CHAPTER

RAY OPTICS
09
Reflection of Light

 Laws of reflection
(i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and normal to interface, all lines in the same plane.
(ii) The angle of reflection r is equal to the angle of incident, i.e., i=r

 Reflection from plane surfaces:

(a) The image formed is same size, virtual, erect and as far behind the mirror as the object in
front of the mirror.
(b) If an object moves towards (or away from) a plane mirror at a speed v, the image will
also approach (or recede) at the same speed v, i.e., the speed of image relative to the
object will be v–(–v) = 2v.
(c) If keeping the incident ray fixed, the plane mirror is rotated by an angle  about an axis
in the plane of the mirror, the reflected ray is rotated through an angle 2.

i=r …(i)
(i – ) = (r +  – x) …(ii)
x=2 θ
(d) To see his full image in a plane mirror, a person requires a mirror of at least half of his
height.
 To see a complete wall behind himself a person requires a mirror of at least 1/3 the height
of wall and he must be in the middle of wall and mirror.

H M M
E E
h /2 h h /3
h
M
M
L
Example-1: What is the minimum length of a plane mirror required for a person to see his or
her full image? Is there any restriction on the position of the top edge of the
mirror?
Solution: The man can view his entire image if the light rays from the top of his head and from
his feet reach his eye.
Let AB be the mirror PQ represents the man of height h and R is
the position of his eyes. Light rays from P gets reflected at A and
reach his eyes. Light from Q gets reflected at B and reaches his
eyes. AM and BN are normal to the mirror AB.
Now, AB = MN = MR + RN
1
= 2 (PR + RQ) (∵  APM ¿  ARM; BQN ¿  BRN)
PQ h h
= 2 = 2 . Hence the length of the mirror = 2
It is clear from the ray diagram that the top edge of the plane mirror
(A) must be at a horizontal level half-way between the eyes (R) and
the top of his head (P).
(e) If there are two plane mirrors inclined to each other at an angle , the number of images of
a point object formed will be n where n is given as:
360
=
(i) If θ even (say m)
n=(m−1 ) (for all positions of object)
360
=
(ii) If θ odd (say m)
(a) n = m (if the object is not the bisector angle of mirrors)
(b) n = (m –1) (if the object is on the bisector angle of mirrors)
360
(iii) If θ is a fraction, the number of images will be equal to its integral part.
Example-2: Rays of light are incident on a plane mirror at 45°. At what angle with the first
should a second mirror be placed such that the rays emerge from the second
mirror parallel to the first mirror?
Solution: In triangle BOC, we have 2 + 45° = 180°
135 °
or  = 2 = 67.5°

 Reflection from curved surface:

(a) Sign Convention:

(i) Along the principal axis distance in the direction of light movement are taken as +ve.
(ii) focal length f of concave mirror is –ve.
focal length f of convex mirror is +ve.
(b) Rules for image formation:
(i) A ray parallel to principal axis, after reflection from mirror, passes (concave) or
appears to come (convex) from focus.
(ii) A ray passing through (concave) or directed towards (convex) the focus, after
reflection from the mirror becomes parallel to the principal axis.
(iii) A ray passing through (concave) or directed towards (convex) Centre of curvature,
after reflection from the mirror, retraces it’s path.
(iv) For pole principal axis acts as normal ∠i=∠ r .

(c) Formulae:
R
f=
(i) 2 (–ve for concave and +ve for convex)
1 100
P=− =−
(ii) f (in m ) f ( in cm )

(iii)
m=
height of image
height of object
=−
v
u [] (lateral magnification)
If a 2 – dimensional object is placed with its plane perpendicular to principal axis its
magnification is called superficial magnification (areal magnification) and will be
area of image
ms =m2 =
area of object
 1 1 1
= +
(iv) f u v (Known quantities are to be substituted with proper sign)
If R→∞ i.e., becomes plane mirror f →∞
1 1
+ =0
v u or
v=−u
(v) If in case of spherical mirrors, object distance x1 and image distance x2 are measured

from focus instead of pole, then

x 1 x 2=f 2 .
(vi)

u
1
v C
2 f)
C (2 f,

1 v
u

Example-3: An object is placed in front of a concave mirror at a distance of 7.5 cm from it. If
the real image is formed at a distance of 30 cm from the mirror, find the focal
length of the mirror. What would be the focal length if the image is virtual?
Solution: Case I: When the image is real.
We have u = – 7.5 cm; v = – 30 cm; f =?
1 1 1 uv (−7.5) × (−30)
+ =
We know v u f or, f= u+v = – 7.5 − 30 = – 6 cm
The negative sign shows that the spherical mirror is concave.

Case II: When the image is virtual

In this case, u = – 7.5 cm, v = + 30 cm
1 1 1 uv (−75) (30)
+ = =
We know v u f or, f = u + v −7.5 + 30 = – 10 cm

Example-4: An object 0.2 cm high is placed 15 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 5
cm. Find the position and size of the image.
Solution: We have u = –15 cm; v =? f = – 5 cm
1 1 1 u f (−15) (−5)
+ = =
We know that v u f or, v = u − f −15 + 5 = – 7.5 cm
The image is formed at a distance of 7.5 cm in front of mirror.
I v I (−7.5) 1
=– =− I= (−0. 2)=−0.1 cm
Now, m = O u or, O (−15) or, 2
The negative sign indicates that image is inverted.
 Refraction of Light

 Laws of refraction:
(a) Frequency (hence color) and phase do not change but wavelength and velocity will change.
(b) Incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in the same plane.
μ1 sin i 1=μ 2 sin i 2
(c)  sin i = constant.

if
i 1=i and i 2 =r then μ1 sin i=μ2 sinr .

Case I: If i = 0 i.e., light is normally incident then it will go undedicated.  r = 0 (no

refraction).
μ1 =μ2 =μ
Case II: If then i=r ≠0

(a) Refractive index

c
μ= =
v
∈μ
∈ μ
0 0
medium, greater is the .
√
= √ ∈r μ r
. i.e.,
μ∝
1
v or lesser the velocity in the

1
¿ 1 μ3 =
(b) Relative refractive index
¿ 1 μ3 = 1 μ 2× 2 μ3 3 μ1 .
μ1 d
= actual
μ 2 d appearent

Case I: If 1 > 2 (object is in denser medium) then

d ac >d ap

The shift in the position of object is

t
x=d ac−d ap=t− =t 1−
μ
1
μ ( )
 μ2 > μ 1
Case II: If (object is in rarer medium)
d ac <d ap x=d ap−d ac =μt−t x=t ( μ−1)
If there are number of liquids of different depths, one over the another then
d ac =d1 +d 2 + d 3 +…
d d d
d ap = 1 + 2 + 3 +…
μ1 μ2 μ3
d d + d 2 +…
μ= ac = 1
d ap d 1 d 2
+ +…
then μ 1 μ2

2 μ1 μ2
μ=
If d1 = d2 (for two liquid medium) then
μ1 + μ2 = harmonic mean

 Total internal reflection. The phenomena of reflection of light ray at the interface blocked by
rare radium when the angle of incident is greater than critical angle is called total internal
reflection.

