
an equipment, convex lens and adjustable
object needle investigatory file" with their
constructive criticism & advice.
INDEX
S.NO. TOPIC
1 INTRODUCTION
2 OBJECTIVE
3 APPARATUS
4 THEORY
5 PROCEDURE
6 OBSERVATION
7 CALCULATION
8 RESULTS
9 PRECAUTIONS
10 SOURCES OF ERROR
11 BIBILIOGRAPHY
12 TEACHERS REMARK
INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index of an optical
medium is a dimensionless number that
indicates the light-bending ability of that
medium.
The refractive index determines how much the
path of light is bent, or refracted when
entering a material. This is described by Snell's
law of refraction, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2, where θ1
and θ2 are the angles of incidence and
refraction, respectively, of a ray crossing the
interface between two media with refractive
indices n1 and n2.
OBJECTIVE
To find the refractive index of water, oil using a
plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and an
adjustable object needle.
APPARATUS
·Convex lens
·Plane mirror
·Water
·Oil
·Clamp stand
·An Optical needle
·Plumb line
·Knitting needle
·Half meter scale
·Glass slab
·Spherometer
THEORY
If f1 and f2 be the focal length of glass convex
lens and liquid lens and F be the focal length of
their combination then,
Liquid lens formed is a planoconcave lens with
R1= R (radius of curvature of convex lens
surface), R2 =∞
Where n=Refractive index of the liquid
R=The radius of the curvature of the convex
lens.
The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens
is given by:
Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the
spherometer and h is the difference in the reading of the
spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and then on
plane mirror.
PROCEDURE
For focal length of convex lens
1. Take any one convex lens and find its rough focal
length.
2. Take a plane mirror and place it on the horizontal
base of the iron stand.
3. Place the convex lens on the plane mirror.
4. Screw tight the optical needle in the clamp of the
stand and hold it horizontally above the lens at
distance equal to its rough focal length.
5. Bring the tip of the needle at the vertical
principal axis of the lens, so that tip of the needle
appears touching the tip of its image.
6. Move the needle up and down and remove
parallax between tips of the needle and its image.
7. Measure distance between tip and upper surface
of the lens by using a plumb line and half metre
scale.
8. Also measure distance between tip and the
surface of its plane mirror.
For focal length of the combination
1. Take a few drops of transparent
liquid on the plane mirror and put the
convex lens over it with its same face
above as before (A piano concave
liquid lens is formed between plane
mirror and convex lens).
2. Repeat steps 6, 7 and 8.
3.Record your observations as given
below.
For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:
1.Determine the pitch and the least count of the
spherometer.
2.Remove the convex lens and dry incompletely.
Put the spherometer on this lens surface.
3.All the three legs of the spherometer should be
placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust the
central screw tip to touch the surface of the lens.
4.Remove the spherometer from the surface of the
lens and place on the plane mirror surface and
record the reading.
5.Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
6.Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the
spherometer on a paper and mark them and their
average distance.
OBSERVATION
Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm
Least count of the spherometer = 0.01
cm
Distance between the legs:
(1) AB = 3 cm
(2) BC = 3 cm
(3) CA = 3 cm
CALCULATION
Mean distance between two legs
Mean of h
= (0.555+0.6)/2 =0.5775 cm
To find the radius of the curvature of the convex
lens:
R = l2 /6h + h/2 = 2.8861 cm
Measurement of refractive index of water and oil
1)with water between the convex lens and the plane mirror:
2) With oil between the convex lens and plane mirror
RESULTS
The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.0831
The refractive index of oil is µ2 = 1.2886
PRECAUTIONS
1.The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining
surface.
2.The liquid taken should be transparent.
3.The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
4.The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from
the needle while removing the parallax.
5.Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that
its layer should be thick.
6.The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.
7.The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in
one direction only.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1.Liquid may not be quite
transparent.
2.The parallax may not be fully
removed.
3.The spherometer legs should be
placed symmetrical on the surface
of the convexlens.
4.The tip of the central screw should
not just touch the surface of lens or
mirror.
17
BIBILIOGRAPHY
NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook
www.physicstopics.com
www.learncbse.in
Teacher Notes and Lab Manual
TEACHER’S REMARK
