Angular

1. AngularJS
2. Data Bindings
3. Expressions
4. Iteration
5. Filters
6. Form binding
7. Form validation
8. Routings
9. Views
10. Controllers
 Angular Js
AngularJS is a structural framework for developing dynamic web applications.
It is based on JavaScript and allows developers to extend HTML's syntax to
express application components clearly and concisely. It uses two-way data
binding and dependency injection, making code more maintainable and
testable.
● The architecture of AngularJS follows the MVC (Model-View-Controller)
pattern, with an extension into MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) using the
scope object.
● Model represents the application’s data, view is the user interface, and
controller connects the two by managing business logic.
● Two-way data binding automatically synchronizes data between the model
and view, reducing manual DOM manipulation.
● Dependency injection is used to manage services and components,
promoting modularity and reusability.
● Directives are used to extend HTML by adding custom behaviors and
functionality.
● Filters format data displayed to the user, such as formatting dates,
numbers, or strings.
● Controllers handle input, update the model, and ensure the view reflects the
changes.
● Services provide shared functionality across the application, separating
logic from views and controllers.
● AngularJS is ideal for developing single-page applications due to its
cohesive structure and reduced boilerplate code.
 Data Bindings
Data binding in Angular refers to the process of connecting the data between
the component (TypeScript logic) and the view (HTML template). Angular
supports four types of data binding, enabling dynamic and interactive
applications
● Interpolation (One-Way Binding from Component to View)
Interpolation binds data from the component to the view using curly braces
{{ }}. It is used to display component properties or expressions in the
HTML.
● Property Binding (One-Way Binding from Component to View)
Property binding sets values to HTML element properties or directives
dynamically. It uses square brackets [].
● Event Binding (One-Way Binding from View to Component)
Event binding allows the view to send information or trigger logic in the
component when an event occurs. It uses parentheses ().
● Two-Way Binding
Two-way data binding enables the synchronization of data between the
component and the view in real time. It uses [( )], a combination of
property and event binding. Two-way binding is commonly used in forms
where user inputs are synchronized with the component model instantly

Expressions
Angular expressions are similar to JavaScript expressions but are used
within the view for dynamic content. They can perform calculations,
concatenate strings, or evaluate conditions.

Iterations
Iterations in Angular are achieved using the *ngFor directive, which allows
looping through an array of data to render repeated elements.
 Filters (Pipes)
Filters (or pipes) transform data before displaying it in the view. They are
used for formatting dates, numbers, strings, etc.

Form Binding
Form binding in Angular establishes a connection between form elements in
the HTML template and the component’s data model, ensuring synchronization
between user inputs and the application logic. Angular provides two main
approaches for form binding: Template-Driven Forms and Reactive Forms.

Template-Driven Forms
● Template-driven forms rely on directives like ngModel for two-way data
binding.
● The logic is primarily defined in the template, making it a declarative
approach.
● Suitable for simple forms due to its ease of use and minimal setup.
● Validation is added using built-in directives like required,
minlength, etc., with error handling displayed dynamically.

Reactive Forms
● Reactive forms use Angular’s classes like FormControl, FormGroup,
and FormBuilder to define form controls programmatically.
● They provide better control over form structure, validation, and dynamic
updates.
● Suitable for complex forms requiring detailed customization and
runtime adjustments.
● Validation logic is implemented in the component, offering more
flexibility than template-driven forms.
Comparison
● Template-driven forms are simpler, easier to set up, and ideal for basic
use cases.
● Reactive forms are more structured, maintainable, and better suited for
dynamic, feature-rich applications.
● Both approaches support validation, error handling, and form submission
mechanisms.

Form validation
Form validation in Angular is the process of verifying user inputs to ensure
they meet predefined criteria, such as required fields, specific formats, or
value ranges. It enhances data accuracy and user experience by dynamically
monitoring form fields, highlighting errors, and preventing invalid submissions
until all validation rules are satisfied.Angular supports both template-driven
validation and reactive validation methods.

Template-Driven Validation:
● Validation is added directly in the template using built-in directives like
required, minlength, maxlength, and pattern.
● Angular automatically tracks the validity and state of form controls using
properties like valid, invalid, touched, and untouched.
● Error messages are dynamically displayed using conditional expressions
based on the validation status.
● Template-driven validation is simple to implement and suitable for smaller
forms.

Reactive Validation:
● Reactive validation is implemented programmatically in the component
using Angular’s Validators class.
● Validation rules, such as required, minLength, or custom validators,
are defined in the component for each form control.
● Reactive forms provide access to form control states and errors through
FormControl properties, enabling dynamic validation logic.
● Custom validators can be created for complex validation requirements,
offering greater flexibility.

Features:
● Both approaches support synchronous and asynchronous validation
methods.
● Angular’s validation system updates the UI dynamically based on the state
of the form or its controls.
● Template-driven validation is declarative and simpler, while reactive
validation offers more scalability and control for advanced use cases.

Modules:
Angular provides FormsModule (for simpler forms) and
ReactiveFormsModule (for more advanced forms). These modules allow
Angular to handle and validate form inputs easily.

Services:
Services are used for more complex or custom validations, such as checking if
a username already exists. These are reusable pieces of code that can be
shared across different parts of the application.

Templates:
The template (HTML file) contains the form fields and displays error messages.
For example, built-in directives like required or minlength check for
empty fields or short input. The template can also show dynamic messages,
such as "This field is required" if the user skips it.
 Routings
● Routing in Angular enables navigation between different views or pages in a
single-page application without reloading the entire page. It ensures a
seamless and fast user experience.
● A routing configuration maps specific URL paths to components,
determining which component should be displayed for a given URL.
● The router outlet is a placeholder in the template where the content of the
routed component is displayed dynamically.
● Routing allows passing parameters in URLs to load dynamic content, such
as displaying details for a selected item.
● Default routes handle navigation to a predefined component, while wildcard
routes manage invalid or unspecified paths.
● Lazy loading optimizes performance by loading modules or components
only when the user navigates to their associated routes.
● Route guards control access to routes by applying conditions like user
authentication or permissions, ensuring security.
● Overall, routing in Angular makes navigation efficient and enables
single-page applications to function like multi-page websites.

Views and Controllers

MVC Overview
● MVC stands for Model-View-Controller, a design pattern used to build
applications by separating concerns into three interconnected
components: the model, view, and controller.
● Model manages the application's data, logic, and rules, handling data
retrieval, updates, and business logic.
● View represents the user interface (UI) and displays data from the model
to the user, focusing solely on presentation.
● Controller acts as a bridge between the model and the view, processing
user inputs and updating the model or view accordingly.

Views and Controllers

● Views and controllers work together to manage user interactions
effectively. The view captures user inputs, which are sent to the
controller for processing.
● The controller interprets these inputs, communicates with the model if
necessary, and updates the view to reflect any changes.

Structure of MVC
● The structure follows a flow where the view displays data, the user
interacts with the view, the controller processes input, and the model
updates data, creating a feedback loop.
How MVC Works
● The working of MVC ensures a clear separation of concerns. The model
handles data operations, the view focuses on rendering, and the
controller deals with user actions, making the system modular and easier
to maintain.
● This pattern enhances reusability, as models and views can be updated
independently without affecting the other components.
● MVC is widely used in frameworks like Angular, React, and ASP.NET,
enabling developers to build scalable and organized applications
efficiently.