In passing through a medium of thickness t and refractive index , a ray incident on a small
angle  is displaced parallel to itself by ‘y’ called lateral displacement.

y=x sin θ= ( )
μ−1
μ
1
t θ y= 1− t θ
μ .
( )
The value of incident angle for which r = 90°, is called critical angle (C).
μ1 sin i=μ2 sin r μ D sinθ C =μ R sin 90
;

sin θC =
μR
μ D if μ R
μD
=μ
then
θC =sin−1 ()1
μ .

Example-5: A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60° on one face of a rectangular glass slab
of thickness 0.1 m and refractive index 1.5. Calculate the lateral shift produced.
Solution: Here i = 60°;  = 1.5 and t = 0.1 m
sin i sin i sin 60° . 866
=
Now,  = sin r or, sin r = μ 1.5 = 1 .5 = .5773  r = 35°6
t 0.1
sin (i − r )
Now, lateral shift d = cos r = cos 35° 6′
sin (60° – 35°6)
= 0.0512 m
Example-6: A fish rising vertically to the surface of water in a lake uniformly at the rate of 3
m/s observes a king fisher bird diving vertically towards water at the rate 9 m/s
vertically above it. If the refractive index of water is 4/3, find the actual velocity
of the dive of the bird.

Solution: If at any instant, the fish is at a depth x below water surface while the bird at a height
y above the surface, then the apparent height of the bird from the surface as seen by
the fish will be given by
Apparent height
= Real height or, Apparent height = y
So, the total apparent distance of the bird as seen by the fish in water will be

h = x + y
dh dx
or, dt
=
dy
dt +  dt or, 9 = 3 +
μ ( )
dy
dt or,
dy
=
6
dt ( 4/3) = 4.5 m/s

A ray of light from a denser medium strikes a rarer medium at an angle of

Example-7:
incidence i. If the reflected and the refracted rays are mutually perpendicular to
each other, what is the value of the critical angle?

Solution: From Snell’s law, we have

sin i μ μD sin r
= R =
sin r μD μR sin i
or,  = … (i)
According to the given problem i + r + 90° = 180° or, r = 90° - i
Substituting the above value of r in equation (i), we get
sin (90−i)
 = sin i or,  = cot i … (ii)

By definition C = sin–1
( )
1
μ

or, C = sin–1
(cot1 i ) (using equation (ii)
  Refraction from the curved surface:
The image distance v of an object placed at distance u from the pole of a surface of curvature of
radius R is related by an equation.
μ 2 μ 1 μ 2 −μ 1
− =
v u R
The magnification of the object is
I μ v
m= = 1
0 μ2 u ()
Note: [2 is the refractive index of that medium from where object is to be seen]
All known terms are put with proper sign.

Example-8: If a mark of size 0.2 cm on the surface of a glass sphere of diameter 10 cm and 
= 1.5 is viewed through the diametrically opposite point, where will the image be
seen and of what size?

Solution: As the mark is on one surface, refraction will take place on the other surface (which is
curved). Further refraction is taking place from glass to air.
So, 1 = 1.5; 2 = 1; R = – 5 cm; u = – 10 cm; v =?
Using the formula
μ 2 μ1 μ 2−μ1
− =
v u R , we have
1 1.5 1−1.5
− =
v (−10) −5 or, v = – 20 cm
Hence, the image is at a distance of 20 cm from P towards O.
In case of refraction at a curved surface, we have
I μ 1 v (1.5) × (−20)
= = =+3
m = O μ2 u 1 × (−10)
So, the image is virtual, erect and of size I = m × O = 3 × 0.2 = 0.6 cm
 Thin lens formula

1
f
=( μ−1 )
( 1 1 1 1 1
−
)
R1 R2 v − u = f
1 100
p= =
Power f (in m . ) f (in cm ) (diopter)

Example-9: Calculate the focal length of a concave lens in water (w = 4/3) if the surface has
radii equal to 40 cm and 30 cm. g = 1.5
Solution: R1 = 30 cm; R2 = + 40 cm

we have
1
f
=
( )[
μ
μw
−1
1 1
−
R1 R2 ][ 1. 5
= 4/3
][
−1
1
−
1
−30 40 ]
960
 f = – 7 = – 137.1 cm

Example-10: A plane convex lens has a focal length 12 cm and is made up of glass with
refractive index 1.5. Find the radius of curvature of its curved side.
Solution: Let x = magnitude of the radius of curvature
Now, R1 = + x: R2 = ∞ , f = + 12 cm

We have
1
f =
( μμ −1) [ R1 − R1 ]
0 1 2

=
( 1.15 −1) [ 1x − ∞1 ] +121 = (.5) × 1x
or,
 x = 6 cm
1 1 1 x
= + −
If two lenses are placed at a separation (x) then
f f 1 f 2 f 1f 2

Example-11: Two plano-concave lens of glass of refractive index 1.5 have radii of curvature 20
cm and 30 cm. They are placed in contact with curved surfaces towards each-
other and the space between them is filled with a liquid of refractive index 4/3.
Find the focal length of the system.
Solution: As shown in figure, the system is equivalent to combination of three lenses in contact,
1 1 1 1
= + +
i.e.,
F f1 f2 f3
 By lens maker’s formula
1
f1 ( )[
3 1
= −1 ∞ −
2
1
=
1
20 40 cm ]
1
f2 ( )[
4
= −1
3
1
−
20 −30
1
=
5
180 cm ]
1
f3 ( )[
3
= −1
2
1
−30
1
− ∞ =−
1
60 cm ]
1 1 5 1
=− + −
F 40 180 60
F = – 72 cm
Thus, the system will behave as a concave lens of focal length 72 cm.

 Lenses with silvered surface

Power=P L + Pm + P L

P L=
1 1
f L where f L
=( μ−1)
1 1
−
R1 R2 ( )
1 R2
Pm=− f =−
f m where m 2
1 ( μ−1 )
P L= =
(i) If R2 =  (plane) is silvered then
fL R1
2( μ−1 ) 1 2( μ+1 ) 1 2
P=2 P L +Pm= + = +0 = (μ+1)
R1 = R1,
R1 fm R1 (fm = ) ∴ F R

(ii) If R2 is silvered
1
fL
1
=( μ−1) ∞ −
1
(
−R2
=
( μ−1 )
R2 )
R
; f m= − 2
2 ( )
R1 = 
( μ−1 ) 1 2
P L= , Pm=− =
R2 f m R2
1 2( μ−1 ) 2 2 μ
= + =
∴ F R2 R2 R2
Example-12: The plane surface of a plano-convex lens of focal length 60 cm is silvered. A point
object is placed at a distance 20 cm from the lens. Find the position and nature of
the final image formed.
Solution: Let f be the focal length of the equivalent spherical mirror.
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
= + + = +
F f f m fl F f fm
We have l or, l

Here, fl = + 60 cm fm = ∞
1 2 1 1
= +∞=
 F 60 30 or, F = + 30 cm
The problem is reduced to a simple case where a point object is placed in front of a concave
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = + =
mirror. Now, using the mirror formula u v f , we have −20 v −30
 Lens Displacement method

 If the distance between the two object pins is greater than the four times of the focal length of
the lens, real and inverted image of one pin is formed on the other side at the two positions of
the convex lens. If the separation between the pins is a, difference between the two positions
is d then
a2 −d 2 ma
f= f=
4a (1+m)2

Where m is the magnification,

Proof: d=v−u …(i)
a=v +u …(ii)
on solving
a−d a+ d 1 1 1 2 2
u= , v= = − f = a −d
2 2 ; f v u, 4a

Size of object: OO ′= √ II ′×II ′′ or

size of object= √ I 1 I 2

v u d
m1 = m2 = f=
If u and v and d=v−u then m1−m2 .

Example-13: An object is kept at a distance of 100 cm from a screen. A convex lens placed
between them produces a real & magnified image on the screen. If the lens is
shifted 30 cm towards the screen, real image is again obtained. Find the focal
length of the lens. Also calculate the size of the object if the image sizes are 16
mm and 9 mm respectively.
2 2
a2 −d 2 (100 ) −(30 ) 91
=
Solution: Here, a = 100 cm; d = 30 cm  f = 4a 4 (100) = 4 cm

I1 = 16 mm; I2 = 9 mm  Object size = √ I1 I 2 = √16 × 9 = 12 mm

 Prism

A transparent medium bounded by any number of surfaces in such a way that the surface in
which light is incident and the surface from which emerge are plane and non-parallel.
 Refraction through a prism:
In Δ PLM δ =∠ PLM +∠ PML ⇒( i 1−r 1 )+( i2 −r 2 )
δ=(i 1 + i2 )−(r 1 + r 2 )
In Δ OLM
∠O+r 1 + r 2=180
∠O=180−(r 1 +r 2 )
∠ A +∠O=180 [In quadrilateral ALOM, ∠ L +∠ M=180 ]
∠O+r 1 + r 2 =∠ A +∠O
r 1 +r 2 =A , δ=(i 1 +i2 )− A
δ=(μr 1 + μr 2 )−A
δ m=(μ−1) A (For small refracting angle only)

μ=
( 2 )
A +δm
sin

sin ( )
A
 Prism’s formula: 2

Example-14: The material of an equilateral prism has refractive index 1.5. Find the angle of
minimum deviation, the angle of incidence, when the angle of deviation is
minimum, and also the angle of refraction at first face.
Solution: Given,  = 1.5, A = 60

( 60+ δ m )
= or, sin 2 = 1.5  0.5 = 0.75

= (0.75) = 4836 ∴ 60 +
δ m = 9712 ⇒ δ m = 3712

When the deviation is minimum i1 + i2 = 2i = A +

δ m = 60 + 3712 = 9712

i1 = = 4836 ∴ r1 = = 30
Example-15: A prism with refracting angle 60 has its minimum deviation as 37 when placed
in air. Find its minimum deviation angle when immersed completely in water.

(water = 1.33).
  Condition for maximum deviation:
−1 wg =
δ max .=(ig2 +90−
Solution: = A ) and i=2 =sin
1.498,
[ μsin ( A−θ=c )] = 1.126

1.126 = ⇒ = 0.563 ⇒ = 34.26

⇒ = 4.26 ⇒ m = 8.52
δ
 Condition of no emergence
 Condition for min. deviation:
A >2 θC
if A+ δ m

( )
sin
A
or if μ>cosecμ= 2
2
A
δ m=(μ−1) A sin the ray will not come out.
2
A +δ emergence:
 Condition of grazing A A
i 1=i
Light will 1 =i=
come
m
r 1 =rif2 =r=
out of2a prism only the angle of
sin i=μisin
incident (min)
Where and 2 also 1 2 is

Dispersion of light

 When white light passes through a prism, it splits up into constituent colours.
 for different colours, is different.
1
v > μ R √v v < v R
−1
i1( μ
min)=sin [ ( μ2 −1)sinμ∝A−cos
v A ] (δ=i1 +90− A )
(a) as .
B C
μ= A + 2 + 4 +−−−
Example-16:
(b) λ λ
The refractive index (Cauchy’s
of the material of a prism of refracting angle 45 is 1.6 for a
formula)
certain1monochromatic ray. What should be the minimum angle of incidence of
λ ∝ on λ
 μ or thev <
this ray λ R so that no total internal reflection takes place as the ray
prism
comes out of the prism?
(c) m=(μ−1) A 
As δGiven
δv> δR
Solution: A = 45,  = 1.6
Angular dispersion
θ=δ v−δ R=(μ v −μR ) A . Dispersive power
δ v−δ R (μ v −μ R )
ω= = sin C = C = 38.68
δy (μ y −1)
Dispersive For totalisinternal
power definedreflection
as ratio not to take place
of angular at the to the mean deviation. Where
dispersion
v μ AC, the angle of incidence in that face r2  C
μ +face R
μ y=
2In the limiting case r2 = C
Now, r1 = A – r2= 45 – 38.68 = 6.32
a sin i1 = g sin r1

sin i1 = 1.6 sin (6.32) =10.14

−1
i =sin
and 2
[ μsin ( A−θc )]
 Chromatic Aberration:
A white object appeared coloured in chromatic aberration.

Astronomical telescope
(a)


longitudinal chromatic aberration =( f R−f v ) f R −f v=ωf y

(b)
Av Bv  violet – violet striking point.
AR BR  Red – red striking point.
 Achromatic combination:
Two lenses in contact to produce no chromatic aberration
β tan βω +A ′ωB ′′/=0 EA ′ OA′ f 0
M= = = = =
α tan
Condition: αf y A f
′ B′
y ′ /OA ′ EA ′ −ue
…(i)
(i) Both the lenses should be of different material, otherwise  = .
(ii) fI:y and
Case Whenfy should
the lastbe of different
image signs. of
is at distance i.e,distinct
if one convex then other should be concave.
vision (D).
i.e., EA ′′=−D
1 1 1
+ =0 =0 f =∞
1 1 1 fy f ′ y or fy or y or plane glass sheet.
−
(iii) =
The lens having lesser focal length should be of the material with lesser dispersive power.
v u f (For eye piece)
fy ω
1 1=− 1
−f ′ y =ω ′
−D −u e f e
;
1 1 1
= + =
ue f e D f e (
1
)
1+ e
f
D

Putting in equation …(i) 0 + ue Instruments

L=fOptical
L is length of the tube.

=− angle:
MVisual
fe
f0
1+
Angle subtended
( fe
)
Dby an object on our eye is called visual angle. Apparent size of the object
depends
Note: upon
Only the visual
numerical angle.
values are to be placed. (For f0, fe, D)

Case
Magnifying last image is at . (For relaxed eye) [normal setting]
II: Whenpower:
Thethis
For worktheofimage
telescope
ABand microscope
should is to
be at fe. So increase
that theimage
the final at .
visualisangle.
Here ue = fe visual angle made by the image
f m=
0
M =−Power
Magnifying = Visual angle made by the object without instrument for unaided eye
fe L=f 0 + f e

 Example-17: The focal length of the objective of an astronomical telescope is 75cm and that of
the eye-piece is 5 cm. If the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct
vision from the eye, calculate the magnifying power of the telescope.
This is one
Solution: Here,
f 0 =75
less than cm f e=5 cm
the; magnification when the image is formed at the near point, but,
naturally, viewing is more comfortable and the difference in magnification usually small.
D=25
For example,We know,
if we want a magnification of six, f required will be 5 cm in the first case (taking
D = 25 cm) and (D/6 = 25/6)f
M = o 1+ e =−
So, magnification is approximately
Now, fe D( )
~ f4cm in the
75 second
1+
inversely
5 (
5 case.
)
proportional
25 to the focal length smaller the f,
=−15×1 .2=−18
smaller will be radius of the sphere out of which the lens is to be cut off. Hence, for all practical
purposes, it is not possible to have magnification > 10 through a simple microscope. For higher
magnifications, we need at least Simple Microscope
two lenses, one compounding the effect of the other. This is
termed as compound microscope.
 A simple
Example-18: microscope
A simple is nothing
microscope but aofbi-convex
consists a convex lens
lens of high focal
of power +25Dpower
and awhich is used
concave lens to
magnify the near object. It is generally known as eye-piece.
of power –20D in contact. Find the magnifying power when final image is formed
Case I: (a)Eye focused (b)
at infinity at near
at a point i.e., of
distance thedistinct
image isvision.
formed at a distance D from the lens/eye.
In this case vP==+D
Solution: Here 1 25 D , P 2=−20 D , D = 25 cm
v 1
=v× lenses
M= Since (
1 1
)
=v ×are−in +contact, so power of the combination
u P=P1u+ P2 =25−20
f =+
v 5D
Now, according to our sign convention V =−D
f=
100 100
= =20 cm
here.  Focal length of the combination, P 5
M=(−D )× − +
1 1
f −D
(a) Magnifying power
( )
when final image is formed at ,
D 25
M . P .= = =1.25
f 20
D power when final image is formed at the distinct vision,
(b) Magnifying
M =1+ D 25
or f =1+
M . P .=1+
f 20 =1+1 . 25=2 . 25.
Case II: Eye focused at infinity (Normal adjustment).
Compound
In this case we find out angular Microscope
magnification. If the object is viewed directly by the eye,
keeping the object at the near point, then
O
θ0 =
 D
Now let us find the angle subtended by its image, if the image is formed at . In this case, the
object will have to be kept at the focus of the lens.

O
θi =
In this case, f
Therefore, angular
β tanmagnification
β A ′ B ′ / EA ′ A ′ B′ / EA ′ A ′ B′ D
M= =
θi α O/
= D = = ×
M= = tanfα size ofMobject/least
= dist . of distinct vision AB/D AB EA ′
θ O/ D f −v 0 D
+v
( ) −D or,
( )
0
= 0
× M=
−u0 −u e u 0 ue
 …(ii)
 Case I: When the last image is at least distance of distinct vision ‘D’. (Near point)
For eye piece u=−ue , v=−D , f =f e
1 1 1 1 1 1 D D
Example-20: A − = = + =1+
−D reflecting
−u e f e ,type
ue telescope
f e D , has
ue a concave
f e reflector of radius of curvature 120
cm. Calculate the focal length of eye piece to secure a magnification of 20.
Solution: Putting
Here, in (ii) (magnifying power is negative),
M=−20
−v
Here, 0
M = radius (1+ D /f e ) of concave reflector, R=120 cm
of curvature
u0 L=v 0 +u e Here, L isRlength120
f = =− of =−60
o
the tubecm
which is OE.
Case II: Therefore,
When last focal
imagelength of (Far
is at . concave for eye piece2ue =f 2e
reflector,
point)
Putting in (ii) fo f o −60
v0 D M = f e= = =2 cm
M =−
Now, magnifying
u0 ( )
+ power,
fe
f e or M −20
L=v 0 + f e
L is length of the tube.
Resolving
Note: Only numerical power
values areoftooptical
be placed.instruments

Example-19: A compound microscope has a magnification of 30. The focal length of its eye-
The powerpiece
of an is
instrument to distinguish
5 cm. Assuming the images
the final image ofto the two closely
be formed spaced
at least objects.of distinct
distance
(a) Limitvision
of resolution:
(25cm), calculate the magnification produced by the objective.
Minimum distance=−30 between two lines at which they are just distinct by an optical
Solution: instrument
Here, isNormal , (magnifying
called the limit power
of resolution is negative)
of that instrument.
f =5 cm , D=25 cm
Smaller0 the limit of resolution, higher is the resolving power.

Limit Now,
M =mo ×me =mo 1+
of resolution of telescope ( ) F
fe
Δx=
1 . 22 λ
D .
[D  diameter of objective lens,   wavelength of light used]
−30=m
(b) Resolving
R . P=
1
o 1+
power
D
=
25
(
of telescope:
5 or mo =−5)
Δx 1 . 22 λ [D is diameter of objective lens]
Reflecting type Telescope μ sin θ
R . P .= (Newtonian)
(c) Resolving power of microscope: λ
 The Where,  is the half
objective is aangle
largeofconcave
the cone of light from the point object on to the objective lens.
 Vision:
parabolic spherical mirror made of
(i) alloy
Far point is at and
of copper andtin.
nearApoint is 25cm.
Ramsden
(ii) eyepiece
If the object is at ,
is used with this model. strained and said to be relaxed. However, if the object is at
eye is least
Theleast
raysdistance
from the of distant
distinct stars/planets
vision i.e., D = 25cm, eye is under maximum strain.
(iii)
afterUnitreflection
of resolution fromof eyetheis objective
one minute.
(iv) Persistence
mirror (concave of vision is 1/10
mirror ofsec.large
aperture and large focal length) are
 reflected
Myopia or to near
one side at right angles to
sightedness:
theobjects
Far axis ofarethenotobjective mirror, Far
clearly visible. withpoint is at lesser than  hence making image before
the help
retina. of a lens
Divergent smallis plane
used tomirror,
removeasthis defect.
shown in the sketch. Thereafter viewer
sees the final image through the
eyepiece.
  Far sightedness or Hypermetropia:
Near objects are not clearly visible. Near point is at distance greater then 25cm. Hence image
will be behind retina. Convergent lens is used to remove this defect.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. The length of the tube of a microscope is 5 cm. The focal lengths of the objective and eye
lenses are 0.2 cm and 0.5 cm . The magnifying power of the microscope is
a) 5 b) 230 c) 1250 d) 500

2 .In the given figure, a mixture of blue, green, and red-coloured rays is incident normally on a
right-angled prism. The critical angles for the material of the prism are 40° for red, 41° for green,
and 42° for blue. In this arrangement,

a) Red colour from blue and green b) Blue colour from red and green
c) Green colour from red and blue d) All the three colours

3. For a telescope with the maximum possible magnification, we would choose the lenses with
the longest focal lengths. Therefore, select the lenses with focal lengths of 100 cm and 10 cm.

a ¿ 100 cm , 0.3 cm b) 10 cm , 0.3 cm c) 10 cm , 4 cm d) 100 cm , 4 cm

4. In the given setup, a double convex lens made of a material with refractive index μ₁ is
positioned between two liquids with refractive indices μ₂ and μ₃, where μ₂ > μ₁ > μ₃. When
a wide, parallel beam of light is directed towards the lens from the left, the lens will cause the
light rays to

Ϯ Ϯ
ϭ

ϯ ϯ

a) A single convergent beam b) Two different convergent beams

c) Two different divergent beams d) A convergent and a divergent beam

5. The diameter of the eye-ball of a normal eye is about 3 cm. The power of the eye lens varies
from
 6. A 3 cm thick layer of water covers a 5 cm thick glass slab. A coin is placed at the bottom of
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
the slab and is being observed from the air side along the normal to the surface. Find the
apparent position of the coin from
1.
12. The
The length of the tube
magnification of a microscope
produced is 5 cmlens
by the objective . The focal
and the lengths
eye lensofofthe objective and
a compound eye
microscope
lenses are 0.2 cm and 0.5 cm . The magnifying power of the microscope
are 20 and 5 respectively. The magnification of this microscope is is
a) 5 b) 230 c) 1250 d) 500
a) 25 b) 50 c) 100 d) 200

2. In the given figure, a mixture of blue, green, and red-coloured rays is incident normally on a
13. Given the refractive
right-angled prism. Theindex of a denser
critical angles medium with respect
for the material of thetoprism
a rareraremedium
40° for as
red,N 1241°
andforits
critical
green, angle θc, the angle In of incidence A can be determined. At this angle, when light is
a) 5.6 cm and 42° forb)blue. 8.0 cm this arrangement, c) 10 cm d) 5 cm
traveling from the denser medium to the rarer medium, a portion of the light is reflected, and
the remaining part is refracted. The angle between the reflected and refracted rays is 90
degrees. The relationship between these angles can be expressed as:
7. If tan-1(sin
a)a small θc) is positioned 20 cm in front of a plane mirror, and you stand behind the
object
-1
b) 1/ tan
object, 30 cm (sinfrom
θc) the mirror to observe its image, you would need to focus your eyes at a
c) 1/cosof-1(sin θc)
distance
d) cos-1(sin θc)
14.a) The
20 cmrefractive index b) 50of cm c) 80and
glass is 1.5 for red light cm 1.51 for blue light. d) 40
Letcm
D1 and D2 be
a) Red color from blue and green b) Blue color from red and green
angles of minimum deviation for red and blue light respectively in a prism of this glass. Then,
8.c) A ray ofcolor
Green lightfrom
travels
redfrom a medium of refractive
and blue index
d) All the μ tocolors
three air. Its angle of incidence in the
a ¿ Dmedium
¿1 < D2 is i , measured from the normal to the boundary, and its angle of deviation is δ .δ is
against iwith
the 1.
b3.¿ Dplotted
For
¿1=D a telescope
2
which theofmaximum
the following best magnification,
possible represents the resulting
we wouldcurve choose the lenses with
longest focal lengths. Therefore, select the lenses with focal lengths of 100 cm and 10 cm.
c ¿ D¿ 1 a)can be less than or greater b) than D 2 dependingc) uponϮthe angle of prismd)
a ¿ 100 cm ,0.3 cm
Ϯ
b) Ϯ
10 cm ,0.3 cm c) 10 cm , 4 cm d) 100 cmϮ, 4 cm
d ¿ D ¿1> D2  ϭ ϭ ϭ
ϭ

4. In the given setup, a double convex lens made of a material with refractive index μ₁ is
15. When a plano-convex ͬϮlens is silvered on the
ͬϮ plane side,K it behaves
ŝ like a concave mirror withͬϮ
positionedKbetween K
ŝ two liquids with refractive
ŝ indices μ₂ and ͬϮμ₃, where μ₂ > μ₁K > μ₃. When
ŝ
a focal length of 40 cm. On the other hand, when it is silvered on the convex side, it behaves
a wide, parallel beam of light is directed towards the lens from the left, the lens will cause the
like a concave mirror with a focal length of 15 cm. Find the refractive index of the lens
light rays to
material:
9. If a 150 W unidirectional bulb has a luminous intensity of 80 candela, the total luminous flux
a)emitted
3.0 by the bulb
b)is2.0 c) 2.5 d) 1.5
Ϯ Ϯ
a) 861 lumen ϭ b) 1005 lumen c) 1256 lumen d) 1561 lumen
16. An L-shaped ϯ
wire isϯcreated by bending a small piece of wire, with equal lengths for its
upright and horizontal
10. The dispersive powers of portions.
crown The wire glasses
and flint is positioned with
are 0.01 andits0.03
horizontal portionInaligned
respectively. an
along the axis of a concave mirror, having a radius of curvature of 10 cm. The bend
achromatic combination of lenses, the focal length of flint glass lens is 20 cm . The focal in the wire
is located 20 cm away from the
length of crown glass lens will be mirror's pole. In this configuration, the lengths of the images
formed for the upright and horizontal portions of the wire have a ratio of
a) A single convergent beam
b) +6.67 b)
c) Two different convergent beams
d) +10.3
a ¿−6.67 cm b) cm c) −10.3 cm d) cm
a ¿ 1c):2Two different divergent
3 :1 beams 1 :3 2 :1
d) A convergent and a divergent beam
11. A boy is trying to start a fire by focusing Sunlight on a piece of paper using an equiconvex
17. A thin equiconvex lens is constructed using glass with a refractive index of 1.2, and its focal
lens of focal length 20 cm . The diameter of the Sun is 1.39 ×109 m and its means distance
length in air is measured to11
be 0.3 m. However, when this lens is submerged in a liquid, it
5. from
The the earth
diameter is
of 1.5
the ×10
eye-ballm .
of What
a is
normalthe diameter
eye is of
about 3 the
cm Sun’s
. The image
power on
of
behaves as a concave lens with a focal length of 0.5 m. To determine the refractive the
the paper
eye lens varies
index of
from
the liquid,
−5
a ¿ 6.5 ×10 m b) −4
12.4 × 10 m c) −4
18.52 ×10 m d) −4
6.5 ×10 m
a ¿ 2 D to1710 D b) 37 c) 913D to 8 D d) 44
a) b) 10 D to 33 D c) d) 9 D to 40 D
9 9 8 8
 18. The refractive index of a certain glass is 1.5 for light whose wavelength in vacuum is 5000 Å .
The wavelength of this light when it passes through glass is
24. A person is using spectacles with a power of +2 D. This indicates that the person is suffering
fromÅ
a ¿ 4000 b) 3333 Å c) 6666 Å d) 15000 Å
a) Myopia b) Presbyopia c) Astigmatism d) Hypermetropia
19. In a room made of mirrors, an insect is moving along the diagonal of the floor. The velocity of
the image of the insect on two adjacent wall mirrors is measured to be 20 cm/s. Determine the
25. In a grease
velocity spotimage
of the photometer, light from
of the insect in thea ceiling
lamp with dirty chimney is exactly balanced by a
mirror.
point source distance 15 cm from the grease spot. On clearing the dirty chimney, the point
cm s is moved 3b)cm20tocm
a ¿ 10source
−1 obtain
s a balance again.
−1 c) 10Then −1
cm sthe percentage d)
of 20
light
√ 2absorbed
cm s by the
−1

dirty chimney is nearly √ 2

20.a)If64%
the critical angleb)
for89%
total internal reflection c)from
44% a medium to vacuum is 60 ° , the velocity
d) 56%
of light in the medium is

a26. Light8 m/
¿ 3 ×10 travels b) media
s in two A and
2.59 ×10
8
m/s c) 2 ×10
B with speeds 8 8
2 ×10m/sm s and 2.6d)×10
−1 8
√ 3 ×10
−1
m s8 m/s
respectively. Then the critical angle between them is
21. A square3 cross-section glass 13
rod with a refractive index 2 of 1.5 is bent into the shape shown in
a ¿ sin −1
( ) b) beam
the¿figure. A parallel
10 ( ) c) towards
tan−1 of light is directed
4 3()
tan−1 the flat surfaced)A,sin ( )
−1 10
as depicted.
13
Determine the maximum value of d/R, where d represents the width of a side of the square
and R represents the radius of the circular arc.
27. A Galilean
(This valuetelescope hasthe
ensures that an light
objective of focal
entering lengthslab
the glass 90 through
cm and magnifying power
surface A will exit 60.
the The
glass
distance between the
through surface B.) two lenses in normal
a) 88.5 cm b) 100.5 cm c) 150 cm d) 200 cm

28. A telescope using light having wavelength 6000 Å and using lenses of focal 2.5 and 30 cm . If
Ě
the diameter of the aperture of the objective is 20 cm , then the resolving limit and magnifying
power of the telescope is respectively
Z
−6
a ¿ 6.1 ×10 rad and 12 b) 5.0 ×10−6 rad and 12
a) 1.5 −6 b) 0.5 −2 c)d)1.3 −6 d) None
−2 of these
c ¿ 6.1× 10 rad and 8.3 ×10 5.0 ×10 rad and 8.3 ×10

22. The
29. Whatrate at which
is the the apparent
focal length depth of water
of a combination of a in a cylindricallens
plano-convex water
andtank, with a diameter
a plano-concave of R
lens,
cm, is decreasing is x cm/minute. This decrease is due to water being drained out at
where both lenses have parallel plane surfaces, are made of different materials with refractivea constant
rate. Find
indices μ_1theand
amount of water
μ_2, and have drained
a curvedinsurface
cubic cm with(cc) per minute.
a radius of curvature R?
¿ refractive index of air, n2 =¿ refractive index of water)

aa ¿¿ x π R nR1 /n2 b) c) 2 π R nR1 /n 2

c) d) π R x2 R
d)
2 2 2
b) x π R n2 /n1
2(μ ¿ ¿ 1+ μ2 )¿ R ( μ ¿ ¿ 1−μ 2)¿ ( μ ¿ ¿ 2−μ 1)¿
23. A converging beam of2(μ ¿ ¿is1−μ
light 2 )¿ towards a point I on a screen. To the path of the beam,
directed
a plane glass plate is introduced. The glass plate has a thickness t in the direction of the beam
30. A boy
and 1 m tall with
a refractive hisofeye
index μ. level at 0.8plate
The glass m stands
in thebefore
path ofa the
mirror fixed
beam on a awall.
causes shiftThe
in the
minimum length of mirror required to view the complete image of boy is
convergence point. The amount of shift is
a) 1.09 m b) 0.06 m c) 0.69 m d) 0.12 m

( 1μ ) away
a ¿ t 1− b)t 1+ 1 away
( μ) c) t 1− 1 nearer
( μ) d)t 1+ 1 nearer
( μ)
 31. The variation of u versus v for a convex mirror is

v v v
37. In an
a) achromatic convergentb) doublet consisting of c)two lenses in contact, the
d) power of the
doublet is +3D, and the convex lens in the doublet has a power of +4D. What is the ratio of the
dispersive
O powers of the convergent and divergent lenses? O O
u u u
32. a) 2:5 of a certain
A prism b) 1:5
angle deviation the redc)and
5:2 blue rays by 4 ° andd)85:1
° respectively. Another
prism of the same angle deviates the red and blue rays by 8 ° and 12 ° respectively. The prisms
38. If are
a lens with
small a refractive
angled index
and made of of n is placed
different in a liquid
materials. with a refractive
The dispersive powersindex
of theofmaterials
n^', whatof the
will be the focal length
prisms are in the ratio of the lens in the liquid, given that its focal length in air is f?
'
b)b) 9 :11 f (n'−n)
'
f n (n−1)
a ¿a)5 :3 c)c) 3n:5(n−1) d)d)fn 'n
11:9
' '
n −n n (n−1) f (n¿¿ '−n)¿ n –n'

39. What is the radius of curvature of a planoconvex lens with a maximum thickness of 5 cm,
where the lens is placed on a horizontal table and the apparent depth of the bottommost point
33.ofAthe
compound microscope
lens is 4 cm when thehas an objective
curved surface isand
in eye-piece as thin
contact with lenses
the table of focalAdditionally,
surface? lengths 3 cm
and 5 cm respectively. The distance between the objective and the eye-piece is 25
when the lens is inverted and the plane face is in contact with the table surface, the apparentcm. The
distance
depth of theatcanter
whichofthethe
object
planemust
facebe placedtoInfront
is found of the
be (13/4) cm.objective if the final image is
located at 30 cm from the eye-piece, it numerically
a) 34 cm b) 128 cm c) 75 cm d) 68 cm
a) 95/6 cm b) 5 cm c) 95/89 cm d) 25/6 cm

40. If the refracting angle of a prism is A and the refractive index of the prism's material is given
34.byWhat is thewhat
tan(A/2), measure
is theofangle
angleofBAC in a glass
minimum prism,ofwhere
deviation the principal section is an isosceles
the prism?
triangle ABC with AB = AC, and the face AC is silvered? Given that a ray of light is incident
normally
a ¿ π +2 A b) π−2
on the face AB A c) π + A it emerges from d)
and, after two reflections, theπbase
− ABC perpendicular
to the base. 2 2

a ¿41. ° a biconvex lensb)forms

30 If 36 ° a real image of an c)
object d) 72
60 ° placed perpendicular to its
° principal axis,
and the radii of curvature of the lens tend to infinity, what would happen to the image?
35. If the refractive index of a prism's material is 1/√2 and the angle of the prism is 30°, and one
a) Disappear
of its refracting faces is polished, what would be the angle of incidence at which the incident
b) Remain
beam ofaslight
realretraces
image still
back?
c) Be virtual and of the
b)same size as the object c) d) 90 °
a¿0° 20.7 ° 37 °
d) Suffer from aberrations
36. When a beaker contains water up to a height h₁ and kerosene above the water up to a height
h₂, with
42. Given the total
a concave heightanofobject
mirror, the liquid column being
is positioned (h₁ + h₂),
at a distance and considering
d₁ from the principalthefocus
refractive
on the
index ofaxis.
principal water as u₁ and thethe
Consequently, refractive
image isindex of kerosene
formed as u₂,
at a distance d₂ what
from is
thethe apparentfocus.
principal shift in
the position
What of the
is the focal bottom
length of theof mirror?
the beaker when viewed from above?
a) √ d 1d 2
( ) ( )
a ¿b)1−
1
u1
c) (d 1+d
1
d 1 d 2h2 + 1− h 1
u
2)/2 2
b) 1+( u1 ) h +(1+ u1 ) h
1
1
2
2

d)
√ d2
c ¿ (1− d 1) h + (1− ) h
u
1
1
1
u2
2
2 d) (1+ u1 ) h −(1+ u1 )h
1
2
2
1
 ---------------------------ANSWER KEY------------------------------

1) c 2) a 3) a 4) d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

5)
9)
a
a
6)
10)
b
a
7)
11)
a
c
8)
12)
b
c
13) a 14) a 15) c 16) b

( ) ( )
1. (c) 1d 1 b
17) b 18) b 19)
s=h1 1− 20)
+h2 1−
LD 5 × 25 μa1
m≃ ⇒ m=
21) b =1250
22) b 23) 24) μ 2 d
f o f e 25) 0.5 × 0.2 26)

2. (a)
29)
b
c 30)
d
a
27)
Or s=3
31) (
1−c
a 1
4 /3
28)
+5
32) ) (
1− a
a1
3/2 )
33) d 34) b 35)
¿ 2.4 cm b 36) c
Condition of no emergence is
37) b 38) a 39) a 40)
Thus, h=h1 +h2−s=3+5−2.4 b
A>C
41) c ¿ 5.642)
cm a
As angle of prism is greater than critical
angle for blue and green coloured rays, 7. (b)
total internal reflection will take place at
second surface and hence the 8. (a)
arrangement will separate red colour The ray of light is refracted at the plane surface.
from blue and green. However, since the ray is travelling from a
denser to a rarer medium, for an angle of
3. (a) incidence (i) greater than the critical angle (c)
−f o the ray will be totally internally reflected
m=
fe  ƌ
4. (d)
As μ2 > μ1 , the upper half of the lens
ŝ
will become diverging
As μ1 > μ3, the lower half of the lens will
become converging
1 sini
For i<c ; deviation δ=r −i with =
5. (b) μ sin r
An eye sees distant objects with full Hence δ=sin−1 (μ sini)−i
relaxation This is a non-linear relation. The maximum
1 1 1 π
So − = or value of δ is δ 1= −C
3× 10
−2
−∞ f 2
1 1 1
P= = =33 D Where i=c and μ=
f 3× 10−2 sin c
An eye sees an object at 25 cm with strain
1 1 1
So − = 
3× 10
−2
−25 ×10
−2
f
1 ŝ
or P= =33+ 4=37 D ŝ
f
6. (a)
Using equation, the total apparent shift is
Air
For i>c , deviation δ=π−2i
4 cm h1 Water
h δ decreases linearly with i
δ 2=π−2 c=2 δ 1
h2
6 cm s Glass
9. (b)
Coin ϕ=4 πL=4 ×3.14 × 80=1004.8 lumen
 10. (a) 14.(a)

For blue light μis greater than that for

ω1 ω 2 0.01 0.03 D=(μ−1) A
By using + =0 ⇒ + =0
red light,
23. (a)So, D ₂> D₁
f1 f2 f1 20

15.(c)
18. (b) f 1=−6.67 cm

D × f 1.39 × 10 ×
λ
11. (c) λ medium= air = 5000 =3333 Å
9μ 1.5 −2
20 ×10 Here = +
1 2 1 ( ) 1
Normal shift ∆ x= 1− t and shift takes
μ
d= 19. (d)=
Plano-convex lens silvered on plane
11 F f f
place in directionm of ray
r1 1.5 × 10
−4 √ 2 cm s
−1

side has f m=∞

v cos 45 °=20 v =20
¿ 18.52 ×10 m
In the ceiling mirror be original velocity
will be seen 1 2 1 1 2
12. (c) ∴ = + ⇒ = ⇒ f =80/cm /Ζ
Plano-convex lens silvered on convex
Given M 0 = 20, M e = 5 F f ∞ 40 f
∴ magnification of this microscope is
side has f m=
R dž
M =M 0 × M e = 20 × 5 = 100 
2
13. (a) 1 2 2 1 2 ƚ2
∴ = + ⇒ = + ⇒ R=120 cm
F f R 15 80 R
Now using , we get
( )
24. (d) 1 1
20. (b) = ( μ−1
The person ) spectacles
using μ=2.5
with a
f R
1 1 2 power of +2 D is suffering from
16.(b)
μ= = =
sin C sin 60 √ 3 hypermetropia or farsightedness.

Focal length of mirror

Hypermetropia is a refractive error
where the eye focuses R 10
8
3 ×10 × √ 3 8 f =light
= behind the
=5 cm
∴v= =2.6 × 10 m/s retina instead of directly2 on it.
2 This
2 results in difficulty in focusing on
21. (b) nearby objects, causing blurred vision.
( 1μ ) ⇒ sin θ ≥ 1μ
W

⇒ θ ≥ sin−1 The positive power of +2 D in the

Y Z
spectacles
ϭϬŵ
helps to bring the focal
PQ :
R point forward, allowing the person to
From figure sin θ=
For part
R+ d see
ϮϬŵ nearby objects more clearly.

transverse magnification
Let's consider the angle of refraction as 90- A.
⇒
R
The critical1
≥ angle
⇒ 1+( ) d be determined using the
can ≤μ 25. (b)
length of image
R+d sin(θ
equation μ c) = (µRr/µi), where µr and µi are the
refractive indices
d of the medium
⇒ ≤ofμ−1
and the medium ⇒
incidence,( )
d of refraction
=0.5
r =15 cm, r =5 cm
1
I 1 25
2
L1=
I1 ( )f −u
25
f
× L0
R R respectively. = , 1− =1−
( )
max
We have observed that sin(θr) = (µr/µi) I 2 −5225 I −L2250
¿ ×2L0 =
−5−I 2−I
(−20
1 ) 200 3
For part : longitudinal
Substituting the known values, we can write:
22. (b) Or =
sin(θc) = sin(θr)
magnification
' h I 2 QR 225
sin(θc) = sin(A)
Apparent = (90 - A)
depth *h cos I 2−I 1
μ
Length of image L2=
sin(θc) = sin(A) * cos(A) ×100=89 f %
air liquid
Or
( )
2
sin(θc) = tan(A) dh
'
1 dh I 2 L0
⇒
Therefore, A = arctan(sin(θ = ⇒ 26. (d) f −u
dt c))a μω dt
( )
−5travels slower Lin0 denser
Light
2
L1 3
[ ] ¿ medium. Hence 0=
× Lmedium ⇒A is=a denser
'
1 dh d h
x= ∵ =x −5−(−20 ) 9 L2 1
a μ ω dt dt medium and medium B is a rarer
17.(b)
dh medium. Here, light travels from
⇒ = μ x
dt a ω medium A to medium B.
f l a μ g −1 −0.5 1.2−1
Now volume of water V =π R2 h = ⇒ = ⇒ μ −1=−1.08
f a l μ g−1 0.2 l μ g−1 l g
dV 2 dh 2
⇒ =π R =π R ∙ a μω x 54 a μ g 54 1.2 54
dt dt ⇒ l μg =1.08= ⇒ = ⇒ =
50 a μ l 50 a μl 50
2 μω
¿ a μω π R x= π R x=
μa
2 n2
n1
2
πR x
( )
Let C be the critical angle between them u1−1 u2−1
1 ¿ +
A
∴ sin C=¿ μ B = B ¿ R R
μA 1 38.
u (a)
−u
1 2
1F = n R
( )( )
33. (d) index of medium B w .r.t medium A
Refractive 1 1
= −1 −
is 34. (b) f 1 R1 R R2
From the figure Or F=
Velocity of light ∈medium A v A
μ B= °−( 90° −A )= A
iA1=90
¿ ∝=90Velocity of light
°−2i 1=90 °−2 ∈medium
A
=
B vB
1
=
f1 n' ( )(
n
−1
1u1−u12
−
R1 R 2 )
v A 2 ×108 10 30. (a)f 1 ( n−1 ) n'
∴∴isin
2=90
C=°−α= =90° −( 90 =°−2 A )=2 A
8 From the figure,
Dividing, = it is 'clear that eye is at 1.38 m
∴ β=90 °−i 2=90° −2 A 13
v B 2.6 ×10 f Rays
from the foot. n−nfrom foot can enter eye after
From the geometry
A+2 A+2 A=180°
of the −1
⇒ C=sin ( )
10
figure
13
reflection
Or f 1=H
'
−fatnM(n−1)
'
n −n
2, whose height from ground

∴ A=36 ° 0.06
27. (a)
39. (a)
In Galilean
35. (b) telescope, a convergent lens is used Real depth 5
as the1 +r
A=r objective
2
and a divergent lens as the n= = 1.38
1.38 Apparent depth 4
E 2
eyepiece. Magnifying
∴ 30 °=r 1 +0 ° power and length of
telescope are written as n1 n2 n1 n₂
+ =
r f0 °
=30 u 1.5v R
or
M= 1 ∧L=f 0−ue
uesin i 1.25 4 1.25−1
1 − =
Now,
In normal =
adjustment, ie, in relaxed eye state 5 F13 R
ue =f e
sin 30° √ 2 Again, eye is at 1 –R=34
0.8 = 0.2
cm m from heat. Rays
f0 1 from40.head
(b) can enter eye after reflection at M 1,
1 +δm
sinMi=
So,
or ∞= × =60 whose height above
sin (
A eye is
)
√2f e 2 0.2 A 2
f 0 190 μ=tan =0.4 m
=
¿ f sin i= 2 2 sin A /2
Or e= = =1.5 cm
60 2 √60 2 ∴ Minimum
A length
A+ δmof mirror
L∞=f 0°– f e
Andi=20.7
Or sin = 0.69 sin(+ 0.4 = 1.09) m
2 2
∴ L∞ = 90-1.5 = 88.5 cm ¿ =
36. (c)
A sin A /2
cos31. (c)
32.2 (a)
28. (a)
Apparent
f 0 30 ( )
shift h= 1− h
1
μ ¿For (
sinone90prism, ) (
A
°− =sin )
A +δm

( )[ ]
m=
∴ Apparent= =12 δ B−δ R 2 8−4 2 δ B +δ R
f e 2.5shift produced by water ω 1= = ∵ δ=
A A+6δm
( ) ¿ 90 °− δ =
Resolving 1 2
△ h1= 1−limit h1 42 2
1.22 λ 1.22 μ 1 ×(5000 ×10 ) −10
⇒ω =
¿ = ¿ 1801 °−6A=A +δm
And aapparent shift produced
0.1 by kerosene
δm=180 °−2 A=π−2 A
For other prism,
( )
1 ¿ 6.1 ×10−6 rad

)[ ]
△ h2= 1− h2 41. −δ R 12−8
δ B(c) 12+8
μ2 ∵ δ=
1ω 2= δ 1= 10
△ h=△
29. (c)
h ₁+ △ h (₂= 1−
The combination of two lenses is ) (
1
μ₁
h₁+ 1−
1
μ₂) h₂ f
= ( μ−1 )
⇒ ω 2= =¿
(
4 R 1
−
1
R 2
2

4 1 1
As 37.=(b) +
F f1 f2
The condition for achromatism is
10
For biconvex lens R2=−R 1 ∴ = ( μ−1 )
∵ =
ω 1 4 ×10f
1
∨ =
ω 1
( ) 2
5 R
ω
F
1
∴1 P1=+ω
ω P =−ω P
1 1 2
(
P2=0
( u12−1
2
1 1
) (
) ∞ + R +(u2−1) −R − ∞
1 1
) Given R=∞ ∴ f =∞
distance
42. (a)
ω2, so 6no×focus
4 ωat2 real3

ω 1 −P2 1 ​=v 1 ​+u 1 ​⟹ f 1 ​= vu v +u ​⟹ vu=f (v+u)

⇒ =
ω 2 P1 Substituting the values of v∧u , we get
Now, P1 + P2=3 D (f +d 2 ​) ( f + d 1 ​)=f (f + d 2 ​+ f + d 1 ​)⟹ f 2+ fd 1 ​+ fd 2 ​+d 1 ​d 2
Or 4 + P2=3 or P2=−1 D